13 25 1555 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/9b2d39524cc31c886b9e6298736de588.wav 764176b2970d52bcc681d72ec6e6b3c6 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/30b3f0584a11b9d8b05898eb43f65d61.wav 6686d21b5798e7547f9731a8ca87e392 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/262bc008eb9e73d649c915efdd1bc346.wav dcff05aad88db83b0fd31f60c0ec3430 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/d2059022cad8578183cf2b9efb24d401.wav eb938cf49d9d12e0dfbf926660d75c05 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/10391640107d3f95121d2bb68d88e9e0.wav 9fb846e9dc92678e8d6fb840a76a01ea https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/936817b7b7dae98bc9cea24edef223de.wav c033e6337a55a75f6aef97ad8a772222 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Day After Subject The topic of the resource Day After (Motion Picture) Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Day After, a made-for-TV movie depicting the aftermath of nuclear war, was set and filmed primarily in Lawrence, Kansas, and was broadcast for the first time on November 20, 1983. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Museum of History (Lawrence, Kan.) Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview McIntyre, Kaye Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Fisher, Jim Location The location of the interview Lawrence (Kan.) Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data WAV Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) JimFisher1.wav:00:01:14 JimFisher2.wav: 00:00:28 JimFisher3.wav: 00:00:29 JimFisher4.wav: 00:00:20 JimFisher5.wav: 00:00:31 JimFisher6.wav: 00:00:27 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 705 kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jim Fisher The Day After Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fisher, Jim McIntyre, Kaye Description An account of the resource Segments from an interview with Jim Fisher conducted by Kaye McIntyre of Kansas Public Radio for a KPR special commemorating the thirty-year anniversary of the 1983 broadcast of The Day After, a made-for-TV movie depicting the aftermath of nuclear war, which was set and filmed primarily in Lawrence, Kansas. The KPR special aired on November 12, 2013. The interview was conducted at the Watkins Museum of History on June 28, 2012. Fisher was an extra in the film. He describes the realism of the sets and extras having dust thrown on them. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1983 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2012-06-28 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource WAV (audio recording) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context JimFisher1.wav JimFisher2.wav JimFisher3.wav JimFisher4.wav JimFisher5.wav JimFisher6.wav Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Museum of History (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource The <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">Watkins Museum of History</a> also holds items related to this collection. To listen to the Kansas Public Radio special that includes this interview, go to <a href="https://kansaspublicradio.org/show/programs-kpr-presents/2013-11-12/kpr-news-day-after-thirty-years-later">https://kansaspublicradio.org/show/programs-kpr-presents/2013-11-12/kpr-news-day-after-thirty-years-later</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Published with the permission of Jim Fisher. This work is the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "The Day After": Thirty Years Later (KPR Presents) Subject The topic of the resource Day After (Motion Picture) Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Nuclear war Nuclear weapons Kansas Public Radio (Lawrence, Kan.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/8d8fac783ec6b037fa32122d1824f8e9.pdf 4eeeb7c47e6042f6fa989daeb7c5b052 PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Homer Floyd 12 November 22, 2016 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 (10:55:14) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Today is November 22nd, 2016. I 3 am historian Tom Arnold interviewing Mr. Homer 4 Floyd at his home in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, for 5 the City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th 6 Anniversary Oral History Project. 7 At the time the ordinance passed in July, 8 1967, Mr. Floyd was the director of the Kansas 9 State Commission on Civil Rights. 10 To start off, how would you describe the City 11 of Lawrence at the time you arrived there in the 12 mid to late 1950s as a K.U. student athlete, and 13 in particular what were your memories of the 14 racial atmosphere in Lawrence at the time? 15 MR. FLOYD: Well, first of all let me say 16 that I was delighted to have the opportunity to 17 come to Lawrence to play football and get an 18 education at the University of Kansas and it has 19 certainly grounded me as it relates to my future 20 career and opportunities, but I think that some of 21 the experiences that we had of a racial nature 22 certainly helped to motivate me to want to see 23 opportunities available for all people as opposed 24 to just some. 25 When we came there my recollection is, first �3 1 of all, that there were certain restaurants we 2 could not eat at as African-Americans. 3 three theaters that I remember. 4 the balcony in two of the theaters and the other 5 theater didn't have a balcony so we had to start 6 filling up the theater from the back rows forward. 7 We had difficulty with housing, and certainly many 8 of the students off-campus housing, 9 African-Americans, they had difficulty. There were We had to sit in 10 Some of my counterparts explained that they 11 have had difficulties in the classroom with some 12 teachers and professors. I don't think that I had 13 that kind of experience. What I do remember is a 14 couple of the professors would tease us, the 15 football players, and basketball players as well, 16 about getting a free ride and, you know, things 17 like that, but my recollection of K.U. was very 18 positive. 19 Certainly the experience we had as it relates 20 to some of those incidents, though, we found out 21 that the track players had some of those 22 experiences, the basketball players, as well as 23 the football players, and it is in that context 24 that we decided to go to the chancellor and to 25 express our indignation and our concerns, both in �4 1 the city as well as when we played TCU in 1957 in 2 Fort Worth, Texas, after we had left Lawrence and 3 we found that the African-American players were 4 going to have to stay at a separate hotel, and 5 that was troublesome. 6 as to whether to play or not and I know that at 7 first I was not going to play but coach pulled me 8 aside and talked with me and I finally decided to 9 go ahead with it, but that was a major experience, 10 11 We had to make a decision I think, that we looked at. But in the '50s there was just a lot of 12 racial segregation and this was just after the 13 Brown v. Board of Education and society was just 14 getting used to the fact that segregation was 15 illegal, but that's kind of what I remember about 16 the period. 17 (11:00:00) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Great. How would you say 19 that your impressions of Lawrence differed from 20 the experiences you had where you grew up in Ohio? 21 Was there a greater degree of segregation or were 22 you surprised when you got to Lawrence in what you 23 found there, particularly given that Lawrence kind 24 of had this reputation to be the front -- center 25 of the free state movement from the Civil War era? �5 1 MR. FLOYD: We were surprised. My 2 recollection, first of all, in Massilon, Ohio, 3 that was a steel mill town and a high percentage 4 of African-Americans and other minorities were 5 working in the steel mills and it was a good 6 living, and on Main Street, though, in the public 7 contact jobs there were very few, I believe, in 8 Massilon. 9 up one or two persons in public contact jobs. 10 I don't remember but when I was growing The community as a whole coalesced around 11 football. I mean, in those days the Massilon 12 Tigers were winning, regularly winning the state 13 championships and Paul Brown, who ultimately owned 14 the Cleveland Browns and later the Cincinnati 15 team, he was the coach. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MR. FLOYD: Wow. And he was the coach during the 18 late '30s and early '40s and so he had already 19 built up a strong tradition. 20 won the state championship for the seventh 21 consecutive year and two of those years that I was 22 there we were national champs, so it was a town of 23 about 35,000 and on the day of a football game 24 stores closed for a period of time for the 25 marches, the rallies that we had and so forth, so When I graduated we �6 1 it was really a great place to grow up, but at the 2 same time there were problems, but not nearly as 3 much as we saw out in Kansas at that time. 4 (11:02:38) 5 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. So you were clearly 6 surprised, then, when you arrived in Lawrence and 7 found -- 8 MR. FLOYD: 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 Yes. -- the conditions there and how they differed? 11 MR. FLOYD: 12 (11:02:44) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. You have already briefly touched 14 on the meeting, and I think it was in 1957. 15 it just -- 16 MR. FLOYD: 17 MR. ARNOLD: Was Yes. -- at the beginning of the 18 school year in 1957 that you remember when you met 19 with the chancellor? 20 MR. FLOYD: I think it was after the Fort 21 Worth experience in which we had had that 22 experience, and earlier in the year the basketball 23 team had some experience as well, as I understand 24 it, so we all just got together and said let's -- 25 that was more focused on some of the experiences �7 1 that we have had but also we took on the whole 2 thing and the chancellor really, Chancellor 3 Franklin D. Murphy, really stepped up, in my 4 judgment. 5 limits to students, that he would purchase or rent 6 the movies and show them on campus, and that 7 helped with the theater situation. He threatened to make the theaters off 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 MR. FLOYD: Right. And then we had the issue of 10 restaurants and he began to speak out on that, and 11 there were others behind him, I'm sure, that was 12 doing some of the negotiations in regard to the -- 13 I think, if I recall correctly, was it Phog 14 Allen's son? 15 were involved in it as well. There was a couple of lawyers that 16 (11:04:34) 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 MR. FLOYD: 20 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. -- private attorney but also was acting -- 22 MR. FLOYD: 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 was probably involved. 25 Phog Allen's son was the city attorney at that time, -- 19 21 Right. I don't remember. MR. FLOYD: Right, right. -- as the city attorney so he Yes, yes. So, but at any rate, �8 1 things got better. 2 just appreciative of the forthright steps that the 3 chancellor was willing to take, and as a matter of 4 fact, the following February he invited Thurgood 5 Marshall to be the Brotherhood Day speaker. 6 That's a February event -- 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MR. FLOYD: 9 Things got better, and we were Right. -- in which, you know, he had argued the Brown v. Board of Education case. 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 MR. FLOYD: Right. And he invited him to be our 12 principal speaker, and I know, I even have 13 pictures of that, and it was so enlightening as 14 well as kind of verifying what we were saying, 15 that we needed to go forward and that we needed to 16 take giant steps, and that was something I thought 17 was very positive that the chancellor did. 18 (11:05:53) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Good. And based on your 20 observations at the time, as best you can recall, 21 did the changes in attitudes or policies of some 22 of the local business people, that not only 23 applied to African-American student athletes but 24 also just student body in general and even local 25 residents, that you remember? �9 1 MR. FLOYD: Yes, I think that more and more 2 African-American students were enrolling at the 3 university, so that in and of itself meant that 4 downtown their presence was more -- it's, on 5 campus I think that they were way ahead of, in my 6 judgment, at any rate, than the businesses 7 downtown, but at the same time you could see 8 incremental progress taking place. 9 they couldn't stay at the hotel there and that was At one point 10 an issue, I know, for when some of the parents 11 would come to town, yes. 12 (11:07:03) 13 MR. ARNOLD: But no real change that you 14 recall in that time frame in housing policies, it 15 still was difficult for African-American students 16 who were coming to town to find adequate places to 17 live? 18 MR. FLOYD: 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 MR. FLOYD: If they did off campus, yes. Right. And as a result many of them were 21 able to stay in homes of other African-Americans 22 who lived in the community. 23 slow. 24 25 That was, housing was Employment with each other eight hours or more but, during the day, in the community you're �10 1 living next to each other and so forth, and there 2 are all kinds of misconceptions, perceptions about 3 what will happen to your neighborhood if blacks 4 move in and, you know, things like that that you 5 had to overcome. 6 (11:08:01) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Right. As we have done 8 the research for this project and been 9 interviewing people one of the things that really 10 becomes apparent is not only, besides the 11 influence that the university had in trying to 12 bring about change, many kind of grassroots 13 community groups were very involved, the churches, 14 both African-American and white churches, kind of 15 umbrella church organizations, the NAACP was very 16 involved, there was in Lawrence an organization in 17 the 1950s and early '60s which you probably 18 weren't aware of called the League for the 19 Promotion of Democracy and it had many not only 20 local African-American members but also a lot of 21 K.U. faculty who were, and I think the faculty 22 played a key role in a lot of these organizations 23 because of course you had people who were from 24 diverse backgrounds coming into Lawrence and 25 didn't necessarily like what they saw, but did you �11 1 have any, during that early time when you were at 2 the university, any interaction with any of those 3 types of groups, through maybe a church 4 affiliation or were you aware of their efforts to 5 try and bring about change as well? 6 MR. FLOYD: Well, there was student groups 7 that we coalesced with on certain issues as they 8 would occur. 9 was aware of some of the churches. I was aware of some, or the NAACP, I Probably not 10 as much involved in a couple of the organizations 11 you just mentioned, yes. 12 (11:09:36) 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MR. FLOYD: 15 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Yes. Okay. In addition to the just 16 general kind of conditions of segregation, and you 17 obviously did mention some of the incidents that 18 occurred away, but do you remember any particular 19 incidents that occurred within Lawrence that were 20 particularly influential in kind of prodding 21 people to start pushing for change or was it just 22 kind of general, the general conditions at the 23 time that were -- 24 25 MR. FLOYD: Well, I think that at that point in time people were just trying to get used to the �12 1 idea that there was a change at the Supreme Court 2 level of what constituted discrimination, because 3 segregation was just the law of the land prior to 4 that and so as incidents or situations would 5 occur, you know, you problem solve around what is 6 it that has occurred and the like, and sometimes 7 we felt as though whatever the issue was we didn't 8 have an entree into a receptive -- how can I say 9 this? We see situations that occur between let's 10 say two students, an African-American and a white. 11 Well, the African-American does not feel that I 12 can run to the administration and get justice -- 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MR. FLOYD: 15 Right. -- because of the social distance. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MR. FLOYD: Right. And that, I think, is what we 18 were really dealing with. 19 also the social distance -- 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MR. FLOYD: It's the attitude but Sure. -- was such that an identical set 22 of circumstances can mean different things to 23 different people, depend upon your previous 24 experience and so forth, and sometimes we didn't 25 feel that we had the ear of the administration or �13 1 in, if it's, sometimes it could have been the 2 police issue involved. 3 could go to the administration or to the powers 4 that be and get a fair treatment. 5 MR. ARNOLD: 6 MR. FLOYD: We didn't feel that we Right. In some instance we'll end up 7 getting the charge, and at the time I think the 8 society was still beginning to know how to deal 9 with the whole business of integration and equal 10 opportunity. 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 MR. FLOYD: Right. And, see, in those days they just 13 told you up front we don't rent to colored. 14 want you to know that even after, even after 15 Kansas or after K.U. when I moved to Kansas City I 16 had been told that so many times until I started 17 to just over the phone in places that were open 18 for rent in the newspapers, I would say, "Do you 19 rent to colored?" 20 in those days. 21 (11:13:12) 22 MR. ARNOLD: I Because that's the way it was Yes, the fact that you had to 23 ask that question is, you know, to people today 24 shocking. 25 MR. FLOYD: And housing was much more �14 1 difficult than some of the employment situations. 2 (11:13:23) 3 MR. ARNOLD: Right, right. Let's transition 4 from kind of that background to what it was that 5 then got you -- I mean, you obviously left K.U. 6 with opportunities to pursue a sports career but 7 chose instead to, you know, basically dedicate 8 your life to civil rights work. 9 motivated you? What really Was it some of those experiences 10 at K.U. that kind of led you down that path, and 11 how did you end up first I think working for the 12 City of Topeka in a civil rights position, then 13 ultimately becoming the director of the Kansas 14 state commission? 15 MR. FLOYD: Well, immediately after college I 16 had a year of professional football in Canada and 17 then I came down to Kansas City, Missouri, in 18 which I was married and had one child, and we had 19 real difficulty finding housing there and that was 20 really an eye opening experience, too, how 21 segregated Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, was at 22 the time, but I worked for about a year with the 23 Recreation Department there and I signed a 24 contract with the Cleveland Browns and went up and 25 went through their training camp and I got cut, so �15 1 I came back to Kansas City, and when I came back 2 to Kansas City I was offered a job as an 3 investigator for the State of Kansas with the 4 Kansas Commission on Civil Rights and they had 5 just passed a fair employment practices statute at 6 that point in time, so with the experiences I have 7 had that was kind of a motivating factor to want 8 to see things change and be part of the change. 9 As you know, there were demonstrations and 10 all of those and I saw an opportunity for me to do 11 some good through the legal process and so 12 therefore I took the job and worked there for two 13 and a half years or so and took the position as 14 executive secretary of the Topeka, Kansas, 15 commission and was there for year and a half or 16 more, two years maybe, and then I ended up going 17 to Omaha as their director of their program and 18 then coming back to Kansas in I guess it was 1966, 19 I believe. 20 (11:60:03) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. At about the time you 22 came back Kansas was, and I think as early as '65 23 the Kansas Legislature had been considering a fair 24 housing law. 25 to kind of push that through the legislature? How were you involved in that effort �16 1 Which ultimately didn't happen until I think about 2 1970, but -- 3 MR. FLOYD: Right. Yes, there was a big 4 movement during the year of '65, '66, '67 and we 5 thought we had fashioned a bill that was 6 acceptable to the legislators who were negotiating 7 with it but unfortunately we got it past the House 8 and I think it died in the Senate. 9 My recollection of it was that George Haley, 10 Senator George Haley, helped us as part of the 11 front of the movement, and we were -- much of the 12 push for the legislation was coming through the -- 13 we had an advisory council. 14 Shechter was the chair of the advisory council, 15 and it was a statewide group that was helping to 16 mobilize and it grew larger and more influential 17 and then finally we were able to get the passage 18 of the statute in 19-, I guess it was 1967 -- no, 19 1970, January of 1970, January or February, during 20 that year. 21 legislation the session before, it's just that we 22 just couldn't get it through at that point in 23 time, yes. I remember Ruth But we had actually fashioned the 24 (11:18:00) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Right. What do you recall about �17 1 the opposition? And obviously the real estate 2 industry was one of the key opponents of putting 3 that kind of a law into effect, and I have been 4 told by some of my previous interviewees that 5 their impression was that the Lawrence real estate 6 industry was in particular one of the ones that 7 were pushing hard against putting a law because 8 they argued that they should be able to regulate 9 themselves and this both infringed on their rights 10 and the rights of property owners. 11 recall about who the opposition was and what the 12 case, the arguments that they made against the law 13 that proved at least influential in the first 14 three or four years before you could finally get 15 it passed? 16 MR. FLOYD: What do you Well, I don't recall the specific 17 individuals but certainly the real estate 18 industry, both in Lawrence as well as statewide, 19 was opposed to the fair housing statute and they 20 constantly were, through their legislators that 21 they worked with, were constantly putting up 22 amendments to limit the authority, to limit the 23 consequences of discrimination and so forth, and 24 we had to fight against that, and my recollection 25 in '66, '67, that's when a lot of the negotiation �18 1 was going on and we finally got something that was 2 acceptable and finally passed, you know, in 1970. 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 MR. FLOYD: 5 6 7 Right. But certainly Lawrence was able to get theirs I guess in '68. MR. ARNOLD: July of '67 they finally passed theirs. 8 MR. FLOYD: 9 (11:20:02) 10 MR. ARNOLD: '67, yes, okay. In '65, and this may have then 11 been before your time back in Kansas, it may have 12 actually been while you were in Omaha, but Wichita 13 actually passed the first Fair Housing Ordinance. 14 Did you have any involvement in that or were you 15 in communication with people down there to talk to 16 them about how they managed to get it through to 17 help your efforts to try and push it through the 18 state legislature? 19 20 MR. FLOYD: That effort was going on at the same time when I was in Kansas. 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MR. FLOYD: Okay. For a long time that effort was 23 going on. I left, while I left the State, I was 24 still in Topeka with a local human rights 25 commission and the state wide effort had an �19 1 influence on what they were doing in Wichita, and 2 I was aware that Wichita, which is, you know, the 3 largest city, were able to pass the statute, and 4 that gave some support for other cities to take up 5 the issue, and certainly Lawrence did and was 6 successful. 7 (11:21:16) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Do you recall who were kind of the key advocates within Lawrence or any 10 particular people that you worked with at the time 11 they were -- and sort of the timeline, just to 12 refresh your memory or give you the background, 13 based on our research, there had been discussions 14 of it I think among local groups as early as '65, 15 because they formed what they called a Fair 16 Housing Coordinating Committee, which brought 17 NAACP, church groups, various other citizen groups 18 together under an umbrella to work towards that, 19 and really sometime in '66 they decided that they 20 wanted to push it up to the City Commission and 21 actually right at the beginning of January of '67 22 they went to the Human Relations Commission in 23 Lawrence, proposed it. 24 25 The Human Relations Commission had already been quietly working with them so they weren't �20 1 surprised that it was coming to them and then they 2 drafted the ordinance and took it up to what 3 proved to be a fairly receptive City Commission, 4 which passed it in '67. 5 may have worked with or groups you may have worked 6 with or how they may have coordinated with you at 7 the state level in trying to bring this forward 8 within Lawrence? 9 MR. FLOYD: But do you recall who you Well, one of the things that we 10 would do at the state level is to share with the 11 local, other cities that have passed similar 12 housing laws and so forth, ordinances, to give 13 them some perspective of what they were to look 14 like, as well as whether it would be suitable for 15 their particular, and certainly we played that 16 role, and I do know that there was substantial 17 support from the city attorney's office and so 18 forth, and I think that there was influence also 19 from the K.U. leadership as well. 20 21 22 MR. ARNOLD: Right, and I was going to ask you about that, in fact. MR. FLOYD: Yes. There was considerable 23 leadership there because of the fact that many of 24 their students were complaining and having their 25 own difficulties, so it was a wide segment of the �21 1 population that was socially conscious about the 2 problems that really worked with each other, and 3 we had the statewide advisory council that also 4 played a role in supporting the local effort as 5 well. 6 (11:23:54) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And you are bringing up 8 an important point when you mention that you all 9 at the state level were trying to make local 10 communities aware of laws that had put in place 11 elsewhere, because Lawrence very much looked at a 12 couple of the university cities in Iowa, Iowa City 13 in particular, as a model because it sort of was a 14 town with a similar demographic and so they very 15 much modeled theirs on Iowa City's, as well as 16 looking at Wichita as a model. 17 The university certainly played a role and 18 they had already gone through, both at the time 19 you were there and then afterwards there's some -- 20 MR. FLOYD: 21 MR. ARNOLD: Demonstrations. -- demonstrations and later 22 football players, including a gentleman named Gale 23 Sayers, was involved in demonstrating against not 24 just discrimination in university housing in 25 particular, which I think they had already �22 1 addressed by that point, but one of the concerns 2 was housing in the community still being 3 segregated, opportunities not being offered to 4 African-Americans, and the university yet would 5 allow those landlords to advertise on campus and 6 so there was a big push for the university to ban 7 landlords who wouldn't rent to African-Americans 8 from being able to advertise on campus and in fact 9 they were successful with that, but when the 10 ordinance came up for consideration by the City 11 Commission both the vice chancellor wrote a letter 12 saying, you know, we very much support this, it 13 conforms with what is now university policy, and 14 then also, interestingly, Ted Owens, the 15 basketball coach, came forward and said, you know, 16 when I go out and recruit athletes I tell their 17 parents they're sending them to a town that they'd 18 be proud to have their son play sports in and, you 19 know, we need to make changes like this so that in 20 fact Lawrence will live up to, you know, a 21 reputation and be a place where people would want 22 their children to come. 23 So do you -- I take it, then, you feel that 24 the university, that influence was very important 25 in probably changing attitudes? �23 1 MR. FLOYD: Absolutely, absolutely, and also 2 the fact that the professionalism that the 3 university had in their professors and 4 administrators was very important. 5 that there were demonstrations on campus for some 6 of those issues as well and I remember there was 7 one group took over the chancellor's office, if I 8 recall correctly. 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 MR. FLOYD: Now, I know Right, right, yes. So yes, the progress didn't come 11 without some kind of tension and some kind of 12 pushback, but at the same time it was good that so 13 many people were willing to get together, work 14 together, in order to push the community forward, 15 and I think this is a prime example of that. 16 (11:27:08) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And in fact one of the 18 individuals I interviewed for this project told me 19 that frankly he didn't think Lawrence would have 20 been one of the first towns in Kansas to pass such 21 an ordinance if it hadn't been a university town 22 and kind of the diversity of points of view, 23 leading a lot of people to think this is wrong and 24 we need to change it. 25 MR. FLOYD: Absolutely, yes. �24 1 (11:27:30) 2 MR. ARNOLD: There was actually at the time 3 the Human Relations Commission in Lawrence was 4 working on drafting the Fair Housing Ordinance in 5 early '67, in the minutes of one of their 6 meetings, and I'll put you on the spot a little 7 bit here to see how good your memory is because it 8 was 50 years ago and you may not even remember 9 this, but according to minutes in the March, 1967, 10 Human Relations Commission it said that you had 11 met with the Lawrence real estate board to discuss 12 fair housing with them, and in fact Glenn 13 Kappelman, who was a member of the Human Relations 14 Commission and also a local realtor who supported 15 fair housing, was quoted as saying that you, Homer 16 Floyd, were well received and expected to be 17 invited to appear before the board again in the 18 future. 19 Do you remember meeting with the Lawrence 20 real estate board specifically on the Fair Housing 21 Ordinance and what their attitudes were when you 22 met with them? 23 MR. FLOYD: I do remember one meeting and 24 everything's a little fuzzy now in terms of some 25 of the personalities. �25 1 MR. ARNOLD: 2 MR. FLOYD: Sure. It was helpful that I had played 3 football and had had a name in the state, but -- 4 so some would have, just on the matter of 5 courtesy, would have welcomed me, but I do recall 6 that there was some support in that group for, 7 particularly when we talked about how it would 8 function, how the ordinance would function, and 9 the kind of, the steps that would be taken after a 10 11 complaint would be filed and so forth. I remember, you know, that kind of discussion 12 and asking for their support. 13 recollection of any vote or anything like that was 14 taken. 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 MR. FLOYD: 17 Now, I have no Right, right. But in that context I was well received, yes. 18 (11:29:39) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Another interesting observation 20 that one of the people I interviewed made was, in 21 talking about the attitude of the realtors, that 22 some of the realtors they believed quietly 23 welcomed this because it gave them -- they really 24 wanted to bring about change, they felt that 25 change was right, but they felt like they needed �26 1 something, a framework that would allow them to do 2 it without necessarily it hurting their customer 3 base, whereas other realtors, whether through 4 prejudice, just innate prejudice, or the fact that 5 they were so concerned about the impact that it 6 might have on their business continued to be 7 opposed to it, but did you have that same 8 impression, that there were some who favored fair 9 housing but were reluctant to speak out because 10 they were afraid how it might hurt their business 11 but kind of quietly hoped that it would come to 12 fruition? 13 MR. FLOYD: Absolutely. There always was a 14 discussion if I do this so and so is going to use 15 it against me as it relates to whatever products, 16 you know, I'm selling or whatever, that it's going 17 to adversely affect my business, and of course our 18 position was simply that if you pass the ordinance 19 everybody will be under the same requirements and 20 the same process so therefore it is going to be 21 good for you. 22 and say that," and so there were that 23 undercurrent, in two ways, undercurrent to say 24 please do it, but there were others who was less 25 enthusiastic about it, yes. Said, "Yes, but I can't come out �27 1 (11:31:31) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. And you wonder if that 3 same problem was even more pervasive just than in 4 the business world, because one of the interesting 5 things is, again, and much of the local Fair 6 Housing Coordinating Committee was very active not 7 only in pushing the issue up to the Human 8 Relations Commission but also kind of doing a 9 separate sort of public relations campaign in 10 favor of it. 11 local paper in favor of fair housing and then they 12 also did a signature campaign and well over a 13 thousand people in Lawrence, and the City actually 14 sat down and mapped out the addresses of all these 15 people and found it was widespread all over the 16 city, not just, you know, in particular 17 neighborhoods, but there seemed to be pretty 18 broad-based support, but it does make you wonder 19 with that level of support were there a lot of 20 people who were just quietly in favor but 21 reluctant to speak out because they weren't sure 22 what their neighbors would think or whatever. 23 you find that not only in Lawrence but kind of 24 just generally in your civil rights work? 25 They had articles published in the MR. FLOYD: Did Tom, that is a major problem even �28 1 today. 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 MR. FLOYD: Right. Sometimes we use words and 4 phrases to stop our enemy or to block things 5 through scare tactics and so forth and it is -- we 6 are acculturated in such a way that the 7 experiences of whites growing up in their 8 neighborhood and their particular area, they are 9 acculturated along racial lines, as 10 African-Americans are. 11 We have our own situations that we have to be 12 concerned about, and nobody wants to get out there 13 and stand up and be the first to say this is not 14 right, we're going to stop this, and so forth, 15 because they don't want to be called names, those 16 dirty names that you get called when you're a 17 traitor, and so a lot of people would want to go 18 along with it but they don't want to be out front 19 leading it because of the consequences that they 20 feel they are going to have, and that is on all 21 groups, it's not just whites and blacks. 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MR. FLOYD: Sure. I mean, that's just the way it 24 is, and getting people to speak up and be 25 comfortable doing so is sometimes difficult. �29 1 (11:34:15) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Yes, and again, many of 3 the people I have interviewed felt like that one 4 of the reasons it did pass fairly easily in 5 Lawrence is that there was pretty broad-based 6 support even if it wasn't necessarily apparent on 7 the surface, but once you put it forward very few 8 people, in fact during the actual hearings many, 9 many people from all different backgrounds came up 10 and spoke out in favor of the fair housing 11 ordinance and the only group that showed up was 12 one realtor and the lawyer who represented the 13 Board of Realtors were the only two who spoke out 14 against it and there seemed to be very little, 15 once it passed, consternation within the community 16 at all about that this major step had been taken. 17 Did you have a sense or did you observe in 18 your position at the state level that once the 19 ordinance was put in place in Wichita, Lawrence, 20 and it may have been done in other communities 21 than Lawrence after that, that noticeable change 22 came about, or was change often more slow in 23 coming and enforcement required to make sure that 24 change actually started to happen? 25 MR. FLOYD: Well, certainly change is slow �30 1 and in housing, since you've got to have, you've 2 got to qualify for loans and that kind of thing 3 the purchase of housing certainly was a slow 4 process in that change. 5 nothing was easy, but a little easier because, you 6 know, first you rent before you buy generally. 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MR. FLOYD: Rentals was a little, Right. And so there were more people who 9 were willing to take advantage of opportunities on 10 a rental basis, but even at that it was slow, and 11 I think social change in certain areas doesn't 12 happen overnight. 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MR. FLOYD: 15 Right. It's a gradual evolutionary process, and I think that's what we've seen, yes. 16 (11:36:26) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Let me just take a look at my 18 questions here and see what I may have missed that 19 I want to make sure that I ask you about. 20 Do you remember any, and I had mentioned 21 earlier, for example, Jesse Milan, but do you 22 remember any, do you have any observations of his 23 work and do you remember any other particular 24 individuals in Lawrence who you recall from that 25 time frame who were particularly active and �31 1 2 influential in helping to bring about change? MR. FLOYD: Jesse, Jesse Milan I knew very 3 well. We were close friends. He was so valuable 4 to that community. 5 Alversa were the first African-Americans I met 6 from the community and he was pushing his own, 7 because he was I think the first teacher, 8 African-American teacher in the system as well, so 9 he had his own issues that he dealt with, but he When I got there he and 10 was always willing to listen and always willing to 11 reach out to us as students at the university and 12 in the community. 13 When the civil rights movement began to take 14 shape he was always right there with sound 15 leadership and sound suggestions as to how to get 16 things done. 17 and admiration for him because he was a true, I 18 think, positive leader in that community. I had just a great deal of respect 19 (11:38:05) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Good. A number of people have 21 also mentioned, and I don't have any names in 22 front of me, but different ministers in some of 23 the churches, both African-American and white 24 churches in Lawrence, also played key roles, if 25 not necessarily always highly public roles, but at �32 1 least roles in encouraging their congregations to 2 be more involved to try and bring about social 3 change. 4 any impressions of their efforts and how important 5 it was? 6 Do you remember any or do you just have MR. FLOYD: I am having difficulty 7 remembering the ministers but I do know that there 8 was some church leadership that was supporting the 9 efforts and there were, I remember some meetings 10 that we attended in which they were trying to 11 organize and strategize as to what should be our 12 next steps and so forth. 13 (11:39:00) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. And sometimes it's 15 important to think of the churches as the 16 conscience of the community -- 17 MR. FLOYD: 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 Absolutely. -- and their attitudes often playing a big role in bringing about change. 20 Do you remember, also according to, and I 21 think this was actually in a newspaper article 22 that mentioned who appeared before the City 23 Commission in May, 1967, when they held their 24 hearing in which the proponents made the case for 25 fair housing, but it mentioned that you had �33 1 actually appeared and spoken on behalf as, 2 obviously, the director of the State Civil Rights 3 Commission. 4 remember what kind of reception you got and how 5 receptive the City Commission seemed to be on the 6 issue? 7 Do you remember that and do you MR. FLOYD: I vaguely remember because there 8 were several other communities in which, and 9 sometimes things run together. 10 (11:39:58) 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 13 Right. You probably did that quite often. MR. FLOYD: But I do remember supporting the 14 ordinance and I do -- I don't think that there was 15 a lot of vocal opposition. 16 those settings I don't remember a lot of vocal -- 17 I mean, there could be two or three people 18 speaking against but the overwhelming was a 19 positive support for the ordinance. 20 (11:40:30) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Right. I don't remember, in And were you surprised 22 at all when it passed in Lawrence or were you 23 expecting that? 24 MR. FLOYD: 25 Or do you even remember? It's just hard to say because there were times at the state level in '67 that we �34 1 just knew we had the bill passed and then all of a 2 sudden something happened and somebody decided to 3 vote the other way and -- or make a parliamentary 4 move to block it, you know, so you never be too 5 confident on something like this. 6 (11:41:03) 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 Do you have a sense of whether the passage of 9 Right. I can understand. the ordinance in Lawrence had any broader 10 influence within the state? 11 effort to get the state law, continue pushing 12 forward with getting the state law passed, did it 13 influence other communities, that you remember, or 14 do you have any recollection of that? 15 MR. FLOYD: Did it help with the Yes, I think that because Wichita 16 and certainly Lawrence, that helped for 17 legislators at the state level, for those two 18 communities, and I don't know of anybody else at 19 the time, but -- 20 MR. ARNOLD: Topeka may have passed theirs, I 21 have to go back and look, before the state one was 22 passed. 23 time that Lawrence's was passed. I know they were working on it at the 24 MR. FLOYD: 25 MR. ARNOLD: Right, and I just don't remember. Right. �35 1 MR. FLOYD: But certainly for legislators 2 from the areas we could always point to that fact, 3 that it's already a law in your community so 4 therefore why wouldn't we want to make it for the 5 whole state? 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MR. FLOYD: Right. And that was an argument that 8 we've used, and I do think that there was an 9 influence, a positive influence to be able to 10 point to Lawrence and to Wichita, yes. 11 (11:42:34) 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 Reflecting back on the roles you played in Right. Great. 14 the pursuit of civil rights in Kansas, what would 15 you say you are, what accomplishments are you most 16 proud of? 17 MR. FLOYD: I think the single most has to do 18 with the passage of the statewide fair housing. I 19 mean, that was just such an issue for a number of 20 years that we put a lot of emphasis and a lot of 21 attention to, because we had seen the positive 22 effects of the fair employment practices law, we 23 had seen the positive effects that it had, and we 24 just knew that if we could get the state passed it 25 would not only provide more opportunities but it �36 1 also would put people, give opportunities to 2 people who never had it before and put people into 3 communities, as well as in schools, that haven't 4 had contact before. 5 When I came to the University of Kansas as a 6 freshman some of my teammates from Kansas or rural 7 areas had never had contact with an 8 African-American in their lives and we went from 9 not knowing anything about each other, playing 10 three years, and then the fourth year, or playing 11 three years together, and I was elected co-captain 12 of the football team. 13 ways we had come. 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 MR. FLOYD: That was, that was a long Right. And I think that the whole idea 16 of people having experiences with each other is so 17 important to breaking down the barriers. 18 (11:44:45) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. 20 MR. FLOYD: Sorry. 21 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Absolutely. That's all right. One final 22 question. As we look at all the progress that's 23 been made but the obvious challenges we still 24 face, and we've seen, and I won't get into 25 politics here, but just in the last two or three �37 1 weeks people out in the street concerned about 2 changes that may come forward, but if young people 3 came to you as someone who's dedicated most of 4 your life to pursuing social justice and civil 5 rights what kind of advice would you give them as 6 to how to continue making progress and hopefully 7 keep us from slipping backwards? 8 9 MR. FLOYD: Well, I would say that we have to recognize the importance of supporting diversity 10 and recognizing that people from different 11 cultures, different backgrounds, their major 12 objectives in life are pretty much the same, you 13 know. 14 We have families. We want to see our 15 families do well, and at the same time we want to 16 see our community, our nation, move forward, and I 17 think that the best way we can do that is 18 recognizing the value in each of us and respecting 19 that just because my experiences lead me to this 20 conclusion doesn't necessarily mean that I am 21 evil, I'm doing something to damage somebody else, 22 but also keeping in mind that we all should have 23 at least the same opportunity to whatever it is, 24 and some are going to fail, many will succeed, but 25 just recognizing that. �38 1 And, as I think I said earlier, an identical 2 set of circumstances can mean different things to 3 different people. 4 your background has been, and also how these 5 events have shaped our history to some extent and 6 how -- and look at ways in which we can overcome 7 the nastiness of our democracy, and sometimes that 8 is difficult when you are in the storm, but at the 9 same time we've got to step back sometime and just 10 take a look at where we are and what is it that we 11 would like to be and whether or not we can be the 12 vessel to be able to carry that forward. 13 (11:48:08) 14 MR. ARNOLD: It's what you've learned, what Right. Very good. I have come 15 to the end of my questions, but I wanted to give 16 you an opportunity if there's anything we didn't 17 cover that you think is important that you would 18 like to add. 19 20 21 22 MR. FLOYD: extensive. MR. ARNOLD: Okay, good. Well, thank you very much for your time. 23 MR. FLOYD: 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 I think that the questions were That's all right. This was very worthwhile and another great contribution to our project, so I �39 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 really appreciate it. ***** � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Floyd, Homer Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:53:14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Homer Floyd Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Homer Floyd, who was the director of the Kansas State Commission on Civil Rights at the time that Lawrence's fair housing ordinance was passed in July 1967. Mr. Floyd had also been student athlete at the University of Kansas in the 1950s, and discusses his experiences with segregation in Lawrence during that time period. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on November 22, 2016, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Floyd, Homer Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/22/2016 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/homer-floyd-22-nov-2016?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FloydInterview112216.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1950s - 1967 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) World War, 1939-1945. Veterans. Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource In 2003, the Lawrence Public Library partnered with the Dole Institute of Politics and Haskell University to capture the histories of Douglas County’s World War II veterans in the Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project. From 2005 to 2007, the Lawrence Public Library, the Watkins Museum of History, and the Kansas State Historical Society also embarked on a similar endeavor, the Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project, which was funded by the Kansas State Legislature. This collection contains many of the video recordings and more information about the interviews conducted for these projects. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Johnston, Pattie Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Frank, Homer Location The location of the interview Lawrence (Kan.) Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212294">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212294</a> Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data VHS Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:47:39 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317 kbit/s (audio) 10316 kbit/s (video) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Homer Frank World War II Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Frank, Homer Description An account of the resource Homer Frank served in the United States Army Air Corps (155th Photo Recon Outfit) from 1942 to 1945. Interviewed by Pattie Johnston on November 23, 2007, Frank talked about his military experiences during the Second World War. Frank was born on March 20, 1922, in Grand Island, Nebraska. He enlisted in the Army Reserve in 1942 and was called for active duty in March 1943. He was inducted at Fort Logan in Denver, Colorado. He completed basic training at Shepherd Field, Texas, and photo school at Lowry Field, Colorado. In 1944, he went to Europe. He took the reconnaissance photographs for Patton’s Third Army. He spent time in England, France, and Germany. He also took photographs at two concentration camps, Buchenwald and Dachau. Frank shared some of his photographs from Europe during his interview. Frank passed away on January 13, 2008. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Johnston, Pattie Kansas State Historical Society Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Germany France 1942 - 1945 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-11-23 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Frank Interview Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the video recording of this oral history, go to: <a href="https://archive.org/details/frank-interview">https://archive.org/details/frank-interview</a> Obituary: <a href="https://www2.ljworld.com/life-events/obituaries/2008/jan/14/homer_frank/">https://www2.ljworld.com/life-events/obituaries/2008/jan/14/homer_frank/</a> The Watkins Museum of History also holds items related to this collection. Transcripts for this project are available through the Kansas Memory Digital Collection: <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212294">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212294</a> Other resources for interviews with World War II veterans are available through the Library of Congress' Veterans History Project: <a href="https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.html">https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.htm</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The original copy of this video is available through the Lawrence Public Library. The Watkins Museum of History and the Kansas State Historical Society also have interviews associated with this project, which was funded through a grant program passed by the Kansas State Legislature in 2005. Researchers are responsible for obtaining any necessary permissions for uses other than educational or scholarly research. Contact the Watkins Museum of History for additional information: <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers: The World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- United States. United States -- History, Military. World War, 1939-1945 -- Veterans -- Interviews. United States. Army. Air Corps -- History. Lawrence (Kan.) -- Oral history. Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/1c61e30fba4eaff0b37ce8b2c50b4590.jpg d3e40238863e57a234fa7896bc78c355 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/00d1e165b04cde3075979b8dd358cc62.jpg 2ba6d3b1edfdbe05ec604c6e6475ad06 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 1/2" x 3 1/4" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fraternal Aid Association Postcard Subject The topic of the resource Insurance Companies -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Postcard with a Fraternal Aid Association contract on the front. Contract is typed in green ink with blank lines filled in with black ink. Sent from Grand Junction, Colorado, the location of Council No. 750 but the General Secretary is located in Lawrence, Kansas. Dated October 26, 1914. Postmarked October 27, 1914. On the back is information on when the postcard was acquired 5/22/1998. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fraternal Aid Association Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Publisher unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/26/1914 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_36a) 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_36b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Standard Life Association 123 West 8th Street (Lawrence, Kan.) 10/26/1914 5/22/1998 Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a Fraternal Aid Association contract on the front. Acquisition information on the back. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 10/26/1914 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 4: Windmill to RR Depot Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Sally Postma on May 22, 1998. https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/54da5f2d0b12404cb9a7dd0d3b8cfefc.jpg e4b91411247140f0942b3dba114ba58d https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/9476b30d7b4edd6b2cab2db834f46f52.jpg dcbf0bca1b790d49b675a94f1dc3d576 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 7/16" x 3 1/4" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fraternal Aid Union Postcard Subject The topic of the resource Insurance Companies -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Postcard with a Fraternal Aid Union letter on the front. Letter is about monthly payments going up. Sent to Sadie B. Ranker in Attica, Kansas and signed by James Glendinning from Secretary Lodge No. 38 in Lawrence, Kansas. On the back the original address in pen is scratched out and a Salina address is written in pencil. Postmarked December 23, 1924. Information on when the postcard was acquired is on the back, 10/18/1997. In 1914, the Fraternal Aid Association changed its name to the Fraternal Aid Union then to Standard Life Association in 1933. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fraternal Aid Union Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Publisher unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12/23/1924 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_37a) 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_37b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Fraternal Aid Union 123 West 8th Street (Lawrence, Kan.) 12/23/1924 Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a Fraternal Aid Union letter on the front. Letter is about monthly payments going up. Acquisition information is on the back. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 12/23/1924 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 4: Windmill to RR Depot Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Sally Postma on October 18, 1997. https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/583c4a27d09d05c8a9e1ce521d4421d5.jpg 42d8d1cccca4b2bc2df9e11773cec1f8 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/d96e4a45587e81c6f2400e5efec232c3.jpg 14c6477d4c9663fcc4f8784b929be949 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 1/2" x 3 1/2" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postcard of Bowersock Mills Subject The topic of the resource Bowersock Mills and Power Company Description An account of the resource Postcard with a colored image of Bowersock Mills on the front. Image is of the two mills with the bridge in the foreground and the railroad tracks underneath. Image is a photograph colored in by hand. At the top of the left side "Home of Zephyr Flour, Bowersock Mills and Power Co., Lawrence, Kansas." is typed in black ink. On the back is a note typed in black ink to Bowersock from Freeburg & Johnson Bros. about how the quality of Zephyr Flour. Dated July 1, 1912. Information on when and where the postcard was acquired is on the back, 5/28/1981 from KC. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Freeburg & Johnson Bros. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/1/1912 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1_Start_to_Mass_Street_Stores(cp_92a) 1_Start_to_Mass_Street_Stores(cp_92b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Bowersock Mills 500 South Powerhouse Road (Lawrence, Kans.) 7/1/1912 Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a colored image of Bowersock Mills on the front. Acquisition information on the back. Note on the back. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 1: Start to Massachusetts Street Stores Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Charline Fitzpatrick or Sally Postma May 28, 1981. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) World War, 1939-1945. Veterans. Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource In 2003, the Lawrence Public Library partnered with the Dole Institute of Politics and Haskell University to capture the histories of Douglas County’s World War II veterans in the Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project. From 2005 to 2007, the Lawrence Public Library, the Watkins Museum of History, and the Kansas State Historical Society also embarked on a similar endeavor, the Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project, which was funded by the Kansas State Legislature. This collection contains many of the video recordings and more information about the interviews conducted for these projects. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Pye, Deborah Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Freeman, Glen E. Location The location of the interview Lawrence (Kan.) Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/211945">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/211945</a> Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data VHS Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:59:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 221 kbit/s (audio) 2467 kbit/s (video) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Glen Freeman World War II Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Freeman, Glen E. Description An account of the resource Glen E. Freeman served in the United States Army (1371st Infantry, Company H) from 1940 to 1945. Interviewed by Deborah Pye on July 5, 2006, Freeman talked about his military experiences during the Second World War. Freeman was born in Kansas on December 23, 1921. He joined the National Guard in 1939 and the Army in 1940. He went to the South Pacific in 1942. He spent time in New Caledonia, Guadalcanal, Bougainville, the Fiji Islands, New Hebrides, and the Philippine Islands. He took part in major battles in Guadalcanal and in the Leyte Gulf. Freeman was discharged in 1945. He passed away on January 25, 2011. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pye, Deborah Kansas State Historical Society Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Solomon Islands 1940 - 1945 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Freeman_Glenn WWII Interview Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the video recording of this oral history, go to: <a href="https://archive.org/details/freeman-glenn-wwii-interview">https://archive.org/details/freeman-glenn-wwii-interview</a> Obituary: <a href="https://www2.ljworld.com/life-events/obituaries/2011/jan/27/glen-freeman-sr/">https://www2.ljworld.com/life-events/obituaries/2011/jan/27/glen-freeman-sr/</a> The Watkins Museum of History also holds items related to this collection. Transcripts for this project are available through the Kansas Memory Digital Collection: <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/211945">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/211945</a> Other resources for interviews with World War II veterans are available through the Library of Congress' Veterans History Project: <a href="https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.html">https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.htm</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The original copy of this video is available through the Lawrence Public Library. The Watkins Museum of History and the Kansas State Historical Society also have interviews associated with this project, which was funded through a grant program passed by the Kansas State Legislature in 2005. Researchers are responsible for obtaining any necessary permissions for uses other than educational or scholarly research. Contact the Watkins Museum of History for additional information: <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers: The World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- United States. United States -- History, Military. World War, 1939-1945 -- Veterans -- Interviews. United States. Army. Lawrence (Kan.) -- Oral history. World War, 1939-1945 -- Pacific Area. Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/d2a079681fa7939817ac770ab4c949fb.jpg f31f9d537da568bcf985bc7de9b72d5e https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/c6dab2745293e40443040fe8723c3616.jpg dc13eea7c6f17658416a1ac8a3c569fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 9/16" x 3 5/16" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Security Benefit Association Receipt Postcard Subject The topic of the resource Insurance Companies -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Postcard with a receipt from The Security Benefit Association on the front. Receipt is for Ethel Craig's August 1932 payment of $1.85 signed by financier Olive Freer at 604 Kentucky. Craig's address is in Seneca, Missouri. Postmarked August 18, 1932 on the back. On the front is information on when the postcard was acquired, 10/21/2000. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Freer, Olive Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Security Benefit Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 8/18/1932 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_38a) 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_38b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant The Security Benefit Association 604 Kentucky (Lawrence, Kan.) 8/18/1932 10/21/2000 Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a receipt from The Security Benefit Association on the front. Acquisition information on the front. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 8/18/1932 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 4: Windmill to RR Depot Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Sally Postma on October 21, 2000. https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/775c06d16db67379b09be4d82a97a59f.jpg 1f8c639c70268734c854723d8c4cc36b https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/b0077c47b99a9b77bee1a494e959a472.jpg 95a8ad83af9cc1e782debf40ae7dd2d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 9/16" x 3 5/16" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Security Benefit Association Receipt Postcard Subject The topic of the resource Insurance Companies -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Postcard with a receipt from The Security Benefit Association on the front. Receipt is for Ethel Craig's September 1932 payment of $1.85 signed by financier Olive Freer at 604 Kentucky. Craig's address is in Seneca, Missouri. Postmarked September 22, 1932 on the back. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Freer, Olive Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Security Benefit Association Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9/22/1932 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_39a) 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_39b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant The Security Benefit Association 605 Kentucky (Lawrence, Kan.) 9/22/1932 Acquisition date unknown Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a receipt from The Security Benefit Association on the front. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 9/22/1932 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 4: Windmill to RR Depot Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Charline Fitzpatrick or Sally Postma. https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/5197a1b343c8e5cf8ff9f282951aad4e.jpg c3bfea43880c25bfbdbfeda975bffb62 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource You Are Local History Community Digitization Project Subject The topic of the resource Lawrence (Kan.) Description An account of the resource The You Are Local History community digitization project aimed to collect and digitize objects that tell stories about Lawrence, in order to create a more diverse and representative history of Lawrence. Objects were collected and digitized throughout June and July of 2018, with a community digitizing event on June 30th. Members of the Lawrence community donated photographs, videos, posters, t-shirts, mementos, trinkets, ephemera, texts, and other objects to be included in this digital archive. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library Language A language of the resource eng Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Love Live! Ruby Bobblehead Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Furya Description An account of the resource Solar-powered Ruby bobblehead, with Ruby in a seated position. Molly McIntyre acquired this bobblehead in Tokyo when studying abroad in Japan on a University of Kansas trip. Ruby is Molly's character in Shiny Dreamers, so this bobblehead is a special memento from her trip abroad and another Ruby collectible in Molly's extensive collection. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Tokyo (Japan) 2018 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Language A language of the resource japanese Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LoveLiveRubyBobblehead.jpg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Fair Use Subject The topic of the resource Anime Collectibles. Type The nature or genre of the resource PhysicalObject Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McIntyre, Molly https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/969cf90c0eb77d1e184cf6e560b21899.jpg 00982a4c10477dfdb6e0d0d4bb1687cd https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/7c3efa5ffaabac615f4caeb645c86c60.jpg 0d9f47614ad3d558f1ad7ca4af2b6c2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 7/16" x 3 7/16" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postcard of a Man Standing by an Ice Block on the Kaw River Subject The topic of the resource Ice on rivers, lakes, etc. -- Kansas -- Lawrence Kansas River (Kan.) -- Flood -- 20th century Description An account of the resource Postcard with a black and white photograph of a man standing next to a large piece of ice on the Kaw River on the front. Photograph depicts the river covered in sheets of ice with the man in the middle along with another man standing in the background. A white border is around the entire photograph. On the back is a note to Miss Fern Cummins in Kingfisher, Oklahoma from G.A.B. in Lawrence, Kansas. Note discusses how bad the ice is and how they're trying to get rid it with explosives. Note makes it sound like the writer is the man in the picture on the front. Postmarked January 24, 1910. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource G.A.B. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Publisher unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1/24/1910 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 7_River_Ice_to_Tornado(cp_58a) 7_River_Ice_to_Tornado(cp_58b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Kaw River (Lawrence, Kan.) 1/23/1910 Acquisition date unknown Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a black and white photograph of a man standing next to a large piece of ice on the Kaw River on the front. Note on the back. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 1/23/1910 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 7: River Ice to Tornado Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Charline Fitzpatrick or Sally Postma. https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/9985a8d018b8c81dd7c8de9c78f9f602.jpg a4acefa932716dcd6189fd167f8c3545 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/f2683f5e0acecc9ad435b7ba1a8ee26b.jpg 7daa95fc5292d31c5e6e7366627cea67 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 1/2" x 3 1/2" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postcard of Massachusetts Street Subject The topic of the resource Central Business Districts -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Postcard with a colored image of Massachusetts Street on the front. Image is looking south down Massachusetts Street from Seventh Street. Image is a photograph colored in by hand. In the image a trolley is going down the street. At the top of the left side "Massachusetts Street, looking South from Seventh, Lawrence, Kans." is printed in black ink. At the bottom of the left side "Copyright by A. Lawrence, Lawrence, Kan." is typed in white ink. On the back along the left "Published by F.B. McColloch, Lawrence, Kans. Made in U.S.A." is typed sideways in green ink. At the bottom of the left side is the Curt Teich & Co. logo. In the middle "C.T. Photochrom" is typed sideways in green ink. A note on the back is written to Miss St. P. Fains in Mayfield, Kentucky from her child G.B.F. in Lawrence, Kansas. Postmarked September 12, 1914. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource G.B.F. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence, A. (Alfred), photographer Curt Teich & Co. F.B. McColloch, publisher Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9/12/1914 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1_Start_to_Mass_Street_Stores(cp_45a) 1_Start_to_Mass_Street_Stores(cp_45b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Massachusetts Street (Lawrence, Kans.) 9/12/1914 Acquisition date unknown Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a colored image of Massachusetts Street on the front. Manufacturing information on the front and back. Note on the back. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 9/12/1914 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 1: Start to Massachusetts Street Stores Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Charline Fitzpatrick or Sally Postma. https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/e221b913bb6a897054a904c9c56ea4a5.jpg 074eec189c183b7770eaa872b0118de7 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/e771c0a1fd1392c6a16961732c8934db.jpg 56ea82be19cea35ccb99803fbbafcd8a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 5/8" x 3 1/4" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postcard of Haskell Institute from the College Series Subject The topic of the resource Haskell Institute Description An account of the resource Postcard with a purple tinted photograph of Haskell Institute in the center of a gold-yellow banner on the front. Banner is on a white background. At the top of the postcard "Haskell Institute Lawrence, Kansas" is printed in purple ink. At the bottom of the postcard "College Series" is printed in purple ink. On the back at the bottom of the left side "Published by C.W. Mettner, Lawrence, Kansas." is printed in black ink. A note is written on the back to Miss Mable Wilbur in West Newton, Massachusetts from G.G. who is visiting Lawrence, Kansas. Postmarked May 2, 1908. Information on when and where the postcard was acquired is on the back, 5/24/2002 from KCPS. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource G.G. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mettner, Carl W., photographer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/2/1908 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Haskell_02(cp_11a) Haskell_02(cp_11b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Haskell Institute 155 E Indian Ave (Lawrence, Kans.) 5/2/1908 5/24/2002 Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a purple tinted photograph of Haskell Institute in the center of a gold-yellow banner on the front. Manufacturing information on the back. Acquisition information on the back. Note written on the back. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 5/2/1908 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Haskell Album #2 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Charline Fitzpatrick or Sally Postma. https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/ff50bd8f210d192c43f496f8114887c3.jpg ffcb3726e6c2e93b94cbb2c267180351 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/dc41402996192f011cd685fe78e2553c.jpg 5a3b1d6d3fbb8caea10cea1f4aa77fa7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 1/2" x 3 1/2" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postcard of Lawrence High School Subject The topic of the resource Public schools -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Postcard with a colored image of Lawrence High School on the front. Image is of the side of the building. At the top of the left side "High School, Lawrence, Kans." is typed in black ink. At the top "1909" is written in pencil. On the right side is a white border. On the border "X is where I take Latin" is written in black ink. Next to Latin "1909" is written in a different black ink. On the back along the left side "Publ. by Webb-Freyschlog Merc. Co." is typed in black ink. A note is on the back to Miss Joe Doering in Cottonwood Falls, Kansas from G.L. in Lawrence, Kansas. Postmarked March 8, 1909. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource G.L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Webb-Freyschlog Merc. Co., publisher Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3/8/1909 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_111a) 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_111b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence High School 906 Kentucky Street (Lawrence, Kan.) 3/8/1909 Acquisition date unknown Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a colored image of Lawrence High School on the front. Manufacturing information on the back. Note on the back. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 3/8/1909 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 4: Windmill to RR Depot Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Charline Fitzpatrick or Sally Postma. https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/1cf5008c13f93c00107d26a7c57eb1e6.jpg c4995d3058ae3712100a3e33af552e37 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/961ecf8454d78dcc36f462937184e377.jpg a25f36c8ea0858f434ac3fd229ff22c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 9/16" x 3 1/2" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postcard of the Manual Training School Subject The topic of the resource Public schools -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Postcard with a black and white photograph of the Manual Training School on the front. Photograph is the school from a distance and shows the front and the side of the building facing the street. At the bottom is a white strip with "Manual Training School, Lawrence, Kansas." is typed in black ink. At the bottom left side "C.W. Mettner. Lawrence, Kans" is written in white ink. At the top "1909" is written in black ink. At the top of the corner of the building an "x" is written in black ink along with a line across three of the windows. On the back is a note to Miss Zoe Doering in Cottonwood Falls, Kansas from G.L. in Lawrence, Kansas. Note indicates that the sender takes sewing classes in the room with the marked windows. Postmarked April 20, 1909. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource G.L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mettner, Carl W., photographer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4/20/1909 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_143a) 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_143b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Manual Training School 847 Kentucky Street (Lawrence, Kan.) 4/20/1909 Acquisition date unknown Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a black and white photograph of the Manual Training School on the front. Manufacturing information on the front. Note on the front and the back. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 4/20/1909 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 4: Windmill to RR Depot Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Charline Fitzpatrick or Sally Postma. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) World War, 1939-1945. Veterans. Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource In 2003, the Lawrence Public Library partnered with the Dole Institute of Politics and Haskell University to capture the histories of Douglas County’s World War II veterans in the Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project. From 2005 to 2007, the Lawrence Public Library, the Watkins Museum of History, and the Kansas State Historical Society also embarked on a similar endeavor, the Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project, which was funded by the Kansas State Legislature. This collection contains many of the video recordings and more information about the interviews conducted for these projects. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Miller, Kristen Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Gallup, Alfred “Al” Location The location of the interview Topeka (KS) Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data VHS Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:01:40 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317 kbit/s (audio) 10318 kbit/s (video) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred "Al" Gallup World War II Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gallup, Alfred “Al” Description An account of the resource Alfred “Al” Gallup served in the United States Army (Air Corps) from 1941 to 1950. Interviewed by Kristen Miller on June 2, 2003, as part of the Kansas Veterans History Project, Gallup talked about his experiences during the Second World War. Gallup was born on November 5, 1919, in Marysville, Kansas. He graduated high school in 1932. After junior college, he enrolled at the University of Kansas. He graduated with a business degree in 1938. He signed up for the Aviation Cadet Training Program in 1940. He was called into the program on December 8, 1941. He first joined the 69th Reconnaissance Group and was later assigned to the 16th Cargo Combat Squadron, 4th Group. Gallup took part in the Hump Operation as a pilot. Following the war, he received his Master of Business Administration from Columbia University. He then taught ROTC at Kansas State University and the University of Kansas. Gallup began working in the life insurance industry in 1950. He retired from Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance in Lawrence after forty-seven years. He passed away on May 26, 2016. Throughout the interview, Gallup shared photographs and maps from his time in the service. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Miller, Kristen Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant India Burma 1941 - 1950 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-06-02 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Gallup Interview Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available American Folklife Center, Library of Congress Relation A related resource To access the video recording of this oral history, go to: <a href="https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.07845/">https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.07845/</a> Obituary: <a href="https://obituaries.ljworld.com/obituaries/ljworld/obituary.aspx?n=alfred-gallup&amp;pid=180140568&amp;fhid=24990">https://obituaries.ljworld.com/obituaries/ljworld/obituary.aspx?n=alfred-gallup&amp;pid=180140568&amp;fhid=24990</a> A transcript of another interview with Alfred Gallup is available through the Kansas Memory Digital Collection: <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212772">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212772</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Kansas Veterans History Project Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- United States. United States -- History, Military. World War, 1939-1945 -- Veterans -- Interviews. Kansas -- History. United States. Air Force -- History. Lawrence (Kan.) -- Oral history. United States. Army. Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/4cddd18733e93f7dd0dc48c0ba01db2d.pdf c2aa2579d2f6ddfb8a0ab07456618928 PDF Text Text Tape 24: Interview with Garcia and Garcia Interviewer: Helen Krische Date of Interview: 2006 Length of Interview: 47:45 Location of Interview: St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church Transcription Completion Date: 2021 Transcriptionist: Emily Raymond NOTE: The conversation seems to indicate that a second female in room is also part of the interview, likely another family member; she is never addressed by name and is labeled in the transcript as F (female). Identity might be “Irene.” Andrew Garcia (Interviewee): Raymond and Gladys and Val and them. And we had somebody else, I can’t remember who else was there. They wanted two of them. So we had a whole gang. And then every payday we got together, and then, they paid us every payday, and then, uh, Raymond sure loved to cheat people. [HK laughs] Bob Garcia (Interviewee): He was always tight with his money. Yeah, Raymond was real – real thrifty. Yeah. AG: Every time you picked a sack of potatoes, they’d give you a token, you know, a chip, and, uh…when it came time, Raymond wouldn’t count it. They’d pay Raymond, see, and then Raymond paid us. BG: Oh, my gosh. AG: So, everybody, after we payday, uh, everybody’d say: “Andy, come check my stuff.” “What do you mean check it?” he says, “I don’t think he paid me right.” I said: “How many did you have? So I says, “Well, let me count ‘em before you do it.” And they had Joe, and they had – another one was there too, you know, and they couldn’t do nothing: “What’s the matter with these guys?” I had to go through – after they paid us – well, I had to go through the – go through all their chips and see how many they had and then I’d tell Raymond: “Hey. Hey, mi hermano,” I’d say, “You cheated people.” He said: “No, I didn’t!” “Yes, you did.”I said: “You owe this lady so much money, and you owe this other lady so much money too.” I couldn’t [murmurs] do that Raymond, my God. Well, he says: “Look, I furnished the truck.” [Laughter] “I know you did, you furnished the truck.” Oh, I tell you. We had an awful time. And then I don’t know what he paid me, ‘cause Dad made the deal with him, so I never did see no money– F: Didn’t see the money. �AG: He was supposed to pay Dad, so I don’t know, I don’t know how they worked it out. [Laughter] But, uh, I was interpreter for him and then I was in accounting too, so I got over there and, uh, there was a whole bunch of girls from Texas. [Laughter] So – so this girl comes over, said: Helen Krische (Interviewer): [Unintelligible] girls. AG: This girl comes over and says: “Are you the mechanic?” I says: “No, I’m not.” BG: At that age, you know, what else is there? [Laughter] Make the world go ‘round. AG: And my sister wants to go with your boy – with your friend. It was Joey. He was the oldest one. He was the only one old enough to date. And my sister wanted to go with your friend. I says: “I can fix that up for you. [Name?] I’ve got to have the prettiest girls around too.” He says: “We’re a team!” And he said: “You are?” He said: “Well, which one do you want?” I said: “Well, I have to look around first. I’ll let you know.” So the next day I says, uh: “I found one.” He says: “You did?” “Who,” I says, “I have to take you, you’re the prettiest one around. We’re gonna go Friday to –” They had a free movie outside in the park, you know; we all went every Friday [murmurs]. I said: “You girls go to the lake and take a bath and brush your teeth and use Scope if you can get some –” [Laughter] “And make sure you borrow some perfume from your mother so you smell good.” And she says: “What’s wrong with you guys? You guys don’t go around with Mexican girls, do you?” I says: “No, hon, where we come from, there’s no Mexican girls. They’re all white and they have showers and they have toothbrushes.” [Laughter] Says: “Are you sure you don’t want us to go to Mexico and get a clean bill of health?” I says: “Well, that would help.” But then, when we went to the movies [murmurs]. She said: “Well, can you borrow the truck?” I says: “No, the truck is not mine. The truck, it belongs to that guy.” I said: Tell your sister to borrow the car.” So she got the car from her folks and went to the movies and then we went uptown. We bought some beer, and we had – we had a real good time. Brought some beer back home, and…everywhere I went we had fun. Anyway, we did – we did pretty good. After we got [man interrupts]. Everybody, we all bought a 100-pound pack of beans. HK: Uh-huh. AG: And a 100-pound bag of potatoes. So Mama was real happy when I got home. Yeah, 100 pounds of beans and 100 pounds of potatoes. BG: And that’s quite a lot, yeah. �AG: And we bought some onion, too – we bought, we were picking – we picked onions too. So we brought back some onions and some sweet potatoes. Anyway, when we came back I didn’t think the truck was gonna make it home, ‘cause we had it loaded so much – so heavy. I said: “Oh, my.” It was a good thing it had dual wheels in the back, ‘cause if it hadn’t, we’d have – I’d have ever made it home. We really had that poor truck loaded down. It was pulling hard coming home, believe me, I’m glad it was downhill. It would have never made it uphill, I know that. But we brought a lot of groceries home, and that – that sure helped a lot. HK: How many kids were in the family, at that time? AG: I didn’t have too many at that time. I mean, maybe I had five. Bob – F: How many did Mom – how many did Mom [unintelligible] mother have? Together? AG: We had, uh, Mercy and Tony. We had Mercy and Tony and Jenny. BG: Jenny, yeah. F: So it was about five? AG: And Bob and – and Bob… F: What about Sabina? Was she – ? BG: I don’t, maybe – maybe, I don’t remember. I don’t know. I really don’t know. She – AG: I don’t know what year she was born. BG: She was probably born in thirty – ‘38, ‘36? Well, ‘36, ‘37 probably. F: She’s about ten years older than I am. BG: Yeah, her – F: No, she’s not 70 yet. She’s 69, I think. AG: Yeah. F: It must have been five – BG: In ‘37, yeah. She was born in ‘37. And what year was that in? AG: I don’t know, but – ‘cause it was just me and, uh, my sister Mercy, and Tony, and Bob – F: And Jenny. �BG: And Jenny. Yeah. Jenny was little. HK: Mm-hmm. AG: Yeah, because Jenny used to play jacks – jacks with Jenny, ‘cause when we played ball, I – I had to take care of Jenny, that was the one I took care of. And Mom says: “Don’t let her get dirty,” so…everybody wore skirts and – and little dresses, you know, you couldn’t – so I always tried to put her somewhere where it was clean. [Laughter] I’d tell the guys: “Don’t nobody run over my little sister!” [Laughter] “‘Cause I have to take care of her.” Everywhere I went, I’d take my little sister with me. Later on, I took Bob; after a while I took Bob?. BG: I got dirty. [Laughter] AG: Yeah, I let him go in the dirt. HK: Didn’t care about you. [Laughter] AG: He had a lot of fun, though, ‘cause I [overlapping voices] take him to the – buy him a bag of popcorn and a Coke, and he’d be happy. Be riding around all over – BG: She’d send me to school clean, I’d come back dirty every day, she says… [Laughter] AG: Don’t you guys ever say anything about that. F: That’s why he doesn’t want you to – [Overlapping voices, laughter] F: Interesting, isn’t it? HK: He’s full of stories. F: Uh-huh. Yeah. BG: Get, like, pretty good interviews so far? HK: Yeah, so far. BG: Got all the information? HK: It’s been – been really interesting. BG: Yeah. HK: Yeah. So, what do you all think about the, uh, uh, immigration issue today? �AG: Everybody asks me about that, and I don’t know. I really have no way of looking [overlapping voices]. BG: I think it’s kind of late, if they could put a stop to it now, then people would [unintelligible]. AG: My wife says: “Make ‘em stay in Mexico.” BG: Years, how you gonna stop ‘em? HK: Yeah. BG: Tell Mexico to get their country built up and people get jobs and [murmurs] AG: Yeah. BG: There’s no way to stop ‘em. AG: Well, you can’t blame the people. They’re making six dollars a week over there and they can come over here and make six dollars in two or three hours. I’m – I’m over there catching the bus on – on 31st Street, by Iowa Street there. There’s two guys, and they’re picking up trash around all the…shopping centers. HK: Mm-hmm. AG: And, uh, they’re walking by where I was standing there, and the guy says: “I’m never gonna go back to Mexico.” He said: “They pay us eight dollars and fifty cents an hour just for picking up trash. Can you beat that?” he says. “We can’t make that in two weeks in Mexico.” So they – they were picking up trash. Every day they’d go pick up trash. This guy takes ‘em in a pickup truck and he – they load the pickup truck of trash – HK: Uh-huh. AG: And they’d go to another shopping center. That’s all they’d do. [Overlapping voices] Shopping center. BG: They pay ‘em eight and a half dollars an hour for doing that. You know, you can’t beat that in Mexico. AG: No wonder They’re not gonna stop, unless they do something different, a lot different. [Unintelligible] BG: This morning, stop the van somewhere, it was in Kansas – it was in Kansas here somewhere, and there was, they, uh, sixteen people and the driver, another passenger. And they, uh, give two of them a ticket for something or other and then let ‘em all go on their way. That’s �what they tell you. You can come if you want to, you know. Government won’t send you back. So they, you know, it’s the government’s fault. Let ‘em come over and don’t do anything about F: Yeah, they never did anything about it. BG: Kind of late now. F: Now they want to do something, and… AG: Mexicans – F: [Unintelligible] I feel sorry for them. AG: I know, you – you can’t blame them for coming over – F: I know, you can’t. AG: You can’t blame – BG: Half a million people here, they’d cost you a thousand dollars to send each one back, that’s a lot of money to send ‘em all back. AG: You’re right. HK: Mm-hmm. BG: It is. It’s a lot of money. HK: Yeah. AG: It is. But yeah, I – I don’t know. I don’t think they’re ever gonna stop. I told the guys how to do it, I says: “Let ‘em all come over here, we could send them to war.” [Laughter]. “Send ‘em all to Iraq.” Yeah, yeah. [Laughter continues] Send ‘em all to Iraq. They – they’d – they’d pay cheaper. [Laughter] BG: Yeah, [unintelligible], something like that. [Laughter]. They laugh. Yeah, but when I think about it, I says, that’s what I’d do. [Overlapping voices] The other day I was watching TV [unintelligible?], and they were showing these, uh, people that, what do you call it, a minute [man?] AG and F: Minute [men?] BG: They were, they had [got together?] fence across the Texas border there. HK: Uh-huh. �BG: And they got their poles and their wire and all that, and they had a barbecue and all that kind of stuff, and they got done [unintelligible] fence. Lousiest fence in the world. Wire sagging, they could have hired illegals [murmurs] to work and done a better job. [Laughter] Terrible! AG: Saw that, yeah. BG: Wire sagging? You don’t build a fence that way, my gosh. F: They should have got those [unintelligible] hired those illegals to do it – [overlapping voices] BG: Half the price. AG: That’s the way the train is, Bob. [Overlapping voices] BG: Lousy fence. HK: Yeah, they could have stayed on the Mexico side and built it. [Voices in agreement] BG: Right, yeah, my gosh. Guys – F: It wouldn’t have been illegal then, you know. Right there in their – AG: That guy says: “If we have war with Mexico, which side are you gonna fight on?” I said: “I’m gonna fight on this side, one side, the other side, the next day.” [Laughter] Oh, I got something funny to tell you. My grandson Cruz… Interview Assistant: Just a second. Let me get a new tape. HK: Okay. We have to stop for a while. [tape skips briefly] AG: Yeah, Monday. AG: Jobs? Now this boy, Cruz, he’s not a little boy anymore, but he’s older. He’s working for, uh, Ace Hardware over in Mesquite, Nevada. And, uh, his boss says, uh: “Cruz, you’re not gonna walk out on me, are you?” He says: “Well, tell you what,” he says, “I’m only half – halfMexican,” he says, “so I’m gonna walk out for half a day.” [Laughter] “Do you want me to walk out in the morning or the afternoon? F: Funny. AG: And his boss says, uh: “Why don’t you just walk out in the morning, ‘cause we’re busy in the afternoon.” He said: “Okay.” [Laughter] And my other, my oldest grandson, my older grandson in Mesquite, Nevada, he – he, uh, he manages four restaurants in two different casinos. So he says: “Grandpa,” he says, that day he says: “I had all my managers, cooks, and all my secretaries are waitresses. Because everybody walked out, we couldn’t handle it. The waitress – the secretary were all mad, but I said, ‘You have to do it. We don’t have no other way �to do it.’” And he said when he got home, he told his dad, he says: “Boy, Dad,” he says, “just about shut the whole – the whole works down.” He says: “Well,” he said, “You’re supposed to walk out too.” He said: “If I had walked out, this whole town – town would have shut down.” [Laughter] “There’d have been nobody to run the place.” Yeah. He’s 24 years old and he runs the four restaurants, manages four restaurants. HK: Wow. AG: But he says, “I have a good manager and a good crew [murmurs].” HK: Uh-huh. AG: “And one day a week, I go to this place, watch how they operate the, the next day I go over here,” he says, “I go around and around. I have my own – my own office and my own secretary. We run – run the place good.” HK: Could you tell me a little bit about what it was like to live at the Santa Fe yards, the apartments there? BG: I was pretty young at the time, but, uh, we had a lot of fun. Families just, uh, [unintelligible], how many rooms was it? How big was it? Eight on each side and different families [overlapping voices], it was always full. Kids, young kids and basketball and [unintelligible]. Ain’t gonna play basketball or football or whatever he’s – he broadcast at the time. AG: You know, we had our baseball court, we had our baseball court – basketball court. [Overlapping voices] Only we didn’t have enough boys, so they had to get one of them girls to play. [Laughter] Basketball was alright [murmurs]. HK: Uh-huh. AG: And we also had a tennis court. We had a tennis court, too. We played tennis. It was nothing but dirt [murmurs]. And we didn’t have racquets. We made some sticks out of wood. But we did play pretty good. And we played the – we played the black boys from town. HK: Uh-huh. AG: We played the white boys from town, too. They came down to play. And we always beat ‘em, we played baseball and softball. We had a fence way out [murmurs] the fence was the home run. They had, uh, Chino and Joe were pretty good baseball players. F: Ball players. AG: Yeah, they – they set the diamond out and everything, you know. And, uh, but we had togetherness. �F: Yeah. AG: At noon, all the families get together and we’d all eat, like a picnic, you know. HK: Mm-hmm. AG: Everybody – some people would bring tortillas, and other people would bring a pot of beans, and everybody would make different things. So we all got under the shade tree there and we all ate. AG: When we ate, the people going by on the train, you know. [Laughter, murmurs] F: And a lot of you were related, that lived there in the – AG: Yeah. Our cousins, yeah. The Romeros, yeah. Yeah, the Romeros. BG: They had one, uh, one cold water faucet right outside in the, uh, in the premade house they had one faucet where everybody used water from there. HK: Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. BG: Go out, get a bucketful and take it back home. AG: It was City water. too, believe it or not. It was City water, we had City water. BG: Did it [murmurs] have electricity. AG: We had a shooting, uh, we had a shootout one time, one night. Two men got out together and got drunk and tried to blow each other away, but they were so drunk they couldn’t shoot straight. [Laughter] One of them finally hit another one’s leg, you know. Had to get the cops down there and arrest ‘em and all that. The next day they come and they’re looking down, we’re looking out for, come the cops, come down. They had a, they had kind of a fence around it. Cops came over, they wouldn’t come in, they were scared to come in, so they stayed over by the gate and Mom said: “Go see what they want.” So I went over there and I says: “Policias, what you guys looking for?” Says: “Pistola .45.” And, “Oh, we don’t have no pistola, no. My uncle, he has a .22. He shoots rabbits and squirrels. No pistola.” I said: “What does a pistola look like? Like this?” He showed me his big gun. “No, we don’t have no pistola. What happened?” He said: “Somebody shot somebody.” “Oh, they did? Shoot the head off?” “No,” he says, “shoot ‘em in the leg.” I says: “Oh, my people blow head off, they don’t shoot people in the leg.” [Laughter] So – so first, they shot a black man – they – we had gardens out – out by the railroad track �[murmurs]. And the black guys come down and steal our – steal our stuff whenever we had, uh, whenever we had [murmurs]. F: Vegetables. BG: Ripe and ready for harvest, you know. AG: We had watermelons and cantaloupes and we had corn, and we had tomatoes and peppers. And they were too lazy to – to plant anything, so they’d come down and steal it. We had to have guards out there, guarding it all the time. So I guess some black guy come down at night, and somebody shot him in the leg. Knocked a hole in his leg. Anyway, they took him, he went, he limped away from there, and his friends took him to a hospital in Ottawa. And the cops came looking for him the next day, and I told ‘em, we didn’t have no, no .45. I said: “We just have a .22.” And he says: “Well, somebody has a .45.” So I said: “Well, you guys wanna come see it? Come on, I’ll go with you and nobody’ll shoot you.” But they wouldn’t go. [Laughter] So…so they went uptown and forgot about who shot who. But these Mexican guys, BG: Well, uh, Romeros…Mathew Romero, Raymond Romero’s father shot – shot that guy. HK: Oh. BG: Yeah. He shot Felix Bermudez. F: He did? Oh, my goodness, you better not put that in there. [HK laughs] Don’t put that in there. BG: Yeah, well, can’t do anything about it now, it’s too late. They’re both gone. [HK laughs] Shot him in the leg. BG: Did they mention the city dump was next to the, uh, section houses? Somebody mention that? The city dump at the time was next to the section houses. HK: No, uh-uh. BG: You could – it was just right across the, uh, across the small field there. HK: Uh-huh. BG: Where everybody took – city trash went down there, you know, everyday. HK: Uh-huh. BG: After – we’d get in there, see if we could find bicycle pieces and pieces of this and pieces of that. That was kind of fun. [Laughter] Kind of smelled. �HK: Kind of like dumpster diving. BG: Yeah, good stuff, you know, nowadays they, all good stuff. We’d go down every night and dig through whatever – AG: That’s what we did the last time. BG: You could still smell that smoke, when they burn it, they burn it that time, they burned the trash one time, too. HK: Uh-huh. BG: And they’d set it on fire and we’d [murmurs] over there. Didn’t smell very good, but, uh… AG: We took home the bottles, and we used to get a nickel for – for, pick up a milk bottle. Nickel for a milk bottle. We used to pick up all the copper wire – BG: Wire, iron – AG: And then we’d take [unintelligible] to the junk yard. Iron and…yeah. [Overlapping voices] We’d pick up all that stuff. F: How many rooms do you guys have? BG: I think we had two or three; most of ‘em had two or three. AG: Two bedrooms and one kitchen. F: Oh, is that right? AG: What we had. Yeah, the way they made it, the – [unintelligible] in the side they had two rooms together, and then we – they divided, they didn’t make ‘em right. They divided the other, it was made in twos. BG: You had to go out of one door, you had to go out your bedroom door to get into the kitchen. [Laughter] BG: Outside, yeah. We had to go outside and – yeah. AG: They should have made two bedrooms and a kitchen, but they didn’t. They made two rooms here and two rooms BG: They had to go outside, in twos. AG: So everybody has two bedrooms and then they shared the – the other one, shared one room for a kitchen. �HK: Huh. BG: They were concrete and they’d – every once in a while you’d take a hose and wash ‘em out and, yeah. They [unintelligible] pretty regular. AG: Well, they did have the walk in front of them, BG: They had a cement walk. And they had a porch over the front of it. HK: Uh-huh. AG: And they had a roof over it. If you had a dog or a cat, you could put his house right under the – the roof and wouldn’t get wet or something. BG: But there was a lot of – at one time there was a lot of, we only had two rooms apiece at one time. It was pretty crowded at one time. ‘ AG: ‘Cause we had, uh, Ramirez on one side and uncles on the other side and then we were in – in between there. [Overlapping voices] BG: Who else was – who was next to us? We had [unintelligible]. BG: Hernandez on the corner, [murmurs]. I remember that. AG: Hernandez was, yeah, they were on the corner. AG: And then, uh, Josephine and, uh, Rosa, they had the other one. [Unintelligible] They had ‘em together. AG: Yeah, they had the other corner [murmurs]. Mm-hmm. BG: And [Amado?] Contreras and his wife, they had [one or two?] Yeah, they went back to Mexico. They were there about three years. BG: Mm-hmm. HK: How did they do the laundry? BG: Washed up with one of them boards that we call a corrugated – HK: Uh-huh. BG: What was it called? Washboard, yes. Yeah, lye soap and water. Hot water. They’d cook the water outside. Boil the water outside. �AG: Boil the water outside. BG: Over a – over a fire. AG: And they used that real strong soap that smelled – BG: Yeah, lye soap, yeah. AG: Oh, God, yeah. HK: Oh. AG: Yeah. And they boiled ‘em, and they had to stick ‘em, clothes out…took ‘em out of the darn thing. BG: Rinse ‘em off, hang ‘em underneath the – the line somewhere, we had some clotheslines out there. HK: Mm-hmm. AG: Had a lot of clotheslines. HK: Did you have any, um, livestock around there? BG: They’d, yeah, they’d raise pigs most of all. Pigs and this and that. HK: Uh-huh. BG: Mostly pigs we raised. AG: We had a lot of goats. HK: Oh. So you had goat milk? AG: Don’t taste good. [HK laughs] You don’t wanna try it. BG: I remember when the men used to slaughter a pig once in a while, you know, you hear that pig squeal. Man, that was hard for the kids, you know, watch that. We all gathered around when they – when they did that, and…Now the Romeros – Valentin and Raymond – they were – they were a well-to-do family here. They had, uh, lot of pigs, lot of animals. Lived on the corner of Pennsylvania there. HK: Oh. BG: And they [murmurs]. �HK: So they were well – BG: Yeah, they were well-to-do… HK: Huh. So what happened, uh, were you still living there in the ‘51 flood, or was that…? BG: We was living on Penn – on New Jersey Street by then. HK: Oh, okay. BG: New York, New Jersey. Some people still living there, they got flooded out then, you know. [Overlapping voices] F: The flood came a little ways… [Overlapping voices] BG: Yeah, you could see the water on the tracks. F: I can remember, uh, I can remember being like that or something. BG: Yeah, on the tracks, yeah. AG: It was up – it was up pretty high, yeah. HK: So did they, how long after the flood did they still use the Santa Fe apartments? BG: Everybody then, I think that was probably – probably ended right there. AG: Moved out. BG: I think it was after that, everybody moved out. AG: I think everybody moved out then. BG: Yeah, [murmurs] right there. AG: Yeah, I think everybody moved out. In ’51 ‘cause Jenny [unintelligible] and, what’s his name, Ralph. They lived there for a while [murmurs] I think they moved out [murmurs]. BG: I don’t think they used them after the flood. [Murmurs] I think about the end of the year. AG: By then, by that time everybody had already got better jobs – BG: Got better jobs – �AG: And they all had jobs. BG: Start moving to different parts of town and all that. AG: They were starting to…get spread out all over town… BG: Assimilate into society. HK: Yeah. Did you both go to, uh, um, New York School? Did you both go to New York school? BG: I did [murmurs]. I don’t know if any did or not AG: They had an old school and I went there for two years, when I went they had an old school. It wasn’t – it wasn’t the school they have now, they had a smaller building. HK: But was it still called New York School? AG: Yes. It was still called New York School. HK: The old one – AG: It was a small building. I think it was kind of a two-story deal, and…up toward the corner. Closer to the church over there. HK: Uh-huh. AG: They knocked it down and built the other one. HK: Did you both, um, speak Spanish when you were growing up, or – ? BG: At home, yeah, we did. AG: We did at home. HK: At home? AG: Yeah, later on, later on, uh…we did away with it because, uh, the kids were having too much trouble switching over to English so after a while we quit. After Bob started getting, uh, two or three years we all spoke…Well, Dad, you had to speak to Dad in Spanish, ‘cause he couldn’t – he never did learn to speak English. My mom could though, she went to school in El Paso, so…she – she was my first teacher. She knew the – she knew the words and she…she knew [murmurs]. I remember when I first came here, the – it used to scare me, they had these toilets, you know, and they had the tank up there on top. Did you ever see them? �HK: Uh… BG: Yeah, where you had a chain. Pull the chain. HK: Pull the chain. AG: You had to pull the chain. HK: Yeah. AG: I guess they thought that the water had to drop [unintelligible] before the flush, so, you know, they had – they didn’t have like they do now, they had the tank up on top. The first time that I went – I went to school one day and then I wouldn’t go to school anymore. I was scared of school, so…I told Mama I couldn’t go to school no more. The girls come and drag me to school every day, so, and they – they told me to go with the boys to the bathroom, you know, and [murmurs] boys told me to pull the chain, I pulled the chain, water coming down and I thought I was gonna go down the hole, so I ran out and [HK laughs]. And the girls stopped me. “Come back here!” So… BG: That saying, “Don’t pull my chain,” that’s what that’s from. [HK laughs]. Yeah, “Don’t pull my chain,” that saying’s from. AG: So they told the teachers I’m scared of that, so the teacher showed me she went to the board, you know. “Andrew, come here,” he says, “I’ll show you.” She’d make two lines, says, “Water, lots of water.” I didn’t know what water was. She said, she was telling me, the river, you know, I didn’t know what a river was. Finally she says, uh, I said [murmurs] lot of water. I says: “Oh, rio.” “Yes, of course, the Rio Grande. You know – you know that, Rio Grande.” “Okay, rio.” “Look, see, rio. Water.” [Murmurs] I didn’t know what a sewer was, you know. Finally I says, “Canal.” She says: “Yeah, that’s good, canal. Okay, canal. I got a pipe going up here, see, pull the chain, it goes down the pipe, down the canal, down to the river.” I said: “Okay.” I got over there, told mom, “Hey, mom.” “What?” “I found out how those things work.” She says: “What things?” “You know, where you pull the chain and the water goes down the hole and goes down,” I says. “And on the way home the girls showed me, they showed me the sewer.” “Andrew, listen, water goes down there and goes to, see, Santa Fe stations. That’s where the river is. The water goes all the way there.” I says: “Okay.” So then, uh, Mom says, uh, “I could have told you that.” I said: “Well, why didn’t you tell me?” “Well, you didn’t ask.” [HK laughs] �I said: “I thought I was gonna go down the hole, pull the chain, all the water coming down!” [Laughter] You know, it’s funny when you don’t know what a thing is. HK: Yeah. Yeah. AG: But they did, they had the tank up on high. HK: Uh-huh. AG: The tank up on high – BG: Gravity, yeah. AG: I guess they thought that you had to [murmurs] be right down there. Works good. Had a lot of water pressure, yeah. BG: Yeah. That’s gravity. HK: Yeah. BG: All the way down. Unknown Male, possibly Interview Assistant: Did you have to…fill the tank up on top, or how did it…? BG: Well, the – that’s the way they made ‘em. BG: It was made that way. BG: They had water with real low pressure. It took forever to fill up the whole tank, then drop it all at once. Otherwise it never get flushed. HK: Did they have a water pipe running into the tank part? BG: Yeah. AG: Yes, they did. They had to. HK: Yeah. AG: Where else would they get the water? Rain? HK: Well, I don’t know. [Laughter] Should’ve taken a bucket, fill it up or something. AG: That’d be funny, wouldn’t it? �AG: Yeah, they had to have it. You know, they had to have it. You gotta have a pipe to get water. Well, this guy did tell me, he said, he said the Aztecs had a way of making water run up the hill. Whether it’s true or not, I – I have no idea. But, you know, they had gardens up the mountain. HK: Uh-huh. Uh-huh. AG: Terrace-like thing. HK: Yeah. AG: Okay, they had to irrigate those things some way. HK: That’s right. AG: Over here, we carried the water. We had, uh, a yoke you put around your shoulders, you had a bucket on each side, you filled them with water and you run, take it down the railroad track about a mile and half, two miles, water all those plants Yeah. That’s why I don’t garden. [Laughter] . Bob does, Bob does. F: Is that why you never had a garden, Andy? AG: That’s why I never had a garden [laughter]. And Dad worked us to death. Hauling all that water. You know how much water it takes to water [unintelligible]. F: And he had a big garden. BG: Yeah. They all did, yeah. AG: They didn’t have little gardens. They had, they had, uh, they had about a half-mile garden. They had, one time we even planted peanuts. HK: Did they grow? BG: Yeah, they’ll grow here. AG: Yeah, they did grow. HK: They will? They’ll grow here? AG: Well, it’s just like potatoes, you turn ‘em over, you know. And, uh, I told Mom, I says: “Mom,” I says, “these peanuts, they’re real good, you can’t eat ‘em.” But, you know, you have to put the darn things in the oven and cook ‘em and everything. You had to roast the darn things. So…goes to a lot of work to make the darn things, Mom. To plant ‘em and water ‘em and all that. I said: “We could just buy ‘em a lot cheaper than that.” Of course, we couldn’t buy anything ‘cause we didn’t have any money. �HK: What kind of a cookstove did your mother have? AG: What kind of a what? HK: Cookstove. What did she cook on? AG: Well, the first one we had was, uh, a woodstove. BG: Yeah, a woodstove first. Wood – wood and coal. Then, uh, they went to kerosene and then they went to, uh, gas. AG: But the – the little woodstove didn’t have an oven though. BG: Yeah. AG: And Mama was good, she cooked bacon, made pies and cakes and everything. HK: Yeah, those are hard to control. AG: Yeah, but she could do it on those things. F: Her mother would send her out, when she was little, to learn how to bake and make tortillas and everything. HK: Hmm. AG: She could make candy out of watermelon rinds and – and pumpkins. She was, she was really, I mean, she could – she could really – AG: She could make and do a lot of things. BG: Imagine cooking on a woodstove in the middle of August. HK: Oooh, yeah. BG: Oh, yeah. Good Lord, man. AG: And those brick houses were hot. BG: They – they, yeah. AG: Yeah. Man, it was sweltering around there, they only had one window. Never had a – we never had a fan or anything. BG: Nuh-uh. We slept outside. �HK: Uh-huh. AG: ‘Cause it was so hot on the inside, those darn things. We slept outside, we’d take our blankets. The mosquitoes would eat you up. And I sure was glad that Dad smoked all night long, ‘cause he’d sit up every five minutes, he was sitting up smoking a cigarette, I said, “Good,” get close to Dad so the mosquitoes wouldn’t [murmurs]. [Laughter] I almost said: “Give me one of those things, Dad!” F: Let’s all light up. AG: And he smoked Camels. He smoked strong cigarettes. He liked Camels. BG: Camels, yeah. AG: That kind of shooed the mosquitoes away. But I bet, I bet everybody remembers, ten minutes, he lit another cigarette. [Pause] And you had to roll your own, too, that’s another thing. HK: Yeah, yeah. AG: You had to roll your own. HK: Did your mom do any canning of the vegetables? BG: Well, yeah. She canned all the time, yeah. AG: First of all, we had such big gardens. [Overlapping voices] She would can mulberries. Made mulberry jam out of those darn things. We used to go down to the railroad, pick ‘em up every Sunday, put ‘em on the riverbank and pick mulberries. And there was wild grapes, too, we picked them, too. HK: Mm-hmm. AG: She could make jam and jelly out of anything. Very resourceful person, Mom [murmurs]. And how she fed so many people that, every [Sunday?] I had no idea. She fed – F: She always had a lot of food, so whenever anybody showed up, it was always in the oven. HK: What about during the years of the Depression? Did you… AG: I don’t know, I – I don’t remember too much about that. Seemed like we always – we always had enough to eat. BG: Yeah. [Murmurs]. I guess they used to [murmurs]. HK: Did you have very many of the…the homeless people come by? �AG: Used to have the hobos. BG: Yeah, Mom used to feed ‘em. And they come by all the time. [I’d hate it?] She’d give ‘em something to eat all the time. AG: We didn’t like that, ‘cause Mom fed every hobo that come by, Mom fed him. She – she had a real soft heart, yeah. AG: She’d put ‘em outside, put a chair outside for ‘em, and give a plate of beans and tortillas – BG: And something to drink. And water, yeah. AG: Uh-huh. And water, yeah. HK: Uh-huh. AG: Every one of ‘em come by. Well, we lived by – up by the railroad track. HK: Yeah. AG: So there was always somebody getting off the train. She’d feed everybody. Mom didn’t care. She was, she was really good, she was. [Pause, then overlapping voices] F: Anything else? [Murmuring] Anything else, Helen? HK: I think that’s about it. Um – well, have I asked you about healthcare? What kind of healthcare? AG: What was that? What – what was it? [Laughter] F: When was this? [Laughter] BG: We didn’t, in those days, uh-uh. AG: We couldn’t afford a doctor. HK: Yeah. AG: Mom did everything. BG: If you got sick, you called a doctor. But other than that, you [murmurs] real serious, yeah. HK: Yeah. �BG: If you couldn’t get out of bed, you know, then – then it was serious, you called a doctor. They’d bring you a backpack and their black bag and come see what was wrong with you. HK: Yeah. BG: Give you some medication out of his bag and you got well. F: Mother gave you the home remedies, right? [Overlapping voices] AG: She always had her home remedies. She had a lot of home – BG: Herbs and stuff, this and that. Didn’t taste very good, but I guess it worked. We’re still here. She even had – [Overlapping voices] AG: She even had a – a thing for, uh…prostate. F: Is that right? BG: Yeah, yeah. Lot of cures. AG: She had, yeah, I remember she, lot of people – lot of men would come down and their wives would tell Mom, you know, Mom would say: “Well you gotta take this for nine days, nine mornings, before you eat breakfast.” I guess she cured ‘em, ‘cause they never – they were always, somebody was always, somebody’s wife was always coming down and Mom would, took some a pot of something, I don’t know what the heck it was. But I asked her one day, she said: “[One?] that’s prostate trouble.” But at that time, I didn’t know what it was. Until later I found out. I said: “Darn I wish I’d kept some of this stuff Mom made.” She had all kinds of little things wrapped up in, like, had an eye of a deer, and – I don’t know, whatever she had. Oh, yeah… F: She, uh, was her mother a curandera? BG: Yeah. [Murmurs] AG: Yeah. F: Which was a, um – AG: Healer or something. F: Healer. �AG: Yeah, herb healer. HK: Okay. BG: But Daddy, when he was in Santa Fe, they did have, uh, they did have healthcare. ‘Cause he – if he got sick he’d go to the hospital in Topeka. HK: Uh-huh. BG: The Santa Fe hospital. And – and, all the people from around the area come around down to that hospital. HK: Uh-huh. BG: And they’d [get?] treatment there or whatever. AG: That was only for the workers. BG: Yeah, the workers, I – AG: It was only for the workers. HK: It wasn’t for the rest of the family. AG: No. Only for the workers. If you worked for the railroad, you could go to that hospital. BG: Yeah, yeah. AG: ‘Cause I used to take Dad ‘cause I was an interpreter. Take him to the hospital in Topeka. We’d get on the train and we’d go to Topeka. It took us all day. BG: By the time you got there, got to see the doctor, you got back home again, yeah, it was an all-day day. AG: All day. All day. BG: Dad liked it ‘cause he got paid, so… AG: He was off. BG: Yeah. AG: Go see the doctor. Dad had a hearing problem, so he used to go, I’d take him about once a month and they’d – they’d go through the routine of…They never did get him fixed up good, but at least it got him by until he retired. �HK: Mm-hmm. What about, um, like, eyeglasses and stuff like that, or…? BG: I don’t remember. AG: I don’t remember anything about eyes. BG: They did have healthcare for Santa Fe, yeah. HK: Mm-hmm. What about when, um, women had babies? Did they have the doctor come for that, or – or were there midwives, or… AG: Well, at first they had midwives. Later on, later on, went to hospital. BG: Later on, I was born in hospital myself. Later, yeah. HK: Okay. BG: Later on, they went to the hospital. AG: Yeah. HK: Of course there wasn’t any dental care, either. BG: No. We didn’t even have toothbrushes in those days. AG: No, we didn’t. Couldn’t afford to buy a toothbrush or toothpaste. We used to use, um, baking powder. HK: Mm-hmm. BG: Baking powder, salt HK: Yeah. AG: Yeah. Isn’t that awful, you can’t afford a toothbrush? HK: Yeah. AG: That’s how poor we were. F: They had lot of fun, right? BG: Had a lot of fun, oh yeah. AG: We sure had a lot of fun. �BG: Yeah, we didn’t know – we didn’t know we were poor. AG: No, we didn’t know. [Overlapping voices] HK: Yeah. AG: Like Vincent said, when he was going to school, his, uh – they were talking about, uh, what – what were they talking about? F: Minorities? AG: Yeah, minorities. And he says: “What – what’s a minority?” And the teacher said: “Well, you’re a minority.” He says: “I am not!” He got home and he asked his father, he says: “Am I a minority?” He says: “No you’re not, tell him you’re a Mexican.” [Laughter] The next day he goes over there, he says: “Teacher, I have something to tell you. I’m not a minority, I’m a Mexican.” [Laughter] And this [unintelligible] That’s like, uh – HK: How funny. AG: That’s like my grandson, Cruz. He was…[murmurs, in Las Vegas?], but they moved to Mesquite ‘cause he was getting in a lot of trouble at school. Well, he goes to school and they’re talking about the Cinco de Mayo, you know. Have a celebration. The teacher’s telling ‘em: “Does anybody else know anything about the Cinco de Mayo?” So, Cruz is in kindergarten. He stands up: “Yes teacher, I do.” “What do you know about Cinco de Mayo?” He says: “Well, my grandpa always says he fought with Pancho Villa Zapata. And he helped win the war. That’s why we have a Cinco de Mayo.” [Laughter]. He gets home and he tells his dad: “Dad, I’m famous at school. I’m the only one who has a grandpa who fought with Pancho Villa Zapata.” [Laughter] So my son says: “How old do you think your grandpa is?” “Well,” he says, “he was 100 the last time he came to see us.” HK: Oh! [Laughter] AG: “He must be 200 years old.” [More laughter] AG: He said: “He must be at least 200 years old by now.” F: Still going. AG: Oh, gosh, that kid’s something else. HK: How funny. �AG: But, uh, he was in kindergarten about, uh, a month when Larry said the teacher called him and he says, uh, “Larry,” he says, “[murmurs] take Cruz over to…to, uh, college in Las Vegas.” And he says “Why?” Run a bunch of tests on him. “Why?” He said: “This kid’s a genius,” he said. [Laughter] So Larry says: “Well, I’m, off – my days off are Monday and – are Sunday and Monday.” He says: “If you can arrange it for Monday,” he says, “I can take him over ‘cause I have to go [murmurs].” But he – he was already, he’d just started kindergarten. They took him over to the school and he said they were there all day long, you know. They had lunch and then he says: “What are you guys doing, Cruz?” “Oh,” he says, “we’re playing a bunch of games. These people are not too good, Dad.” [Laughter] “I beat ‘em at everything!” F: Goodness! AG: So when they got through with the day, they told him, he says: “Well, as I nearly can tell, he can’t read or write…but, uh, “He’s about two points below being a genius.” F: Oh, boy! HK: Wow! F: That’s good. AG: So…but, uh…but if you see him in school now, [murmurs] he must have lost it all some – [Laughter]. He did – he did – F: He does well, though. AG: He didn’t hardly go to school. He missed a lot of school. He – he was never there on time. He won a scholarship. F: Well, that’s good. HK: Great. AG: To some, to some trade school. So Larry says: “I don’t know, you must be doing something right.” HK: Mm-hmm. AG: Because, he said, he missed a lot of school. I don’t know. HK: He must take after his grandfather. AG: Won an award. �[Laughter] F: Yep. AG: Oh, and he has a lot of women too. He has a whole bunch of women. [Laughter] F: Now there he’s probably thinking – AG: Yeah, I tell you. He has [murmurs] Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken. Anywhere we go. I was staying with him for a while, he says: “Grandpa, when you get hungry, tell me where you wanna go eat. We can go eat steak or Burger King or McDonalds, or…we can go anywhere you wanna go, just let me know, and we can go.” “Okay.” We always go, some girl always comes over and waits on him, says: “What do you guys want?” [Laughter] I says: “Cruz, we gotta at least give her a tip.” “Ah, give her a quarter, Grandpa.” [Laughter] And then if he wants steak, we go with Christopher, he called Christopher: “Hey amigo, come on over.” He says, “Okay, coming over.” He says: “How do you want your steak?” [Murmurs] You live over there, you eat good. Go anywhere you want to go. That guy has a racket. My son ran a casino – a hotel and casino. HK: Oh, okay. AG: [Murmurs] HK: Yeah. AG: So he’s happy, he gets a different woman about every six months. [Laughter] He gets tired of that one, he kicks her out, gets another. HK: Oo-kay. [Laughter] AG: Wonderful story, ain’t it? [Laughter] Yeah. I won’t tell you anything else. That’s good. HK: Well, this has been delightful. [Overlapping voices] AG: We just hit a, we just hit a – HK: Thank you so much. �AG: Few high spots. HK: And low spots. [Laughter] AG: Oh, let me tell you one more thing. HK: Uh-oh. AG: [Murmurs] LA…over there, and some girl, you know, hit it off pretty good. She’s got an apartment in LA. Unknown: I bet she – [tape cuts off at 43:10] END OF TAPE 24 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Yarda Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource La Yarda (Lawrence, Kan.) Mexican Americans -- Housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- History -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- Social conditions -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource La Yarda was a neighborhood of worker housing provided by the Santa Fe Railroad for Mexican-American railroad workers in Lawrence, Kansas; located near the Kansas (Kaw) River, the neighborhood was largely destroyed by a major flood in 1951. In 2006, Helen Krische, archivist at the Watkins Community Museum, began an oral history project to document the La Yarda and Mexican-American communities in Lawrence, Kansas. The project was resumed in 2019 by Nora Murphy and Emily Raymond. The interviews primarily feature the children of the railroad workers who migrated to Lawrence in the early 20th century; they describe daily life, social activities, and living conditions in the Mexican-American community in Lawrence from roughly the 1920s through the 1970s. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived La Yarda Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Community Museum (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 2019 2021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource These works are the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Krische, Helen Raymond, Emily Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Garcia, Andrew Garcia, Bob Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:47:45 (audio) Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 98 kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Andrew Garcia and Bob Garcia La Yarda Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Garcia, Andrew Garcia, Bob Description An account of the resource Brothers Andrew and Bob Garcia were interviewed by Helen Krische in 2006 as part of an oral history project to document the La Yarda and Mexican-American communities in Lawrence, Kansas. La Yarda was a neighborhood of worker housing provided by the Santa Fe Railroad for Mexican-American railroad workers; located near the Kansas (Kaw) River, the neighborhood was largely destroyed by a major flood in 1951. Andrew and Bob lived in the La Yarda neighborhood, and then in East Lawrence, with their parents and siblings. They describe the living conditions in La Yarda, as well as childhood pasttimes, social activities, and community conflicts. They discuss their experiences attending school and receiving healthcare. They share their thoughts about immigration. Andrew and Bob also discuss the impact of the 1951 flood on the La Yarda neighborhood. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Krische, Helen Raymond, Emily Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1920s - 1970s Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 (audio recording) PDF (transcription) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 24-AGarciaBGarcia.mp3 (audio) 24-AGarciaBGarcia.pdf (transcription) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Community Museum (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the audio recording of this interview, go to <a href="https://archive.org/details/24-agarcia-bgarcia-2006">https://archive.org/details/24-agarcia-bgarcia-2006</a>. The <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">Watkins Museum of History</a> also holds items related to this collection. <a href="https://archives.lib.ku.edu/repositories/3/resources/5295">Additional research on the La Yarda community</a> is held at the Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Published with the permission of A. Bob Garcia. This work is the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived La Yarda Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource La Yarda (Lawrence, Kan.) Mexican Americans -- Housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- History -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- Social conditions -- Kansas -- Lawrence Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/57dccd2de031c8dbaff9541481cbd8c7.pdf e83bf7d7ecb1cd4dc80b20a37664d7e1 PDF Text Text Tape 26: Interview with Erminia (Ermie) Gauna and Kitty Pacheco Interviewer: Helen Krische Date of Interview: 2006 Length of Interview: 52:01 Location of Interview: St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church Transcription Completion Date: 2021 Transcriptionist: Emily Raymond Helen Krische (Interviewer): I’m gonna ask you a little bit about, um, your parents and, um, when they first came here, do you know a lot of information about that? Kitty Pacheco (Interviewee): Did you get any of those dates? What dates did you come up with? Erminia Gauna (Interviewee): Oh, just the dates of [murmurs] – KP: Oh, when they were born – EG: And died. Let’s see, well, Daddy was…let’s see, Daddy was, um, born in 1882. HK: Okay. EG: And he died in 1953. Then Mama came – was, uh, when she came, she was 18. In 1891. HK: Oh, okay. EG: And she died in ‘51. Those are the ones that I had in the Bible. KP: But do you remember when they were – when they came here to the United States? EG: Well, they came and – to the – uh, he worked on the railroad in Ottawa, ‘cause that’s where Paulita was born. KP: Okay. EG: Our sister, Paulita. KP: So, the one – the blind girl. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: So, she died in 1934, I think. Way back. EG: She died in ‘41. KP: Oh, ‘41? Okay. �EG: ‘Cause I remember we were in grade school [murmurs]. She was older, so she would have been, she was still living – well, she was born in Ottawa. So that’s when he was working, Dad was working on the railroad. KP: That’s when they first came. EG: And then they – yeah, that’s when they first came into Ottawa. And, uh – no, I take it back, ‘cause – ‘cause he went to – KP: They were in Michigan at one time. EG: Michigan, where Harry was born. KP: Okay. EG: And then – KP: Then came back to Lawrence. EG: No – no, see, Paulita was first [murmurs] was the very first. KP: No, Paulita was first and then Harry. EG: And then, Harry, yeah. KP: And then – EG: Well, they must have been in Michigan after they went to Ottawa. And then they came to Lawrence. KP: That’s correct. EG: ‘Cause they had this [unintelligible]. HK: Mm-hmm. EG: They came from Mexico, and then Ottawa, as far as I knew. And then they went to work. KP: In Michigan – EG: For some reason, his job took him to Michigan. And, uh, then that’s when Harry was born. And then they came back to Lawrence, and then we were born. KP: We were born in North Lawrence. EG: She just found out the other day that we were Sandgrass. �KP: Sandgrass. I didn’t even know it [laughter]. Do you know about that organization? HK: Yes. KP: I would like to – HK: Organization? I didn’t know there was an organization. KP: Yeah, there’s an organization. A – a lady friend of mine, Vivian Commons, we work at the church; we were working at a funeral dinner last week. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: And we were talking about it, and she says: “Are you gonna go to the – ” or, she said: “Did you know about the Sand – uh, Sandgrass Reunion?” And I said: “What’s the Sandgrass?” And she says: “Oh, that’s for us people that were born in North Lawrence.” I said: “Well, I was born in North Lawrence.” And she says: “You were?” And we were born on the same block. HK: Oh, my gosh. KP: On Lyons. EG: I can’t believe that. KP: Vivian Commons. EG: I can’t believe that. KP: I always thought that was so funny, ‘cause we’ve known Vivian for years. Her – ah – her daughter was married to her son. HK: Oh. KP: To Vivian’s son. So we, you know, we’ve just known her for many years. Well [laughs], and then she was telling me that in June the 3rd, they have a reunion in North Lawrence at – at the, um, what school? Lincoln? EG: Lincoln. KP: Lincoln. EG: Well, it’s not Lincoln anymore. �KP: The one that’s – HK: Ballards? EG: Ballards. KP: The one that’s in Woodlawn, in North Lawrence. Woodlawn. And she said they have this reunion every year, and it’ll be June the 3rd and she says people come from all over – HK: I’ll be darned. KP: And so, I planned to go, but, uh, she’s gonna give me some – some times and all that. Because that’s the same day I’ve gotta be a hostess in Ottawa at the apartments [murmurs]. HK: So, do you have any idea, so when your parents first came to Lawrence, do you know what year that was, or…? KP: Well, it had to be before she was born. And you were born in ‘20…um… EG: I was born in ‘27. KP: You were born in ‘27. So they got here around ‘25 or ‘26 because Harry was born in ‘24. EG: Yeah. KP: And he was born in Michigan. EG: Yeah. KP: And you were born in, let’s see, in ‘27, so it had to be in the middle there. HK: And Paulita was born… KP: Well, she would have been born way before Harry, so… EG: ‘Cause when she died she was 21 years old. KP: Yeah. She had two children. She was – she was blind, and she married an older gentleman, and he, um, had grown children. But she – they had two little children, a boy and a girl. And then she died, and my mother took in the little girl and her – one of the older children of her husband. Took the boy in Wichita, so they got separated, the two kids. HK: Mm-hmm. �KP: She was – when she died, she was very young. She died right after the little boy was born. ‘Cause Cecil was first and then Harry. So that would have been in – between ‘24 and ‘27. So I would say about ‘25, ‘cause I know Harry always talked about coming as a baby, so… HK: Okay. KP: It had to be in between there and when they came back to Lawrence. EG: I know we’ve been here all the time. KP: And then we were, of course, born here, so we didn’t know of any other – HK: Uh-huh. Do you know what region of Mexico they were from? EG: Let’s see, Daddy was from [murmurs]. Daddy was from Durango. HK: Okay. EG: And Mama was from, uh, [Place Name]. KP: [Valles?]. Wasn’t she from Valles? EG: No. KP: ‘Cause I remember – EG: That was her – KP: I know that was her maiden name, but I thought that was a state or something. EG: No. She was from [Place Name]. It’s in the Bible, I think. KP: It’s in the Bible, okay, so… EG: [Place Name]. KP: Alright. EG: [Place Name]. KP: Okay. See, I don’t know if [murmurs] – EG: And, uh, Daddy was from Durango, so… HK: Okay. �KP: When Daddy came here, he was a young man in the army in Mexico. And he actually was upset with the Catholic Church. So, he just decided that he was gonna leave Mexico and leave the church and came here and became a Baptist. HK: Okay. KP: So that’s all we know, is Baptist, because that’s what we were born. EG: [Murmurs] the First Baptist Church of Lawrence. What was it? KP: That one they destroyed. It’s gone now. HK: Ah, okay. KP: Was it on 9th and Kentucky, or…? I don’t remember. EG: One-way street – KP: There was a – there was an old Baptist Church and had the big white pillars. EG: Well, let’s see, the Round Corner was up here, and – and…church was down the street. KP: So that would be 10th. EG: 10th? I always thought it was 9th. It was a Baptist church right on the corner. HK: That would be 8th, I think. KP: Was it 8th? HK: 8th or 7th, probably 8th. EG: It’s gotta be there. HK: I think it’s 8th. KP: Mm-hmm. HK: Yeah. KP: Maybe that parking lot. There’s a parking lot there. EG: Yeah. Because I remember we used to walk from, we lived at 801 Pennsylvania. And we used to walk to church all the time, so…It wasn’t very far. At least we didn’t think so; we were young. �KP: We didn’t – it wasn’t far for us. HK: Did your dad speak, uh, any English at all when he came? KP: No, not when he came. No. I don’t think. I don’t know for sure, but I don’t think so. Maybe a few words, but – HK: Uh-huh. KP: He learned English, he more or less taught himself. [EG murmurs] Because he spoke pretty well, with quite of an accent, but he spoke pretty well. Now Mother understood completely, she understood well, because she couldn’t speak and say anything in English, not expect her to know what you were saying, so…But she had a hard speaking the language. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: She would say a few words – EG: I think she just didn’t want to. KP: I don’t think she wanted to, right. EG: ‘Cause I remember when we went to enroll in school, uh, Fanny Torres was one of the – the young ladies in our neighborhood there. She was a young lady. And – KP: Served as an interpreter. EG: Served as an interpreter for all of the – all of the Mexican people. HK: Hmm. EG: And that’s when she enrolled us in school. She enrolled you as Elizabeth. KP: She put my name down as Elizabeth – she translated my name to Elizabeth from Felicitas. That’s quite a translation, but she did. And, uh, we – we got rid of that right away. EG: And then she put mine as H-e-r-m-i-n-i-a. And my – KP: Her-minia. EG: Yeah, like Herminia. Or Mina or something like that. And, uh, of course it was wrong, and Mom got home, see, she couldn’t – she could not speak, but she noticed that right now. She said: “That is not right. That is not…” So she grabbed me by the hand and we go back to the school. Change the name. KP: You tell ‘em, that’s wrong. Change the names. �EG: And then when she seen hers, Elizabeth’s [murmurs], for Kitty. HK: Uh-huh. EG: Felicitas [murmurs]. And she said: “Oh, no, no, no.” She was getting really angry ‘cause that was wrong, see? HK: Uh-huh. EG: So she paid attention to stuff like that. KP: And she, of course, could read and write. And she could read Spanish because she taught Spanish when she was a young girl. HK: Oh. KP: She taught Spanish. In fact, she had little books and she tried to teach us. Well, I learned something, but Ermie just refused. [HK laughs] She was rebellious. EG: But I – I learned a lot. KP: Yeah, later on. But she – but she had these little books like See Jane [EG murmurs], See Jane Walk or See Jane Run and all those little books, well, they were in Spanish too. HK: Oh. KP: And she had some of those, I wish I had ‘em, those little books. But, um, I do have some of Daddy’s, uh, Spanish hymnals, ‘cause we used to sing, you know, songs. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: Hymns. EG: I’ve got some of them, of Daddy’s. But then when they stole the trunk, Daddy’s trunk – KP: Oh, that’s when we lost those little books. EG: Everything was in there. KP: Somebody stole the – we went to Daddy’s funeral when he died. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: Uh, we lived on New York Street and Daddy was living with us after Mother died. And, uh, we all went to the funeral, that’s when you didn’t lock the doors. �HK: Yeah. KP: And he had his room in the basement. He had a room fixed up with a shower. And we came home and I didn’t even go down there, you know, when your daddy dies, we were so close to him and – I didn’t even go down there, I don’t think, for days. And somehow, I went down there and realized all his stuff was gone. So, somebody had come in while we were at the funeral. EG: And why they would just target his things – KP: Yeah. EG: I don’t understand that. KP: Just his things. So, we – we kind of had a suspicious of who it might have been, but you can’t just go accuse anybody and I always thought maybe some day it would come up in a garage sale, or, you know, ‘cause that trunk had – it had the little serapes, see Daddy was a – was a – came from an Indian tribe. [Tribal name] Indian tribe in Mexico, up in the mountains. And when he was born, they evidently couldn’t take care of him; they brought him down to this family and their name was Garcia. That’s how we ended up with the name Garcia. HK: Oh, okay. EG: That’s why his middle name is Estrada. KP: So his name, middle name is Estrada – Angel – and they just had Angel on there. Later on, I guess they… EG: Well, but…afterwards he always signed it Estrada. KP: I know, but I wonder where that came from. I don’t know where that came from. But the story was that he – they left him in this little serape. And that little serape was in that trunk. So that would have been – EG: And so was our grandpa’s, uh, Daddy’s – or Mom’s dad’s – little outfit that he wore. [Murmurs] They were in there also. KP: They were in that trunk and – and those things were gone. And I – I truly always had this suspicion of Eddie. EG: No, I thought it was Teresa. KP: Teresa. So, see, you wonder where that would be – who that would be handed down to. EG: Wasn’t even where it ended up at. And it had his Bibles. �KP: And his Victrola. HK: Hmm. KP: He had this old big Victrola. See, when we were little we learned, um, the music that he enjoyed was waltzes, Sousa, and – and, uh, classical music. He loved classical music. He had all these records in this little – and all that was taken. EG: That record, you know, the big fat one – HK: Mm-hmm. KP: They were real, uh, Paul Whiteman orchestra. I remember some of those. And some of the waltzes. Strauss. And – EG: Very, very little Mexican music. KP: I don’t even know if I remember him having any. EG: He had this [unintelligible] Chihuahua that Mom used to dance to. KP: Well, that was a musical. EG: Yeah. KP: None – none of these, uh, what you consider Mexican songs. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: He never had any of those. But it was just music and mostly – mostly classical. And, uh, a lot of waltzes. EG: Mom would get around in – in our little house and she’d dance, and Daddy would say: “Mija loca.” You know – KP: Crazy woman. [HK laughs] EG: ‘Cause he never, I don’t think, I never even seen him tapping his foot at anything. KP: No, no. EG: He just sat and listened and listened. But he, I never seen him tap his foot or anything. KP: But he made noises. I remember sitting on his lap, when he made the noises of different instruments. �HK: Uh-huh. KP: And entertained me that way. HK: Huh. KP: All these different instruments, he’d name them and say: “This is what this sounds like,” and then he’d make all these noises for me. He did that. EG: I never seen him tap his foot or anything. KP: No, no. Not – not act like he wanted to dance or anything. But Mother did. She danced with those little cas – HK: Castanets. KP: Castanets, and she would dance. EG: She had this full skirt, I remember, seeing her dance around in it. KP: In fact, we went to a party, I remember, one time at the Nunez house. I remember going to a party there at the Nunezes. With what’s his name? What was his name, Pablo?…Pablo’s parents. I don’t remember. EG: Oh, Soledad. KP: Soledad. We went to their house, and I remember we had food, and then there was dancing and Mama was out there dancing with those things. EG: That’s the only time I ever seen her out in public. KP: She was performing for everybody. Yeah, I remember that. And – and we were just in grade school. So she had to be in her – she died when she was 60 and I was 23. So, let’s see, she was – she was in her what, forties? She was – EG: Actually, she was young, but to us she looked old all the time. KP: Yeah, well, to us. HK: Yeah. KP: You know, the kids. In fact, kids at school thought she was our grandma. HK: Oh, really? KP: Well, see, we were – �EG: She wore her hair real severe. Well, you know, a little back like that and a little knot back there. KP: But she was older than all the other mothers. The mothers took the kids that we went to school with. She seemed older. EG: Well, yeah. Well, to us she seemed. She probably wasn’t really, because – KP: Well, she was what – 39, I think, when I was born. EG: She was only 60 when she died. KP: Yeah. EG: She was only 60 when she passed, so she couldn’t have been – KP: That’s true. Yeah, she was. EG: The way she dressed, I guess, and the way she kept herself, she just – KP: When she was little, real little. HK: What – which of the railroads did your father work for? Was it the Santa Fe? KP: Santa Fe. EG: No. KP: Wasn’t it Santa Fe? EG: No, uh, Rock Island. KP: Oh, I didn’t know that. I don’t remember him working on the railroad, but I guess he didn’t after we were born. EG: He did. KP: He did? EG: Uh-huh. When we lived in North Lawrence. KP: In North Lawrence? I just remembered the – the big garden. EG: Yeah. �KP: He had a big garden, ‘cause we lived in North Lawrence with a big yard. HK: Uh-huh. KP: He had this huge garden and – and I’d go with him in his little wagon and we’d sell cabbages and all that stuff. I remember that. EG: I never went. KP: She wouldn’t go, ‘cause I was [HK laughs]. I used to go with him. He carted me around in his wagon. And he sold, um, vegetables. And he worked for the WPA. HK: Oh, really? KP: You know, the WPA that was here? HK: Mm-hmm. KP: Well, I remember they’d come in a truck and pick him up early in the morning, there on 801 Pennsylvania, where we lived there, on the corner. And they would, ‘cause the men would gather at that corner, and there was the Chavezes and, uh…Jimenez, I guess. Martinez. And – and Daddy. And they all would come to the corner and – and they’d pick ‘em up there. And his mom would fix him a lunch and he would keep on all day long and they went to Lone Star, and they built all those, that dam and they built, um, those big tables and picnic tables type things. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: They worked there. At Lone Star. And for pay, he didn’t get paid, but he got this money order type thing. EG: One of those scrip – Script? KP: They called them money orders at that time. EG: I didn’t know that. KP: ‘Cause that’s what he called them, money orders. And then we would take it to Lippman’s Shoe Store, and we’d get our shoes, and this was in September. HK: Uh-huh. KP: But every month he’d get a – a money order that he could take to the grocery store, which was Carter’s, right there by where we used to live, it was about three – what is that on 8th and New Jersey? EG: [Murmurs] New York. �KP: 8th and New York, that used to be a Carter’s grocery store. HK: Hmm. KP: And we used to take that money order – EG: They called them Mexican [murmurs]. KP: And then we would, and that money order lasted you for a month. You just left it there, you’d order, you’d buy stuff and they’d just keep a mark of it somehow. HK: Kind of like a debit card. KP: Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. HK: Just keep taking. KP: Yeah, so that’s how he got paid for his working in the – at Lone Star. HK: Oh. KP: But they never saw money. No, that was the WPA. But besides that, of course he always had a big garden. Always. Our backyard was just garden [laughs] I remember there was a little path to go to the outhouse, out by the alley. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: But other than that, it was garden. Well, Mother had flowers, so she had a lot of flowers for the front part. EG: The front was her part. KP: But all the back was – was, it was just a path to go through the garden. EG: Over there on [murmurs], on Pennsylvania Street. KP: On Pennsylvania. 801 Pennsylvania HK: So – so he basically made a living, like, selling fruits and – or, vegetables in the summer? KP: And – HK: And working on the WPA. KP: And working on the WPA. �EG: And we picked potatoes. KP: And then we picked potatoes when we were little. HK: Was that for the Heck – Heck farms? KP: For Heck and Shoskey. Shoskey, what was the other family? I wanna say Shoskey. [EG murmurs] Yeah, we picked for them, too, but Heck was most of it – Heck and his son, ‘cause it was father and son, they both had farms. EG: And they used to come pick us up, too. KP: And they’d come in a big truck and pick us up. EG: The whole neighborhood would go pick potatoes [laughs]. So that was a summer job. KP: Yeah. HK: Yeah. KP: Little later than that, I remember the – the troops going through there with the big trucks, all those German soldiers – HK: From the POW camp. KP: When they were staying at the concentration camp here, POW camp, and they would come by our house there in this big truck with the wooden sides, and they’d be standing up, and they’d be singing German songs. And I used to think that was so neat. They were real, they seemed real happy. HK: Uh-huh. KP: And I dated one of the soldiers that worked, that was in the Army, that was one of their guards. HK: Uh-huh. KP: And he would bring me those big fat sandwiches of ham on this homemade-type bread. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: And he said [murmurs] “They eat awful good there.” And so they were eating good, ‘cause I ate some of that ham and it was good [laughs]. He used to bring me a sandwich of it. But…those, the – the soldiers, they lived good. �HK: Did you grow up at home speaking both Spanish and English? KP: And English, yes. Well, we spoke, of course, Spanish when we were born, from our parents. But we went into school, kindergarten, and you’re just nothing but English. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: So, we considered that our first language because that’s what we learned, English at school, and then the Spanish just kind of faded out, because, you know, we spoke with Daddy and of course we spoke it with each other all the time. HK: Yeah. Did you, were you punished at all at school if you spoke Spanish, or…? KP: Oh, no. We didn’t speak Spanish at school. EG: No, just English. KP: It was just English. EG: They put us in [murmurs] Fanny Estrada. She’s the one that, uh, took us, Mom, to the school to enroll in kindergarten and put us in there. And there we were, sitting there and looking around and everybody talking up a storm. Then we could just speak Spanish, ‘cause that’s all we talked at home [murmurs]. HK: Mm-hmm. EG: And then we… KP: And we picked it up fast, you pick it up fast. EG: Before you know it, you’re talking English. KP: Yeah, I don’t even remember the transition, because it was just English. That’s all I remember. EG: That’s all I remember too. And then we didn’t associate too much with the Mexicans because… KP: Everybody was Catholic. EG: Everybody was Catholic but us. KP: See, so that kind of made us different. HK: Uh-huh. �KP: And – and my parents wouldn’t let us go to their house, and they wouldn’t let ‘em come to our house. Of course, we played at school together. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: And…but, we were just, were not allowed. There’s nothing about going to spend the night with some friends, you know, like they do now, kids. You didn’t do that then. I don’t know of anybody ever doing that. [EG murmurs]. But, um, we got along at school – EG: Chores to do when you got home. But it – it was – it was strange, the way that children pick up the language. KP: Oh, a child can pick up that language easy. EG: [Murmurs] You don’t even know how you… KP: I grew up to – when I went and moved to California when my husband joined – rejoined the Marine Corps, he was in the Marine Corps and got out when we got married in ‘46, but then went back to Korea and all that, so he went back in and we went to California. And I found out that, um, they needed interpreters over there, so I ended up taking some college courses. HK: Oh. KP: And I worked as an interpreter for years for the courts. Spanish interpreter. But that Spanish that I learned at home when I was little, it helped a lot because you learn a lot of the idioms, you learn a lot of the little things that you just say – HK: Mm-hmm. KP: And you know, that – that you just know. So that helps a lot, when you’re translating. HK: Yeah. Um, your mom at home, did she make your clothes or did you purchase clothes, or…? EG: Made our clothes. KP: Made our clothes. EG: I remember the little flour sacks. KP: She used to bleach ‘em. She had this big tub out in the yard, and Daddy fixed it for her out there, and she would bleach these flour sacks, you know, that had – they were faded, but they were on there, the letters were on there. [HK laughs] I remember I could see ‘em. But it didn’t bother us, because everybody was poor. HK: Mm-hmm. �KP: At least it didn’t bother me. The only time it bothered me was afterwards, going to junior high school, when the girls wore nicer clothes and, you know, and they were wearing, um, bobby socks and, um… EG: We had to wear those stockings, they’re made out of God knows what. I don’t know what they were made of. KP: Those brown stockings. EG: Brown. KP: Kind of brown stockings, and we had to wear those. And we would roll ‘em down, we’d get to the corner and out of Mother’s sight, and we would roll ‘em down because we wore those garters. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: And you could just roll ‘em down, down to around your ankles, and we had these donuts. [Laughter] EG: We probably looked worse than we would’ve if we would have just left the stockings up. KP: We did that. EG: Oh, boy. Had them big old donuts around our skinny legs. KP: And I would have done anything for a pair of bobby socks. I thought, all, you know, [murmurs], and Naomi. EG: Yeah, all those girls – KP: Those girls, they always wore these beautiful little white socks and – and little pompoms on their shoestrings. I remember all of that, but I just envied it, you know, because I wished I could have that. But we didn’t. EG: Oh, well. We survived. KP: We survived. And we didn’t get in trouble. EG: Yeah, that was the main thing. KP: You can’t get in trouble when you don’t get to go anywhere. HK: Yeah. Yeah. �EG: Mom was so strict. KP: She was very strict. We couldn’t walk with the boys, coming home from school. We had to cross the street and walk on the other side. And we’re coming home from junior high school, going all the way down 9th Street to Pennsylvania to go home, and – and we’d have to walk across the street, ‘cause she – she better not catch you, and you know, she would walk up and meet us sometimes. HK: Oh. KP: So you never knew when she was gonna be there – EG: No. KP: At the corner, so we just always had to walk across. EG: And those crazy boys, they’d throw smoke bombs at you. KP: And they’d chase you. EG: And what are you gonna do, you know, you know you’re gonna laugh, and – KP: And you’re gonna have fun. We were having fun, but… EG: Looking around to see where Mama was at. KP: Yeah, we was always afraid Mama would see us. EG: She was always, she was very strict with us. KP: I always told everybody, there’s no way we could have gotten in trouble, ‘cause we didn’t go anywhere, to get in trouble. HK: Yeah. KP: You went to school – we couldn’t even go to the ball games afterwards. EG: No. KP: You know, the parties you have after this, you go to the ball game and all that stuff. We went to school, and you’d better be home a few minutes after. She allowed you so much time to walk home. HK: Huh. �KP: And we even came home for lunch. From – from junior high school, which was over here on Vermont and 9th. EG: 9th. KP: 9th and Vermont, you know, and – and – EG: [Murmurs] KP: Those three buildings, yeah. We walked from there to 801 Pennsylvania, so it was down… HK: That’s quite a ways. KP: Yeah. We went for lunch. We went home for lunch. That was – they didn’t serve lunch in school, I don’t think. EG: No. Some of ‘em would just bring sack lunch. KP: Everybody brought lunches, but we never did. Don’t know how come. I don’t know. We didn’t, we went home. EG: I don’t know why we didn’t bring a sack lunch. Cause [murmurs], she stayed for lunch and she was a well-to-do little girl. They had the cleaners here in Lawrence. KP: [Name, murmurs] She was considered our rich little girl. EG: Yeah. KP: ‘Cause she had, like, I remember her – a snowsuit, she, you know, those one-piece snowsuits you had. It was turquoise. Beautiful. And I remember she wore that with a bonnet to match and everything, you know, in the winter. EG: And she had a muff. KP: And a little muff. Little white muff. And we thought she was just a princess. I wonder where she is now. EG: And then when we got older, uh, she used to invite us to her house. She had a playhouse her dad built, a playhouse. KP: Yeah. Her mom would fix Kool-Aid and cookies. EG: And she invited us, I don’t know how come we got invited, ‘cause – KP: Well, we were in the class. She invited the whole class. �EG: Yeah, but they were, uh, the Mexican kids didn’t go. KP: No, you’re right. I don’t know. We – we always got invited. EG: We got invited. HK: Hmm. EG: Where we used to go. And, um, very nice, like I say, there was a playhouse, so cute. KP: She had a little playhouse. EG: And they served real food. [Laughter] KP: Yeah, we got to eat all those good things, you know, that we didn’t get at home. HK: Yeah. How did your family fare during the Depression years? KP: Well, Daddy was buying a house in North Lawrence. And I think it was $900 or something like that, but – the house. He got it down to $300, that’s all he owed on it. EG: That’s all he owed on it. KP: In ‘29 when I was born, and when the bank foreclosed on it. $300 and he lost his house. So that was… EG: That was a lot of hard work for him. KP: It was a lot, and you know, $300, there’s no way you could find $300, you couldn’t beg, borrow or steal it. There was just no place, and nobody that you knew that you could get $300 from. And so, he lost the house. So that’s what the Depression did to us, you know, and then of course he went to [clears throat] come to – into Lawrence proper and, uh, rented the little house. What was it, 801 Pennsylvania – $5 a month? EG: Something like that. KP: And 50 cents for the water bill, I remember that. Because we shared the faucet with two or three other families. EG: Other families. KP: I think the Martinezes and the Chavezes, and I – and us. We shared that one water faucet. HK: Oh, gosh. KP: [Unintelligible] to have water. �EG: Just the pipe would, you know, that little – KP: Between our house and the Martinez house. EG: Nothing fancy, just a… KP: Did you ever hear of the El Tampico? HK: Uh-uh. KP: On 801 Pennsylvania Street, a little tavern? That was our house. Became a tavern and then eventually they knocked it down and now there’s nothing there. HK: Hmm. [Murmurs] KP: They – they knocked down all those houses in there. EG: [Murmurs] and the house was gone. KP: Yeah, they knocked down several of those houses. EG: Oh, and the Martinez’s house. Ours, Martinez and Chavezes were all knocked down. KP: They’re still – it’s still vacant there now, I think, last time I drove by. HK: Hmm. So, what – what did you do for, um, healthcare? Was there any health care available at that time? KP: The only thing we had, was at school, we had a school nurse. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: And I remember she’d look at our teeth and check our eyes or whatever, but nothing ever came up, never saw a dentist. First time I saw a dentist, I was married and I was pregnant and I had a – a…tooth that was giving me problems, and it created a – a bag, or cyst. HK: Abscess. KP: Abscess. And so I had to go in and have it, um, lanced. My doctor lanced it. Until after the baby was born, which – my daughter – and then I went to the dentist, that was my first dentist trip. So when we were little, we didn’t have, even though they did have these cards and I remember they would mark – [EG and KP overlapping voices] �KP: Cavity or – EG: Cavity or anything. Our teeth were pretty good though. KP: I guess we were. You see, we didn’t have sweets. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: I mean, sweets were a treat. Maybe on your birthday you got a cake or a pie. Mother’s favorite, uh, lemon – EG: Meringue, raisin, lemon pie. KP: Or lemon meringue. EG: That was all she ever – KP: But that was our treat, for maybe a birthday or a holiday. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: But, uh, we never had desserts. We never had salad dressings. We had this platter of vegetables on the plate – on the table, and you just help yourself to radishes or green onions, stuff that Daddy grew. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: And we ate a lot of – we ate very little red meat because if she got a pound of hamburger, she made a stew out of it or something for all of us. We never had a hamburger. You never had a steak. Well, steak, forget it. [Laughter] We never had an egg. We had, like, fried potatoes in a – in a pot, and then she would break a couple eggs over it, and that’s what the whole family ate, these potatoes with an egg on them. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: Or green beans, or…stuff with egg on them. EG: [Murmurs] like they do nowadays. KP: Yeah. That never happened at our house. EG: We couldn’t afford ‘em. KP: And never any desserts, so see, we grew up on all these good veggies and – �EG: And then we had that whole milk from that – I don’t know – that man that used to come around and sell Mom the milk [murmurs]. KP: Trying to think of his name. What was his name…? EG: Mr. Cannon. KP: Was that his last name? [Murmurs] He came around in a horse and buggy. EG: Yeah. He dropped off milk. And he had that little tin container that Mom always had for the milk. And – KP: But at times, when we didn’t have that, we didn’t always have that. At times we had that powdered st – EG: Oh. HK: Oh. EG: We got – she got it from the commodities, that lady. KP: The commodity. She used to give us things like – EG: See, Daddy had the – the veggies all the time. So they would barter, I guess you’d call it. And, so this lady next door, the Martinezes, and, uh, she always had cartons for some reason. KP: She had cheese. She had cheese, and she had raisins. EG: I forgot the raisins. KP: Raisins. EG: And, uh, those pies – KP: That we’d trade. EG: She would trade vegetables for – for what she needed, a little sugar. She’d trade – KP: Remember during the Second World War when we had stamps? EG: But they all [murmurs] like that. KP: Remember that? HK: The rations. �KP: The rations? HK: Uh-huh. KP: The stamps? Well, we got our share of stamps, but we didn’t have the money to go buy the meat or anything, so we’d give those – Teresa got a lot of those stamps, and the sugar, and, you know, a lot of things that we didn’t really use a lot of. The only thing we used sugar, like Mama would make, she made anything out of tomatoes. She made tomatoes, regular tomatoes, and she’d jar, you know, she’d put everything up for the winter. And she would make tomato jam, tomato ketchup, she made everything [laughs]. EG: She used ‘em all up. KP: But she used everything up, ‘cause Daddy had all this excess stuff. HK: Uh-huh. EG: And we had piccalillis. KP: And piccalillis, she made out of green tomatoes. She made a lot of stuff like that. They had, Social Services, I think, had a kitchen. EG: Yeah. KP: And they had, I guess a place where she went there and – and they did – EG: She taught you how to can. HK: Hmm. EG: And preserve stuff. She went. She was the only Mexican that ever went. KP: That’s right, that’s right. ‘Cause she was – EG: Mom was very…frugal. KP: She was frugal. EG: Frugal. KP: Very frugal. EG: And she would just make – KP: If a blouse didn’t fit her any more, it was fixed for me [laughs]. I got, I was at the bottom. I got all [laughs] all the leftovers. [HK laughs] Remember our winter coats? And she would – she �would buy a winter coat, like at a – at a thrift shop, and she’d come home and redo it for us, you know. Those were our coats. [Laughter] We – we must have been [laughs]… EG: Looked like something [laughs]. KP: But she could sew. She was a good seamstress. EG: I think I took after her. In fact, some of the ladies would ask her to sew. KP: But she was – EG: All they did was the embroidery stuff, and Mama didn’t. She just – KP: She made everything from scratch. EG: Made shirts, for Daddy and for my brother, and dresses for us and her aprons, her everloving aprons. KP: She always had those aprons. HK: She liked aprons, huh? KP: She always wore an apron. EG: She had one all the time. KP: Out of those flour sacks. EG: And, you know, we used to go – Daddy would go down here to the…[murmurs]. HK: Uh-huh? EG: And that’s where they had [murmurs] the sacks. I remember when I used to go over to the store, I call it the store, but it was to get our flour. KP: It came in twenty-five-pound bags. EG: Yeah, and you could see the sacks all packed up, and you could pick what color, and they knew Mom, they knew she made dresses and stuff out of ‘em. So they let her pick out what she wanted. KP: She would have never bought anything that big a print. She always bought these little prints, or little plaids. EG: But mostly little prints, like rosebuds. Little flowers and things. I’m glad she didn’t like – �KP: She didn’t like gaudy colors. She didn’t like bright colors. She liked – which is opposite, because most of the Mexican population – EG: Yeah, they all like – KP: They like the big, bright colors. But she – not her, she – she wanted pastels, you know, pinks and blues and greens. EG: [Murmurs] looked like clowns. KP: She would just, she was something else. She put rickrack around those aprons. EG: Yeah. KP: Remember the rickrack? I remember running away from her one time, she was after me for something. And I came out – I came out of the house and she was chasing me, so I went around the house. She was chasing me. Well, she chased me around once, and she was coming around, and I kept on going. Well, she stopped and waited for me. [HK laughs] And all I remember was all those flowers. When I hit her apron. When I hit her apron and she caught my head under – under her legs here somehow, she beat me something terrible [laughter]. I never ran away from her [laughter]. EG: [Murmurs] You big dummy, what did you stop for? KP: I just kept running. My mistake. She says: “Are you gonna run from me again?” “No!” And she – she would hit the – hit you in the back, you’d end up with wart – welts on your – on the back of your legs. HK: Uh-huh. EG: She was the one that did all the discipline. Daddy never touched us. KP: Daddy never touched us. He was so sweet. He was – he was just good. About the time he came home, it was all over, you know. EG: She wasn’t – she wasn’t one of these moms: “Wait till your dad comes home.” Uh-uh. KP: She didn’t wait. EG: She fixed it right, and then there. KP: And if – and if we, the two of us a lot of times got it together, because if we didn’t tell on: “She did it,” or she’d say I did it, well then we both got it. So it didn’t do any good. EG: So, we both got it just in case. �HK: Were you both born at home, or…? KP: Mm-hmm. EG: Uh…we had – she had a midwife. KP: There was a midwife. She lived over on Pennsylvania Street, 800 block on Pennsylvania about the middle of the block, her name was Petra. But I don’t remember the last name. EG: No, that – that was for you. But for me, there was a…a white lady who lived a block from where we lived. KP: Oh, well, for me it was Petra. EG: I know it was that lady. KP: That Mexican lady. She was a real old lady. Well, I don’t know if she was or not, but anyway, Daddy probably [EG murmurs] – but anyway, when I was born it was storming and real bad rain in April. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: And Daddy walked all the way across the bridge down to Pennsylvania Street to pick her up, to bring her back, so by the time they got there, I was born, but then she had to cut the cord and all that. But, so that was a hard time for Mom. ‘Cause we couldn’t afford – couldn’t afford doctors and stuff. EG: And the only reason that they didn’t call this lady that – I forget, but I used to know her name, but I don’t remember now. She passed away. When I tried to get my birth certificate, she forgot – she forgot to record it. KP: Record it. EG: In Topeka and I had a [murmurs], and she’d already passed away when I was gonna go and take a trip to Mexico. I was, uh, married, and of course had had [murmurs] no certificate. They didn’t know I existed in Topeka. I said: “Oh, boy.” So I had to get Daddy’s Bible, and people that she knew, and… KP: It was just a mess. EG: Finally, I got it. It took me about four or five years. KP: My goodness, yeah… EG: The people had already passed away. �KP: Yeah, well, even Doña Petra had probably already died. EG: She’d already passed away too. KP: But – but they had mine. She had recorded mine, or somebody had recorded it. EG: Had to be. KP: Mine was in Topeka. EG: But that lady in North Lawrence, she didn’t. And, uh…I tell you, I had a terrible time. [Murmurs] but I finally got my birth certificate. HK: Growing up in Lawrence, did you experience any prejudice? KP: You know, I’ve heard that a lot, and we’ve discussed that. We’ve heard friends of ours, and you know, even relatives now, that have – had experienced all of that. And we never did. I don’t know why. Maybe somehow, I think maybe the fact that we were Baptists…we were kind of, we were kind of away from the other Mexican families when it comes to, like, celebrations and all this, all these church socials, fiestas and [murmurs] we didn’t belong to any of that. The only thing I remember was that dance group. [EG murmurs] Some lady came and talked Mother into letting us do it, and of course we were ecstatic, ‘cause it was – it was dance, you know, we loved that. And so, but I – I like we’re not in the picture, so evidently she didn’t let us come [EG murmurs] to get the picture taken. EG: I remember we – she made skirts for us. KP: And she made skirts and blouses, she made these beautiful blouses, embroidered all that stuff on it. And, but, oh, I must have been five or six and you must have been six or seven. I mean, we were little – EG: Oh, yeah, Yeah, we were little. Well, it couldn’t have been too young, because I remember that we – KP: Who was there in our age group? EG: ‘Cause I remember her making us the skirts, and – KP: I remember the little – the little blouses. EG: I said: “Oh” – KP: And we went and – and we’d go to practice, she’d take us to practice. And, uh, and we danced for a group. We either danced at KU or somewhere we danced. We went to dance. EG: Well, someplace they took us to dance. �KP: I think it was at KU. Like, for some reason… EG: ‘Cause, see, there’s Theresa. KP: Who was our age. EG: Juanita. And…both Juanitas [murmurs]. KP: Well, I know we were in grade school. EG: It was in grade school. KP: Yeah, well, see, they’re grade school age. EG: See, that’s about how old we were. About ten. There was Clara. [Murmurs] ‘Course, she’s older than I am. She was older than – she was older than you, so she was older. But we were this age, probably. Yeah, we were probably that age. KP: But I remember those little skirts and that’s the only thing I can remember that we had anything to do with the – with the other kids socially. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: ‘Cause we, of course, never had anything to do with them. But no – we, I didn’t feel any prejudice. Uh, as I – when I grew up and got married, and I left home and went to Ottawa to live with my husband for not even a year, ‘cause our daughter was born and then we came back to Lawrence to live and Ermie was married and living here, and my brother. And we used to party and go to different places and I – I don’t know if you knew of the Skipper Williams family. HK: Yes, I’ve heard of them. KP: Williams. Well, he was our best friend. And we went to the country club, you know, for dinners and – and my husband and I were with him. And, uh, Jan, and we used to go to all these – we’d get on the plane, he had a plane, and we’d fly to Oklahoma, or we’d fly to Nebraska, we’d fly to Colorado. We’d go to these games, for the KU games. HK: Mm-hmm. KP: And with him, and we never felt any prejudice anywhere. EG: He’d come to my house, and I’d cook for ‘em, and we had parties. KP: We had parties at our house, we were always at our house. Other friends, we had a lot of, at that time, of course he was, uh, already an alumni from KU. And he had all these, uh, uh, friends that were, like, he brought Wilt Chamberlain to KU. And so, we were all just friends, ‘cause we �all [murmurs] football players and…yeah. And we had a lot of fun. And this was…what, in the 50s? EG: And we had that big bus. KP: In the 50s. EG: Uh-huh, yeah, in the 50s. Had that big bus [murmurs] like a party bus. HK: Mm-hmm. EG: I guess football players and Skipper Williams had it. Man, I’m tell you, these guys. Come knocking on your door [mimics knocking sound]: “We’re here to party!” [Laughter] KP: We lived on Massachusetts Street then. And Skipper would come to the door, and we’d already be in bed. And he’d come to the door and he’d just stick his hand in with his empty glass, ready for another drink. [HK laughs] And we’d get up, next thing you know we got busy going, and we’re having a good time. And he had a, uh, a cabin out at the Lone Star lake. And we’d go out there what he called “roughing it.” We’d go out there and he’d take the maid, and take the kids, ‘cause they were – his kids were little. Shawn and [clears throat] Todd. At that time his name was Odd. Do you know Todd Williams? HK: Mm-hmm. KP: He runs – works at the athletic club or something. Well, his – his name was Odd, like his uncle Odd. But when they found out that he was retarded – HK: Oh. KP: They changed it to Todd. So, he used to be Odd. But when he was little like that, you – you couldn’t tell – [Tape cuts off at 47:28] END OF TAPE 26 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Yarda Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource La Yarda (Lawrence, Kan.) Mexican Americans -- Housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- History -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- Social conditions -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource La Yarda was a neighborhood of worker housing provided by the Santa Fe Railroad for Mexican-American railroad workers in Lawrence, Kansas; located near the Kansas (Kaw) River, the neighborhood was largely destroyed by a major flood in 1951. In 2006, Helen Krische, archivist at the Watkins Community Museum, began an oral history project to document the La Yarda and Mexican-American communities in Lawrence, Kansas. The project was resumed in 2019 by Nora Murphy and Emily Raymond. The interviews primarily feature the children of the railroad workers who migrated to Lawrence in the early 20th century; they describe daily life, social activities, and living conditions in the Mexican-American community in Lawrence from roughly the 1920s through the 1970s. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived La Yarda Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Community Museum (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 2019 2021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource These works are the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Krische, Helen Raymond, Emily Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Gauna, Erminia (Ermie) Pacheco, Kitty Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data MP4 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 01:01:31 (video) 00:52:01 (audio) Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 83 kbps 3748 kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Erminia (Ermie) Gauna and Kitty Pacheco La Yarda Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gauna, Erminia (Ermie) Pacheco, Kitty Description An account of the resource Sisters Erminia Gauna and Kitty Pacheco were interviewed by Helen Krische in 2006 as part of an oral history project to document the La Yarda and Mexican-American communities in Lawrence, Kansas. La Yarda was a neighborhood of worker housing provided by the Santa Fe Railroad for Mexican-American railroad workers; located near the Kansas (Kaw) River, the neighborhood was largely destroyed by a major flood in 1951. Erminia and Kitty grew up in North Lawrence and in East Lawrence, and attended the Baptist church. They describe their family's migration from Mexico to Lawrence, and share memories of their mother and father. Erminia and Kitty describe social activities in the Mexican-American community, living conditions in East Lawrence, their father's work for the Works Progress Administration (WPA), their parents' gardens, and their experiences picking potatoes. They share their memories of the Great Depression, and of the German POW camp in Lawrence during World War II. They describe speaking Spanish as children. Erminia and Kitty describe family foodways, and their experiences receiving healthcare. They also discuss their experiences with discrimination and segregation as part of the Mexican-American community in Lawrence. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Krische, Helen Raymond, Emily Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1920s - 1970s Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 (video recording) MP3 (audio recording) PDF (transcription) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 26-EGaunaKPacheco-2006.mp4 (video) 26-EGaunaKPacheco-2006.mp3 (audio) 26-EGaunaKPacheco-2006.pdf (transcription) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Community Museum (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the video and audio recordings of this interview, go to <a href="https://archive.org/details/26-egauna-kpacheco-2006">https://archive.org/details/26-egauna-kpacheco-2006</a>. The <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">Watkins Museum of History</a> also holds items related to this collection. <a href="https://archives.lib.ku.edu/repositories/3/resources/5295">Additional research on the La Yarda community</a> is held at the Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Published with the permission of Margaret Garcia on behalf of Erminia Gauna and Kitty Pacheco. This work is the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived La Yarda Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource La Yarda (Lawrence, Kan.) Mexican Americans -- Housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- History -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- Social conditions -- Kansas -- Lawrence Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/4bb0092fcb8a3480879a349cdebe32f6.jpg 159046ee06536304fc8a05d94123729f https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/c9ac50510d40e834faa6eca6ba4324bd.jpg 73d956d098c63aade879c2faa7c6b749 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 1/2" x 3 1/2" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postcard of the U.S. 40 and 59 Bridge Subject The topic of the resource United States Highway 40 Description An account of the resource Postcard with a colored image of the U.S. 40 and 59 bridge over the Kansas River on the front. Image is of the side of the bridge and facing north. A white border is around the entire image. At the top border "Douglas County Bridge, Lawrence, Kansas - 12" is printed in black ink. On the back at the top left side is information on the bridge's construction in blue ink. In the middle "Made in U.S.A. by E.C. Kropp Co., Milwaukee, Wis." is printed sideways in blue ink. A note is written to Mr Pryor Smith, Jr. in Parkville, Missouri from Lyle Gene B is Lawrence, Kansas. Note indicates that Smith collects postcards. Postmarked July 10, 1943. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gene B., Lyle Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available E.C. Kropp Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/10/1943 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 6_Motels_to_River_Ice(cp_69a) 6_Motels_to_River_Ice(cp_69b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant U.S. 40 and 59 Bridges Lawrence, Kan. 7/10/1943 Acquisition date unknown Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a colored image of the U.S. 40 and 59 bridge over the Kansas River on the front. Manufacturing information on the back. Note written on the back. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 7/10/1943 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 6: Motels to River Ice Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Charline Fitzpatrick or Sally Postma. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) World War, 1939-1945. Veterans. Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource In 2003, the Lawrence Public Library partnered with the Dole Institute of Politics and Haskell University to capture the histories of Douglas County’s World War II veterans in the Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project. From 2005 to 2007, the Lawrence Public Library, the Watkins Museum of History, and the Kansas State Historical Society also embarked on a similar endeavor, the Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project, which was funded by the Kansas State Legislature. This collection contains many of the video recordings and more information about the interviews conducted for these projects. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Johnston, Pattie Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Gill, Jimmie L. Location The location of the interview Lawrence (Kan.) Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/211946">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/211946</a> Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data VHS Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:19:31 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 221 kbit/s (audio) 1346 kbit/s (video) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jimmie L. Gill World War II Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gill, Jimmie L. Description An account of the resource Jimmie L. Gill served as a first lieutenant in the Army Air Corps (Air Transport Command) from 1942 to 1946. Interviewed by Pattie Johnston on May 10, 2006, Gill talked about his experiences during the Second World War. Gill was born on March 3, 1924, in Benton, Kansas. He enlisted in the Air Corps after graduating high school in 1942. He served as C.B.I. Hump pilot during the Hump Operation. He accrued 750 flying hours and completed 96 missions. Gill received a Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal, two Oak Leaf clusters, several other medals. Following the war, he joined the Reserve. He worked at Standard Oil for 36 years, before retiring in 1982. Gill passed away on August 11, 2011. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Johnston, Pattie Kansas State Historical Society Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant China India 1942 - 1946 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-10 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Gill_Jim WWII Interview Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the video recording of this oral history, go to: <a href="https://archive.org/details/gill-jim-wwii-interview">https://archive.org/details/gill-jim-wwii-interview</a> Obituary: <a href="https://obituaries.ljworld.com/obituaries/ljworld/obituary.aspx?n=jimmie-gill&amp;pid=181052556&amp;fhid=24990">https://obituaries.ljworld.com/obituaries/ljworld/obituary.aspx?n=jimmie-gill&amp;pid=181052556&amp;fhid=24990</a> The Watkins Museum of History also holds items related to this collection. Transcripts for this project are available through the Kansas Memory Digital Collection: <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/211946">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/211946</a> Other resources for interviews with World War II veterans are available through the Library of Congress' Veterans History Project: <a href="https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.html">https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.htm</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The original copy of this video is available through the Lawrence Public Library. The Watkins Museum of History and the Kansas State Historical Society also have interviews associated with this project, which was funded through a grant program passed by the Kansas State Legislature in 2005. Researchers are responsible for obtaining any necessary permissions for uses other than educational or scholarly research. Contact the Watkins Museum of History for additional information: <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers: The World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- United States. United States -- History, Military. World War, 1939-1945 -- Veterans -- Interviews. United States. Army. United States. Air Force -- History. Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) World War, 1939-1945. Veterans. Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource In 2003, the Lawrence Public Library partnered with the Dole Institute of Politics and Haskell University to capture the histories of Douglas County’s World War II veterans in the Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project. From 2005 to 2007, the Lawrence Public Library, the Watkins Museum of History, and the Kansas State Historical Society also embarked on a similar endeavor, the Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project, which was funded by the Kansas State Legislature. This collection contains many of the video recordings and more information about the interviews conducted for these projects. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview unknown Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Gilmore, Byron Location The location of the interview Douglas County (Kan.) Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data VHS Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:20:42 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317 kbit/s (audio) 10316 kbit/s (audio) Time Summary A summary of an interview given for different time stamps throughout the interview 00:00:29 - 00:20:42 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Byron Gilmore World War II Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilmore, Byron Description An account of the resource Byron Harold Gilmore served in the United States Army (Air Force) from 1941 to 1966. During World War II, he served in the 23rd Fighter Groups, 76th Fight Squadron. Interviewed on May 14, 2003, as part of the Lawrence Remembers: The World War II Years Project, Byron talked about his experiences during the Second World War. Byron was born in Highland, Kansas, in 1920. After he enlisted, he went to flight school in San Antonio. He was then assigned to the Panama Canal Zone and later China. He flew the P-26, P-36, and P-40. Gilmore earned a Purple Heart, Silver Star, and Distinguished Flying Cross. He passed away on October 17, 2015. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource unknown Kansas State Historical Society Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Panama Canal Zone 1941 - 2003 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-05-14 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Gilmore, WWII Interview Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the video recording of this oral history, go to: <a href="https://archive.org/details/gilmore-wwii-interview">https://archive.org/details/gilmore-wwii-interview</a> Obituary: <a href="https://warrenmcelwain.com/obituary/bryon-harold-gilmore/">https://warrenmcelwain.com/obituary/bryon-harold-gilmore/</a> A transcript of another interview with Byron Gilmore is available through the Kansas Memory Digital Collection: <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212299">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212299</a> The Watkins Museum of History also holds items related to this collection. Other resources for interviews with World War II veterans are available through the Library of Congress' Veterans History Project: <a href="https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.html">https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.htm</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The original copy of this video is available through the Lawrence Public Library. The Watkins Museum of History and the Kansas State Historical Society may also have interviews associated with this project. Researchers are responsible for obtaining any necessary permissions for uses other than educational or scholarly research. Contact the Watkins Museum of History for additional information: <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers: The World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- United States. United States -- History, Military. World War, 1939-1945 -- Veterans -- Interviews. United States. Army. United States. Air Force -- History. Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/f4b46a70b8e47cf0942354f4e1d56bdc.jpg 5683c4101b71688a95b258947dbbbf4e https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/d8d47bbfb3a8f3732984adda399e49c5.jpg 22074d5cbb638d3d2ffb51abeccc5868 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 7/16" x 3 7/16" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postcard of Lawrence Central School and High School Subject The topic of the resource Public schools -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Postcard with black and white photographs of Lawrence Central and High School on the front. Photograph of Lawrence High School is on the right side and Central School is on the left slightly on the image of the high school. Both photographs are on a grey square with vine style borders around the photographs. A white border is around the entire square. On the bottom border "Central and High Schools, Lawrence, Kansas." is typed in black ink. On the front is a note to Josephine Gilmore in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho from Mrs. Gertrude Gilmore at 700 Ohio Street, Lawrence, Kansas. Information on when the postcard was purchased is on the back, 10/19/2003. Dated August 5, 1907. Postmarked August 6, 1907. On the back is Josephine Gilmore's address. Information on when and where the postcard was acquired is on the back, Exchange 11/8/1998. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilmore, Gertrude Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Publisher unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 8/5/1907 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_120a) 4_Windmill_to_RR_Depot(cp_120b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence High School Lawrence Central School 900 Block of Kentucky (Lawrence, Kan.) 8/5/1907 11/8/1998 Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with black and white photographs of Lawrence Central and High School on the front. Note on the back. Acquisition information on the back. Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. 8/5/1907 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 4: Windmill to RR Depot Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Sally Postma on November 8, 1998. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) World War, 1939-1945. Veterans. Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource In 2003, the Lawrence Public Library partnered with the Dole Institute of Politics and Haskell University to capture the histories of Douglas County’s World War II veterans in the Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project. From 2005 to 2007, the Lawrence Public Library, the Watkins Museum of History, and the Kansas State Historical Society also embarked on a similar endeavor, the Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project, which was funded by the Kansas State Legislature. This collection contains many of the video recordings and more information about the interviews conducted for these projects. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Johnston, Pattie Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Glinka, John Location The location of the interview Lawrence (Kan.) Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data VHS Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:02:11 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 221 kbit/s (audio) 2471 kbit/s (video) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Glinka World War II Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Glinka, John Description An account of the resource John Glinka served in the United States Army (106th Signal Corps Service) from 1942 to 1945. Interviewed by Pattie Johnston as part of the Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project, Glinka talked about his experiences during the Second World War. Glinka was born on May 24, 1920, in Kansas City, Kansas. He graduated high school in 1938. He volunteered for the Signal Corps in 1942. He attended training at Paine Field in Washington and then went to radio repair school in Chicago. He served throughout the Pacific theater in Guadalcanal, Morotai, the Philippines, and Okinawa. Following the war, he went to Emporia State Teachers College. He then worked at the University of Kansas Libraries until he retired in 1984. Glinka passed away on July 28, 2012. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Johnston, Pattie Kansas State Historical Society Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands) <span>Morotai Island (Indonesia)</span> 1942 - 1945 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource unknown Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Glinka_John WWII Interview Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the video recording of this oral history, go to: <a href="https://archive.org/details/glinka-john-wwii-interview">https://archive.org/details/glinka-john-wwii-interview</a> Obituary: <a href="https://obituaries.ljworld.com/obituaries/ljworld/obituary.aspx?n=john-louis-glinka&amp;pid=158837408">https://obituaries.ljworld.com/obituaries/ljworld/obituary.aspx?n=john-louis-glinka&amp;pid=158837408</a> The Watkins Museum of History also holds items related to this collection. Other resources for interviews with World War II veterans are available through the Library of Congress' Veterans History Project: <a href="https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.html">https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.htm</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The original copy of this video is available through the Lawrence Public Library. The Watkins Museum of History and the Kansas State Historical Society also have interviews associated with this project, which was funded through a grant program passed by the Kansas State Legislature in 2005. Researchers are responsible for obtaining any necessary permissions for uses other than educational or scholarly research. Contact the Watkins Museum of History for additional information: <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers: The World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- United States. United States -- History, Military. World War, 1939-1945 -- Veterans -- Interviews. United States. Army. World War, 1939-1945 -- Pacific Area. Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) World War, 1939-1945. Veterans. Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource In 2003, the Lawrence Public Library partnered with the Dole Institute of Politics and Haskell University to capture the histories of Douglas County’s World War II veterans in the Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project. From 2005 to 2007, the Lawrence Public Library, the Watkins Museum of History, and the Kansas State Historical Society also embarked on a similar endeavor, the Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project, which was funded by the Kansas State Legislature. This collection contains many of the video recordings and more information about the interviews conducted for these projects. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Johnston, Pattie Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Godwin, Phillip Location The location of the interview Lawrence (Kan.) Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212773">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212773</a> Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data VHS Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:02:13 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 221 kbit/s (audio) 2440 kbit/s (video) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Phillip Godwin World War II Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Godwin, Phillip Description An account of the resource Phillip A. Godwin served in the United States Navy as a hospital corpsman first class from 1946 to 1948. Interviewed by Pattie Johnston on June 18, 2007, Godwin talked about his experiences during the Second World War. Godwin was born on January 24, 1928, in Indiana. He moved to Hutchinson, Kansas in 1943. In May 1946, he enlisted in the Navy. He went to corpsman training at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center and to the corps school in Portsmouth, Virginia. He was assigned to the Philadelphia Naval Hospital, where he tended to the wounded, returning soldiers until 1948. Photographs of Godwin in his uniforms are also available. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Johnston, Pattie Kansas State Historical Society Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Philadelphia (Pa.) 1946 - 1948 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-18 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Godwin_Phillips WWII Interview Phillip Godwin in Navy 003 Phillip Godwin in Navy 004 Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the video recording of this oral history and photographs, go to: <a href="https://archive.org/details/godwin-phillips-wwii-interview">https://archive.org/details/godwin-phillips-wwii-interview</a> The Watkins Museum of History also holds items related to this collection. Transcripts for this project are available through the Kansas Memory Digital Collection: <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212773">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212773</a> Other resources for interviews with World War II veterans are available through the Library of Congress' Veterans History Project: <a href="https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.html">https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.htm</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The original copy of this video is available through the Lawrence Public Library. The Watkins Museum of History and the Kansas State Historical Society also have interviews associated with this project, which was funded through a grant program passed by the Kansas State Legislature in 2005. This interview can be used freely for purposes beyond educational or scholarly research. Contact the Watkins Museum of History for additional information: <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers: The World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- United States. United States -- History, Military. World War, 1939-1945 -- Veterans -- Interviews. United States. Navy -- History. World War, 1939-1945 -- Medical care. Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/dfc322155c48f13e8d45ab1e50b457b7.pdf d04be8501cc9c819c81dc0aefc6888b9 PDF Text Text Interview with Isabel (Chavez) Gonzales Interviewer: Emily Raymond Date of Interview: February 19, 2021 Length of Interview: 41:21 Location of Interview: Recorded over telephone Transcription Completion Date: February 28, 2021 Transcriptionist: Emily Raymond Isabel Gonzales (Interviewee): Well, most of ‘em are older than me, but – but I did know who they were, yeah. Emily Raymond (Interviewer): So, how did you find out about the project? IG: Um, my friend, Judy Romero, uh, e-mailed me and said somebody had asked her to do some proofreading. She’s really busy right now taking care of her mom, uh, that she said she wouldn’t have time, and she asked if I was interested, and I said: “Yeah I can,” and so she gave me the information. ER: Well, that’s fantastic. So, well, I mean, there are standard questions that – a woman named Helen Krische started this project, and she had a list of questions that she would just go down and ask people. So, I have those, but I’m also just interested in hearing about anything you have to remember; we don’t have to stick to a script. IG: Mm-hmm. ER: So, let’s just start with – what was daily life like, when you were growing up in La Yarda? IG: Well, here’s, yes, I didn’t know if Nora had told you, that it was about La Yarda, but I, no, I told her I didn’t, uh, grow up there or even – well, not too far from it, but, no, I told her I really didn’t have anything to say about La Yarda. I went to pick up a friend, and – or walked her home, but that’s all. And so, um, and the same thing with my brother Carlos, who’s younger than me. And she said, well, that – that, um, are you the doctoral student? ER: Yes, that’s me. IG: Yeah, well, she said she thought you might be interested in just, uh, I guess, the life growing up in East Lawrence, and that’s why, but if you only are interested in La Yarda, I couldn’t help you with that. ER: No, we – I’m interested in – in all of it, actually, because it helps to get a picture of what life was like outside of La Yarda in Lawrence as well, because some of the kids who grew up in La Yarda, they would say, well, you know, we went to school, we went to church, but we didn’t know much about what was going on in the town. Maybe they went to the movie theater, or something like that. So, it’s – it would be helpful for us to have a little bit of context form someone who’s – who was living outside the community at that time. So yes, please, tell me what you remember. �IG: Well – well, because it was, we lived at 805 Pennsylvania Street. Are you in – you’re from Lawrence, right? Or are you there now? ER: Oh, yeah. I know where Pennsylvania Street is. IG: Okay. At the time, the 800 block of Pennsylvania was the most east street in Lawrence. The next – the next over, there was just, right across the street from us, were all, uh, buildings, like the cider building and there was an egg plant, and different things like that, but no houses. But one house on the corner, but after that there were no more streets. But if you walked down 8th Street, I think there was maybe a couple blocks, if I remember right, that was La Yarda. ER: Oh, okay. IG: So, they were – they were kind of separate, but we were the last three east that was nearest La Yarda. Um, and a friend of mine, Celia Garcia, lived there, and, uh, actually, she’s two years older, she’s a friend of my sister, and sometimes we’d walk her home or – or walk, you know, to and from, so I remember just barely, barely remember entering that – that area. But, uh, as far as, you know, if you’re interested in just what – what it was like, our childhood, is that what you’re wanting to know? ER: Oh, yes. I do. I – I’d love to know things like whether you had any holidays that you enjoyed celebrating, what your mom would cook for dinner – IG: Uh-huh. ER: Traditions that you guys had, just what it was like growing up in East Lawrence at that time. IG: Yeah, well, the main thing is that there was so many big families, you know, I’m one of fourteen children. ER: Oh, my goodness. IG: And then – and then down the street, there was, uh, the Romeros, and the Ramirezes and the Romeros and [unintelligible] the Bermudezes, everybody had either – anywhere from seven children to, I think the Romeros had sixteen children. ER: I think you’re right. IG: But everybody had – huh? ER: I think you’re right, what Pete said. IG: Pete, yeah. And then the, um, Ramirezes had eleven, the, um, Mendozas I think had ten or eleven, so what was very fun was that almost all of us had somebody our age, two or three or four people our age that we could play with and grow up with, so we always had lots and lots of �fun, ‘cause we, you know, played baseball in the street, since we were the last street besides those businesses, so by the evenings, there was no traffic down that street. ER: Oh, that’s right. IG: We’d play baseball in the street, uh, just stay up real late at night, not like today, we could stay up till ten or eleven, dark, you know, in the summer, play that “Truth, Dare, Promise, or Repeat.” Uh, we – we just had lots of children to play with. I do remember that. We put on plays with the Grand Ole Opry and Little House on the Prairie, Laura Ingalls, and commercials, we just had a lot of kids to do things with, which was fun. One thing that I never thought was dangerous, but, until I grew up, of course [ER laughs], going – going east, let’s see, it would be north. North, right at the 800 block of Pennsylvania going north, there was nothing but, um, these big sand piles. I don’t know if it belonged to the railroad. The Santa Fe railroad or who – ER: Interesting. IG: But there was huge – pardon? ER: Interesting. I – I remember someone mentioning those sand piles, but I don’t remember what they were for. IG: Yeah, I don’t either. We didn’t know, ‘cause we were children, but they were huge. Now, to me, they were, like, two stories high, but I was a kid. And what we used to do, which now I think would be very dangerous, is a lot of us would go over there, we’d climb to the top and slide down. And we just kept doing it over and over, I’m sure we brought those sand piles down some, but they were always so high. Nobody ever got buried in it or hurt, but that was one of our, that was our entertainment, one of the things we used to do, but um, just, I always remember lots and lots of kids and outdoors, we were just outdoors all the time, you know, in the winter playing outside, not that we – nobody made us, but we just were, um, well, I didn’t, I’m the tenth child, so there’s just four under me. And so, we never had a TV till I was thirteen in our household. ER: Oh, okay. IG: So you could tell, there’s nothing to do in the house, there’s no TV, so, uh, we just played outside all the time. Uh, had a couple of bikes, and everybody took turns riding those. Just made up games to – to play outside, but, uh, the – and then, of course, in the winter not so much unless there was snow outside. Um, our parents were very, very devout Catholics, and I think all the Mexican families were in that area. ER: Mm-hmm. IG: Um, and, um, so, you know, we went to church every, uh, Sunday, of course, and during Lent, we went twice during the week for services. Um, my father especially was, uh, head of our family, as far as religion went. ER: Oh, okay �IG: I don’t know if any – we used to say the rosary every night. He built an altar, like a roomsize altar; it was tall. ER: Oh, really? IG: And he built – oh, yeah, it was really beautiful, looked like a little bit of an altar you’d see in a church. Not that elaborate, but of – it was an altar that, um, and he led the rosary every night, uh, sometimes in Spanish, sometimes in English, ‘cause he mostly spoke Spanish. My mom spoke both. And, um…but, and then we went to Catholic school when it was open, I started there in fourth grade, I think. There was no Catholic school before that. ER: Oh, okay. IG: Um, so I went fourth through eighth, and then my younger siblings got to go when they were younger. All of the older siblings did not go. We used to go to, uh, catechism, like on Saturday morning. ER: Oh, okay. IG: CCD. And, uh, you know, I’m thinking of all of the stuff in my childhood was good, it was positive, uh, it was good. Except for one thing, and it’s super sad, because of what it was, and it was the church. Um, at the time we were growing up, St. John’s was the only Catholic Church in Lawrence. And, uh, unfortunately, there was a priest there that was, uh, very prejudiced against blacks, Mexicans, um…yeah. And we were very – even though all the Mexicans went there, we were still a minority. The church was mainly white. I think there might have been one or maybe two black families that went there. But, uh, uh, I, you know, this incident was never reported or told or anything, and I – I happened to tell Nora about it because I felt – I felt like, you know, that it – it probably should be known. Uh, there was an incident where, uh, somebody tore up the bulletins. They used to have the bulletins in the back of the church, and when you left you picked one up, and – ER: Oh, sure. IG: Uh, yeah, so somebody had torn some up, and – and uh, we got a phone call. I don’t know if it was that same Sunday or on Monday, the next day, from the Monsignor. And he said that my brother Frankie, who was at that time fourteen, I was ten, uh, that Frankie had torn them. Well, we always went to church and we sat way towards the front ‘cause that’s where my dad wanted to sit. Like maybe, I don’t know, I don’t know if you’re familiar with St. John’s Church, but we’d sit about ten pews back. ER: Oh, okay. IG: Out of the – you know, it was pretty close to the front. ER: Sure. �IG: Uh, and, uh, and, um, Mom – Mom, I guess, was the one that answered the phone, and she says: “No, it’s impossible; he would not have done that.” And, um, you know, thought probably some little kid did it. And he said – well no, I don’t know how he – how he thought, why he thought, that my brother had done that, and my brother said of course he didn’t tear up bulletins at church, and so, um, that priest told Mom if she didn’t write a letter apologizing, uh, for her son tearing up the bulletins, that we could not go back to that church. Well, us being such a Catholic family, we never missed a Sunday Mass. ER: Of course. IG: Mom, she said: “I don’t have a choice. I have to write this. There’s no other church.” It was the only Catholic church in Lawrence, and I remember, I’m 74 years old right now, but the reason I remember it so distinctly is because it affected me so strongly. I was ten, I saw my mom sitting down with a paper and a pen, and she was crying. And I said: “Mom, do not write that letter. Frankie didn’t do it.” And she said: “I have to, because we can’t – otherwise, we can’t go to church.” And, um, to this day, that’s what I remember. I do not remember if she actually wrote it. I’m assuming she did, because we continued going to church. But that incident just stuck so much in my head because of, um, the tremendous meaning it was for us. My dad even, um, we didn’t have a car, so we always walked to church from 8th and Pennsylvania to where it is at 12th and Kentucky, I guess. ER: Yeah, that sounds about right. IG: Uh, 1234, ‘cause we went there so much, I remember. But um, on Sundays, my mom – I didn’t know this till after my dad had died – my mom told us that not all Sundays, but she said many Sundays he would go to Mass twice. And we said: “Why?” – excuse me – and she said: “Well, because he went the first time out of obligation,” ‘cause as Catholics we’re, uh, that’s, we’re obligated to attend Mass once a week, you know, on Sundays. Back then they didn’t have Saturday Masses. And then he said he went the second time because he loved God. And so, it was like, he didn’t want to go out of obligation only. He wanted to go to, you know, tell God he loved Him. And then he’d walk us, because we would go to a later Mass, and he’d walk us. I remember walking with him to church. But, uh, he was just very, very devout person. You know, all the time, when we left for school, he gave all of us a blessing, and before we went to bed he blessed us, and, you know, that’s the way we were raised, uh, knowing that how – how important church was. But other than that, I didn’t, you know, uh, feel any discrimination, like a lot of people have, throughout, um, other than that priest and his sister, who taught us CCD, because from first, second, and third grade, me and then all of my siblings went, his sister taught, uh, the Monsignor’s sister taught, uh, the catechism classes on Saturday morning. ER: Oh, okay. IG: And so we went to her, and she was the same way. She pretty much ignored anybody, like the few Mexican kids that were there. Um, if she passed out a treat at the end, uh, we got skipped over, and the Monsignor did that too, when we were in the school. When we got our report cards, �he would – every time we got our report cards, he’d come and pass ‘em out, say the name, kind of look at it, make a comment, give it to the person. But he never called us up at all. We just got handed the report cards later, same thing, passed out a treat, we didn’t get it. So, they were very, uh, very, uh, prejudiced. ER: How spiteful. That’s horrible. Especially for a man of the cloth. IG: Yeah, I agree now. As a child I didn’t – I noticed it, but I didn’t think too much of it. But as an adult, when I think back, yeah, it was. And it happened for many, many years, but that was a time during the ‘50s, um, and ‘60s, probably early ‘60s, that, people didn’t talk so much about it or protest too much about it, because it was pretty common. Discrimination was, you know, I don’t know if you know, but my older sister said there was signs everywhere, you know, where they – they couldn’t do into a restaurant to get anything. They could get it to go. They had to go to the back door to get a drink, or, uh, something to eat. ER: Oh, right, yes. IG: That was pretty, uh, obvious in the ‘40s and ‘50s, anywhere. Um, but, um, anyway, uh, but other than that, my – at the schools, the nuns were very nice to us. The nuns were really nice to us, the, uh…[child yelling] okay, just a second. ER: You’re fine. IG: The, uh, the other teachers that I had when I was in, um, uh, middle school and high school, they were all – they were all super good, and I never dis – uh, experienced any, uh, discrimination at the – I went to Lawrence Junior High, uh, right there on Massachusetts. ER: Oh, okay. IG: And then on – and then, Lawrence High School. Uh, you know, good experience, I just – I just didn’t have any other problems. Um, so the childhood really was, I thought, very good. And then you were asking about, um, uh, like holidays we celebrate? ER: Yeah, like did you have any family traditions that you would celebrate every year, or…I know you lived in a large community, so did you ever get together with people and, I don’t know, have cookouts or picnics or something like that? IG: No, no, because each family was so big that we just did it with our own family. And later when older sisters and older siblings were married, they would come with their children, so we would have our nieces and nephews, and, um, like my oldest brother is, um, 20 – I think 23 or 24 years older than me. I don’t remember living with him at all. He had gotten married by the time I have a memory. So, I was really young. So, and my sister too, so we weren’t all fourteen in the same house at the same time. Some were gone and married, or moved out before the younger ones were born. But, uh, well, we always, of course, celebrated Christmas and, uh, birthdays, um, Easter. But always just with our own family, not with the neighbors. �ER: Oh, okay. IG: Yeah. ER: I was curious as – as to whether you had done church activities like that. I mean, I remember when I was growing up, we did a lot of things with – with our church family, but that’s because our – we didn’t really have any relatives, so we were just kind of adopted. IG: Oh, you don’t have, uh, siblings? ER: I have – I have a brother. IG: Oh, okay. ER: So… IG: Just two of you? Sorry. ER: I know, it’s – it’s strange because we – IG: No, I’m sorry. You know, it’s different. Because one Thanksgiving, on Thanksgiving, our older siblings that were married and had children, maybe they’d had two or three by then, or four, they would come for Thanksgiving and we’d have lots of people there. And my – my younger sister, one year none of them could come, the weather was real bad, so none of the married siblings and children came. And I remember my sister Vicky, when we sat down to eat, she looked real said and she says: “This is so sad, there’s only ten of us.” ER: Oh. IG: Cause there’s probably like 25 or more, 30 normally. ER: Oh, my goodness. IG: Yeah. So, you know, we’re always used to, uh, lots and lots of family and friends, actually. I had, uh, three really good friends, and, um, that lived like, one block away, and another that lived close, and um, and then they would come for Christmas Eve Mass and to eat tamales at our house afterwards. They came a lot to our house, my close friends. More than any of the other siblings – an older brother used to have a lot of friends come over, too. ER: Oh, okay. That must have been special. I’m glad that you had some – some friends that you could just invite over to your house. Now, you said your – your dad spoke Spanish, yes? And your mother spoke both? IG: Both of our parents were born in Mexico. ER: Oh, when was that? �IG: They, yeah, my – my dad didn’t come till he was about fifteen, walked from central Mexico, Guanajuato, all the way, he worked in Texas for a while, then in Colorado for a while, then finally worked for the Union Pacific railroad, you know, and ended up here in Topeka, but – but, uh, he came at fifteen, and my mom was brought by her parents when she was three years old. ER: Oh, okay. IG: So, they grew up speaking Spanish, yeah. ER: Do you remember anything about your dad’s job during that time? I mean, obviously he was away from the home, but did he ever come home and tell you stories about it? IG: Not too much, I just knew that, um, it was real hard work. He was a – they fixed the tracks, repaired the tracks. ER: Oh, okay. IG: That was his main job, and he had to travel to a lot of different towns, too. And it was all outdoor work, and, you know, he’d have to work no matter what the weather, storm real bad, cold weather or snow. Or the heat. And he always had two jobs. He worked as a custodian for the school, and I forgot what else, but he almost always had two jobs. But, you know, we saw him of course on weekends, and in the evenings when he came home. But no, he – he never really spoke English at – at home. I understood that he – he knew Spanish, I mean he knew English, but he just preferred to speak Spanish, and so we didn’t talk to him a lot. Mom would – Mom was the translator between us and our dad, really. Our – my older siblings all spoke Spanish first. So they knew it. The younger ones did not. ER: Did you ever have to take a Spanish class in high school? IG: Well, I didn’t have to, I chose to, I took it all through high school and KU. And I’m a Spanish – retired Spanish teacher. Uh, ‘cause I – I love the language, and we have relatives in Guanajuato, Mexico, and I used to go every two years to visit them. I lived with them a couple summers, and so uh, um, I took it because I wanted to. And, uh, some of my siblings speak, the younger ones speak it, some do not, or – or know some, but not a lot. Um…but they – both parents came here because of the extreme poverty that they lived in, you know, sometimes my dad told me the story about, um, uh, well his parents both died when he was really young, I think by five years old he was an orphan. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: Went to live with an uncle. Yeah, went to live with an uncle, and he became a shepherd. He had him watching the sheep all during the night. And, uh, not treated, didn’t treat him too good, didn’t feed him really very much, and so he chose to – to leave when he was either fourteen and a half, fifteen, or something like that. But he said when he was young that sometimes they had no food, and, uh, that they were given marijuana plants to chew on. And I remember telling my �students this one time and they said: “What?” You know, they say marijuana’s supposed to make you hun – make you, uh, hungry or something, I forgot what they said. ER: Is it? I don’t know. IG: But that’s what I think they told me. But – I taught at Topeka High for many years, in Topeka West, but, no, he – they said – no, he said that – you know how today, it’s medicinal. He said no, it would – it would curb their hunger. It was looked – it was used as medicine. So their – so they wouldn’t feel hunger pangs. And, uh – ER: I didn’t know that. IG: Yeah, that’s what they – ‘cause it grew freely. It, you know, they didn’t have to buy it or anything. It just grew in the fields. And, uh, uh, even today, they – they know that they can use that for, like, use the leaves and put ‘em on your – if you have arthritis, um, our cousins and, ‘cause they had come here one time, and my sister, older sister has arthritis, and they said, she said: “Oh, it hurts,” and she tried different medicines. And then my cousin said: “Well, have you tried marijuana?” This was, like, thirty years ago. [Laughter] And she says: “Well, no, it’s illegal.” And he – and we said: “Isn’t that illegal in Mexico?” And he says: “Yes, but nobody cares.” You know, I know that a lot of – they have a lot of laws, but they don’t really enforce them very much. ER: Right. IG: So, he said: “Ah, we just go down the street.” He named the lady who had it, and he said you soak the, uh, leaves in alcohol, and then you lay it on top of wherever you have the arthritis pain. And it’s supposed to help. And now we’re finding out today, yes, they’re using it for medicine, so – ER: Oh, my gosh. I guess – I just, I never knew that about it. I knew that, you know, regular smoking can be an appetite suppressant, but I didn’t know that just chewing the leaves would have a similar effect. IG: Yeah, that’s what they – they just chewed the leaves. They just picked ‘em for free out in the fields, so – ER: Oh, my goodness. IG: But anyway, I know that both my mom’s family too were just really poor and when she came, there was a revolution was going on and there was, you know, burning – burning, you know, villages. And they – they had to flee. But, uh, anyway, I – they had a difficult childhood, both of ‘em. Ours was very pleasant, even though we had a big family, you know, we always had enough food, we had – our parents were good people, and, uh, I don’t remember any, you know, really anything negative. Um…I know my brother Carlos probably, he’s four years younger than �me. I told, um, Nora because – in that La Yarda, uh, interview, uh, my sister Helen and my brother John Chavez were interviewed. ER: Oh, okay. I remember that I transcribed their interview as well. IG: Oh, okay. Well, I proofread ‘em, and, um, I laugh ‘cause I said – because one of the questions was, you know, was anything negative or did you feel, you know, any prejudice? And, uh, both of ‘em were just real pleasant and sweet [laughs]. And they didn’t mention anything, and so I told Nora, you got the two angels in our family. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: ‘Cause they are. They just don’t – they don’t say anything negative, or even if it’s the truth, of course, I’m not – I’m not making things up – they just steer away from saying anything that might be, um, uh, negative. So, I said, I told Nora, kiddingly, I said: “You should interview my brother Carlos. He’ll tell you the true story. Or – or I know some things.” But no, ‘cause they’re – they’re older, and so they would know more about stuff before, like, in the – probably the ‘30s and ‘40s, instead of – mine is, like, ‘50s, really, when I was a child, it was in the ‘50s. ER: Right. Well, and it’s just good to talk to different people of varying ages so that we can kind of see what changed over time, what might have stayed the same. I’ve, you know, I’ve had a couple people say they experienced a lot of discrimination growing up, and then others like you, they said, well, there was a couple of isolated incidents. I believe one of them remembered going to church and being asked to sit in the very back, instead of – IG: Oh, yeah. ER: Instead of up front, which shocked me, honestly, I… IG: Oh, actually, the – the, you know, we use kneelers. The kneelers, you know how they have pads on ‘em? ER: Yeah. IG: They took the pads – they took the pads off of the last two rows I think, all the way across. And, uh, that’s where, before I went to church, the older ones said they were – they were all supposed to sit in the back. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: Oh, there’s just tons of incidences. It was not nice, what happened. Oh, gosh, one time I remember the procession, we used to practice this. When we were going to St. John’s, we practiced for the May procession. And, uh, we’re, you know, lined up two by two, the nuns lined us up and everything, and Father came over to watch the practice one time. And Cecelia Garcia, which, she was a good friend of my older sister’s, two years older than me, she was the one that �lived in La Yarda. She – I guess she got a little bit ahead of her partner, ‘cause I was – I was near her, but I don’t remember how far, and Father just yanked her back so hard he tore her dress. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: And, yeah. And, uh, just a lot of little things, lot of things that happened because of who those two people were. But, you know, I think everybody just wanted to forget that. I don’t know. ‘Cause other than that, we had a – it was good. Life was – life was not bad. For my older siblings, I’m sure they had more things that happened. ER: Sure. IG: But anyway. ER: I’m glad that, you know, we are seeing this change over time. IG: Yes. ER: I think the worst story I heard was, and I cannot remember the name of the interviewee, but she would say that every time they did the passing of the peace, she would, you know, put her hand out, and she said: “Nobody would take my hand.” IG: Oh, yeah. That had been before my time. I don’t remember that. But I’m sure that did happen, yeah. ER: It just – IG: It’s really sad, uh, Emily, because even today, all the stuff that’s going on, with mainly black but Asian now too because of the virus, but you know – all - starting with George Floyd and all that, I was just shocked at all the – the really bad discrimination against blacks. And not everywhere, but it’s definitely still here. We just have to work harder and harder at, uh, informing young people. ER: It’s sad that it takes tragedies to – to get us to think about these things. IG: Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. ER: I mean, yes, of course things have gotten better, but it definitely doesn’t mean we need to become complacent, so you have an excellent point. IG: Right. Right. ER: Goodness. Speaking of – IG: I’m not sure what else, any other questions – �ER: I was gonna ask you a question about, um, what about healthcare? I study the history of medicine, so maybe this is more personal interest, but what – what was healthcare like back then? IG: Um, well, you know how today everybody goes for maybe a yearly physical? We did not. We went when we were sick. Um, and I – it was rare. People, you know, even though we were poor, we ate well, but I don’t, I don’t remember anybody getting sick very often, or needing to go to the doctor. Uh, we would get the shots. We did go to the dentist. ER: Okay. IG: Uh, but we did not, we did not, I – it was rarely I think that we, in my memory, I could be not remembering well, but I don’t remember going for physicals at all, really, maybe, yeah, till I was an adult. And you know, already married and living here in Topeka, and go for your yearly checkup. But, uh…but that’s about it, I – I know that we did go to the dentist. Um – ER: I was curious about the dentist. Others had said, you know, we – we went maybe once or twice, when we were in elementary school, and then someone else said: “Well, I didn’t go until I was married.” It’s amazing how much changed in such a short period of time. IG: Mm-hmm. Yeah, um, yeah, it just – it wasn’t, I guess I didn’t even see that people were getting sick very much. That they needed to go to a doctor appointment. ER: Were the diets pretty good, I mean, back then? IG: The food, yeah. Well, um, I – we had, um, we ate, I think beans and – and tortillas and chili pretty much every day, but my mom also made, um, I remember her making, like, goulash and hamburgers and, um – ER: Oh, okay. IG: Mexican food, like tostadas and enchiladas. Tacos. Um…but, um, mainly Mexican food, but we did eat American food, too. Mashed potatoes and, uh, like green beans and things like that. Um… ER: And you said you were outside really often, you know, playing, like – IG: Oh, yeah, all day. In the summer, from the time you get up till you go to bed almost, except for coming in to eat, we were outside all the time, yes.’ ER: What about swimming? IG: We got a lot of sun, never used, uh, what do you call it? Sun… ER: Suntan lotion? �IG: Sunblock? Yeah, whatever. ER: Sunblock, oh my gosh. IG: Sunscreen, never, I didn’t even know it existed, so we never, ever used that. And we were out in the sun all the time, everybody, all the kids. Oh, and then fruit in the summer. We always had, uh, my dad would – used to come around with trucks of watermelons and cantaloupe. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: And they were real cheap, so we always bought lots of watermelons and cantaloupes. So we had a lot of that in the summer. In the winter, um, I think mainly, like, plums and apples. But not – peaches, my mom used to can. Oh, and my dad had a huge – two – two gardens, actually three gardens. He had one in North Lawrence. ER: Three gardens. Oh, my gosh. IG: A huge garden, and he did corn, and – and carrots, and radishes, and tomatoes. Tons of tomatoes, and, um, lots and lots, onions, he did – he planted a lot of stuff, ‘cause we used to go to the gardens with him and pick. He’d bring bushels and bushel baskets home. Somebody – somebody who had a truck would bring ‘em for him. ER: Okay. IG: But he’d walk from our house to North Lawrence to where his garden was, and then when the produce was ready, they would help him bring it home, and then my mom did a lot of canning. So, she canned a lot of that – the fruits and the vegetables. And then, somebody said he had one near our house, which I didn’t know about that one. And then he had one in our backyard. So we, he grew a lot of, uh, vegetables. ER: That must have been an enormous amount of work. IG: Yeah, so I think we ate – ate well. ER: Did he sell any of the vegetables, or did your mom just can whatever was left over? IG: No, yeah, she just canned it. Yeah. ER: What about swimming? Um, I remember some people I interviewed said that they were not allowed to go to the swimming pool in Lawrence, and so they went to the river instead. They said that was pretty dangerous. IG: Yes, well, that’s another sad thing, none of us learned how to swim, except for I think one brother, ‘cause he used to go to the river to swim. But that was – that’s true, you couldn’t use the public swimming pool. But no, none of us ever learned to swim, to this day I didn’t, because I �guess when you grow up and you’ve never been around water that – to swim, you just, I had a little fear of it, so I just never…never did learn to swim. ER: Oh, okay. I was – I was curious about that. I’d actually heard several talk about how – you know, they’d say, well, we went down to the river, stood on the sandbars, and it was so dangerous, but we didn’t think that at the time you know, because when you’re kids, you just don’t think about it. IG: Well, and then our parents, uh, forbid us to go after one of the Mendoza boys, a young boy, I think he was about nine or ten, was swimming in the river, and he drowned. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: I remember that, he would have – I think he was, like, a couple years younger than me. And so then, you know, our parents didn’t – didn’t allow us to go there. One brother went anyway. Um, so he was a – one of the rebellious ones that had all kinds of experiences that – ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: Some he’s shared, some he has not shared. But, uh… ER: Probably for the best. IG: Yeah. Anyway. But, um, so as far as – we used to play, um, we went to New York School, which was just, like, a block and a half from our house. And, um, they, um, had a big, you know, playground outside, and a jungle gym, and a few equipment, so all summer when school was out, we could go there to play. ER: Oh, how fun. IG: We used to go. And then they had a summer, some kind of summer program where they – they would set up ping pong tables and box hockey and have competitions, you get a snack, so all the kids, we always went there. And then on Sundays, we’d go play baseball on their field there. So, it was real nice that we had that, uh, that school so close to our house. ER: I imagine that was fun. IG: Oh, yeah. It was a lot of fun to go there. And I remember when it snowed a whole bunch, ‘cause when I was little, it seemed like it snowed more in the winter. Uh, I just remember my, we kind of enjoyed it when it was a lot of snow, because my dad would not let us go to school. We walked. We walked to – now, this would not have been New York School. It would have been St. John’s, which was about a mile. ER: Oh, okay. �IG: It would have been the middle school, uh, Central Junior High, which was 14th and Mass [Street]. And then the high school, which was about three miles. But I used to walk home. We got a ride to school, but I’d always walk home from Lawrence High or Central Junior High. But if it was real high snow, because, you know, back then I forgot, you know, girls didn’t wear pants. So, we only wore skirts. ER: Yeah, that’s true. IG: Yeah, so we had skirts on, and then, you know, short socks, and the shoes. So your legs are exposed, of course we have a coat on, but not to cover our legs, and so, I just remember we, our legs would be red. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: Our faces were red when we got to school, bright red. Uh, and I remember one teacher at Lawrence, I mean at the Central Junior High, my ninth grade English teacher, Mrs. Black. My locker was right outside her room, and you go to your locker first, and I got there and it was a real cold winter day, and I know my face was bright red, and my legs. She came out of her room and saw me getting in my locker, and she – she came up and started, like, patting and rubbing my cheeks and saying: “You poor little thing,” ‘cause I was all red. ER: Oh. IG: But, uh, she was feeling sorry for me, for walking, but, um. So, on those days, especially deep snow, we didn’t have boots. He said: “No, don’t” – he’d tell my mom, he’d go to work, but he’d tell my mom: “Don’t send the kids.” Because he didn’t want us to be out in the snow and that cold without, you know, proper – proper clothing. And I don’t know if the boys went, they had pants. I don’t remember. But he didn’t want us to go, because it was just too cold, he said. ER: I can’t, I can’t imagine walking to school dressed like that in the kind of weather that we had just last week. IG: Yeah. Yeah, no. ER: I was thinking, my gosh, it’s dangerous for kids just to be out in this kind of weather, and… IG: And some of ‘em, like, waiting for a bus now, that’s, yeah. That’s why they canceled for a couple of days. ER: That was a wise decision. I… IG: Mm-hmm. ER: It’s so easy to take for granted all the things that we have now, especially in – in doing these interviews, you know, things that never even occurred to me that we just have access to. �IG: Oh, yeah, we just – well, everybody had outhouses back then. I remember outhouses. So you know, if you had to go when it’s dark or raining or cold – ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: You still had to go outside to go to the outhouse, but also, we didn’t have, uh, since we had an outhouse only, we didn’t have a tub, like with running water. ER: Oh, that’s right. IG: So we had a big, what they called a [unintelligible]. It’s a metal, round metal container, and one of ‘em was kind of oblong, like what you see is a horse trough, you know the horses, they get water? ER: Yeah, yeah. IG: We had two, a round one and then an oblong one. And we, Mom would put – in the winter, she’d put it in the kitchen and then boil water and then put regular water and hot water in there, and, uh, everybody would have to take turns taking baths there in the kitchen, where it was warm. ER: Oh, so much work. Oh, my gosh. IG: In summer. Lot of work, yeah, with so many children. Well, Saturday, and that was probably a lot of people, Saturday was your bath day, so it was just once a week. But everybody had to take turns, and I think we did it, ‘cause I always did it with my sister, who was two years older than me, so we were in that tub two at a time. And then, uh, in the summer she put the – it was outside. And she’d fill it up and we’d take our baths on the side of our house. Just outside. ER: Oh, my goodness. IG: I know! One thing is, we – we, the neighbors on one side would be the opposite side of our house. They couldn’t see us. It was a real small little house, with an elderly couple. And then on the other side was a barn. I don’t even know what it was. It was a big huge barn that ran from the front of our house to the end of our house, the alley. So, there’s nobody in there to see us either, so we were, uh, so, you know, we weren’t exposed to anybody. But I don’t even know what kind of barn that was, it was a huge barn, at first I thought it was some kind of a car place, but now I don’t even remember what it was. ER: So no livestock or anything, just… IG: No. ER: I mean, I guess you would have smelled that if it was. IG: Yeah. Yeah. �ER: Oh, my goodness. Well, thank you for taking the time to talk with me. IG: Sure. ER: I don’t want to take up too much of your time, I know you’ve got things to take care of, but I appreciate you telling me about what life was like back then. IG: Sure. Sure, you’re welcome. And good luck. Are you, you say, you’re the doctoral student, right? ER: Yes, ma’am. IG: That – that is amazing. I just – I went to KU, but only got the graduate. I didn’t go get a Master’s or anything. This was a long time ago, I was there in the ‘60s, and um, nobody encourages us back then to go to school at all, or even continue. I don’t know, it’s just, I guess being poor, nobody thought we could do it, but my daughter is a teacher also, and, uh, she has a Master’s, and she so badly wants to get a doctorate, but, um, she has four children and it’s kind of hard right now. But she really, really wants to do that. I hope she gets to, so congratulations to you, best of luck. ER: Thank you. And best of luck to your daughter. If she can get a Master’s, she can get a doctorate. I promise. IG: That’s what I’m saying. She’s real smart. So I’m sure she will eventually, some time. ER: I’m actually enjoying the doctorate more than I enjoyed the Master’s work, so I hope the same is true for her. IG: Oh, good. Good. ER: Well, thank you, Isabel. IG: Okay. Thank you. ER: Have a wonderful evening. IG: Okay. Uh-huh. Bye-bye. ER: Take care. Bye. IG: You too. Bye. END OF TAPE � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Yarda Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource La Yarda (Lawrence, Kan.) Mexican Americans -- Housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- History -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- Social conditions -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource La Yarda was a neighborhood of worker housing provided by the Santa Fe Railroad for Mexican-American railroad workers in Lawrence, Kansas; located near the Kansas (Kaw) River, the neighborhood was largely destroyed by a major flood in 1951. In 2006, Helen Krische, archivist at the Watkins Community Museum, began an oral history project to document the La Yarda and Mexican-American communities in Lawrence, Kansas. The project was resumed in 2019 by Nora Murphy and Emily Raymond. The interviews primarily feature the children of the railroad workers who migrated to Lawrence in the early 20th century; they describe daily life, social activities, and living conditions in the Mexican-American community in Lawrence from roughly the 1920s through the 1970s. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived La Yarda Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Community Museum (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 2019 2021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource These works are the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Raymond, Emily Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Gonzales, Isabel (Chavez) Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:41:21 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 192 kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Isabel (Chavez) Gonzales La Yarda Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gonzales, Isabel (Chavez) Description An account of the resource Isabel (Chavez) Gonzalez was interviewed by Emily Raymond on February 19, 2021, as part of an oral history project to document the La Yarda and Mexican-American communities in Lawrence, Kansas. La Yarda was a neighborhood of worker housing provided by the Santa Fe Railroad for Mexican-American railroad workers; located near the Kansas (Kaw) River, the neighborhood was largely destroyed by a major flood in 1951. Isabel grew up in East Lawrence, and recounts her childhood as part of Lawrence's Mexican-American community. She attended St. John's School, Central Middle School, and Lawrence High School; she also discusses her family's experiences as part of the St. John's Church congregation. She shares memories of childhood pasttimes, life without indoor plumbing, and her father's extensive vegetable gardens. Isabel describes her family's migration from Mexico to Lawrence, and discusses experiences of discrimination and segregation faced by the Mexican-American community in Lawrence. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Raymond, Emily Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1920s - 1970s Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-02-19 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 (audio recording) PDF (transcription) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 7-IGonzales-20210219.mp3 (audio) 7-IGonzales-20210219.pdf (transcription) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Community Museum (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the audio recording of this interview, go to <a href="https://archive.org/details/7-igonzales-20210219">https://archive.org/details/7-igonzales-20210219</a>. The <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">Watkins Museum of History</a> also holds items related to this collection. <a href="https://archives.lib.ku.edu/repositories/3/resources/5295">Additional research on the La Yarda community</a> is held at the Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Published with the permission of Isabel Gonzales. This work is the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived La Yarda Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource La Yarda (Lawrence, Kan.) Mexican Americans -- Housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- History -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- Social conditions -- Kansas -- Lawrence Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History