14 25 1555 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/cda2504990a1f153bb7f989cecb5c06b.jpg e23b6b65efd2b46e85c70dd6da912fd2 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/b69cc36073ce51dbe3217ad23aad4c18.jpg 7c15a2d4181096629906986060e5c5f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fitzpatrick-Postma Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of postcards collected by Lawrence, Kansas, residents Charline Fitzpatrick and her daughter Sally Postma. The collection focuses on resources related to the history of Lawrence, Kansas, including scenes of buildings, events, and people in Lawrence, as well as commercial advertisements for businesses located in Lawrence. The collection was loaned to the Lawrence Public Library for scanning and inclusion in the Digital Douglas County History project by Rosalea and Peter Carttar. Scanning and metadata creation for much of the collection was completed by Kylie Hewitt during the summer of 2016. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Postcard Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 5 5/8" x 3 7/16" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Improved Order of the White Kittens Postcard Subject The topic of the resource Clubs -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Postcard with a note from the Improved Order of the White Kittens on the front. The note is from the Supreme August Tabby. Above the note are two outlines of cats. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Improved Order of the White Kittens Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Fitzpatrick-Postma Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Unknown Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fitzpatrick, Charline Postma, Sally Carttar, Rosalea Carttar, Peter Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Still Image Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 7_River_Ice_to_Tornado(cp_168a) 7_River_Ice_to_Tornado(cp_168b) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence, Kan. Acquisition date unknown Abstract A summary of the resource. Postcard with a note from the Improved Order of the White Kittens on the front. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Album 7: River Ice to Tornado Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Photograph Print Drawing Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Acquired by Charline Fitzpatrick or Sally Postma. https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/3208ff62f80a5343a410c592bcab642d.pdf ae8cf9a3a7258f4f2289aa059caf9468 PDF Text Text .. -~----=..---. -..:.-~.-------- ..... ----- . 1- �INDEX OF DEATHS AND BIRTHS IN DAILY NEWSPAPERS OF LAWRENCE, DOUGLAS COUNTY, KANSAS, 1864-1872 �INDEX OF DEATHS AND BIRTHS IN DAILY NEWSPAPERS OF LAWRENCE, DOUGLAS COUNTY, KANSAS, 1864-1872 Compiled by members of Douglas County Genealogical Society Paul R. Jordan, Project Coordinator Copyright 1999 Douglas County Genealogical Society ��Acknowledgments The following members of Douglas County Genealogical Society, Inc. contributed to the production of this work and their efforts are hereby acknowledged with thanks and appreciation of the Douglas County Genealogical Society, Inc. Newspaper information recorders Mary Burchill Paul Jordan Judy Sweets Donald Vaughn Wilma Vaughn Charles Worley Erma Worley Coordinator, text, and data entry Paul Jordan Text editor J. Bunker Clark Proofreaders Mary and Brower Burchill Beverley and Lawrence Chapman Carolyn and Paul Jordan Jack Landreth Erma and Charles Worley �INDEX OF DEATHS AND BIRTHS IN DAILY NEWSPAPERS OF LAWRENCE, DOUGLAS COUNTY, KANSAS, 1864-1872 INTRODUCTION This index begins with newspapers just before 1864 (29 November 1863) because deaths in Douglas County in earlier newspapers, 1855-63, are already abstracted in the two volumes of Complete Tombstone Census of Douglas County, Kansas, published by the Douglas County Genealogical Society. Deaths in newspapers of 1855-60 are covered in volume 1 (1987), pages 254-59, and deaths reported in 1861-63 are covered in volume 2 (1989), pages 420-27. Births are not included in the Tombstone Census, but we de<;:ided to include births in this index. About 1,000 entries, by far the greatest number of them deaths, are listed in the present index of deaths and births. For newspapers of March 1873 through July 1880 we plan to publish an index of all genealogically useful information. WHAT NEWSPAPERS ARE INDEXED? The Lawrence daily newspapers available in the Lawrence Public Library are indexed. These are the Kansas Daily Tribune 29 November 1863 through 10 August 1869 (10 spools of microfilm), the Republican Daily Journal 11 August 1869 through 3 March 1872 (6 spools), and the Kansas Daily Tribune 5 March 1872 through 4 March 1873 (1 spool and parts of 2 others). WHAT KINDS OF ITEMS ARE INDEXED? We indexed each item in the news and letters columns that specified or indicated a death or birth that may have occurred in Douglas County, and/ or the person mimed was a resident or former resident of Douglas County or a relative of a resident of Douglas County, for which the news item indicated an exact or approXimate date of the occurrence. Thus, one person's death may be indexed more than once; for example, the death notice, the notice or report bf the funeral, and a resolution by the deceased's lodge. An indexed news article may report that the person died one year before, or 10 or more years before. A researcher should read every item indexed for an individual's death, as the name may have peen printed differently or different relatibnships or other details may have been reported. An indexed birth may have been reported soon after the occasion, or indicated by report of a birthday celebration (it could have been the 8th or 82nd birthday). 1 �WHAT PARTS OF THE NEWSPAPERS ARE NOT INDEXED? Legal notices and commercial advertisements are not indexed. WHAT IS THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF ITEMS INDEXED? Lawrence newspapers of the 1860s and 1870s generally did not present full obituaries as modern newspapers do. Usually only the person's name and day of death are given, sometimes the name of a surviving spouse, but rarely the deceased's age, birth place, or other details. Names of infants are usually not given, but parents' names instead, in both death and birth notices. An indication of a birth was usually written in an obscure style, with no caption, as for example, "An important event has transpired in the family of our friend Mr. Menet, the city clerk. The event was a pleasant one and consisted in the appearance into the family of a little daughter." Sometimes an indication of a death is indirect, as "We were shown yesterday by Dr. Abdelal, the small shot which caused the death of Mr. Moore." Death notices printed with no name attached are indexed preceding the "A" names. The Lawrence newspapers reported some news of Douglas County people outside Lawrence, but much less than for Lawrence people. ARE PAGE NUMBERS PRINTED ON THE NEWSPAPERS? The newspapers generally had four pages, and page numbers were not printed. To aid the user, in most cases we have listed a page number; that is, the first, second, third, or fourth page of the order in which they appear on the microfilm. Sometimes a second copy of a page is on the microfilm, in which case we did not count the second copy in our page numbering. DID THE NEWSPAPERS REPORT ALL THE DEATHS AND BIRTHS THAT OCCURRED? Occasionally a newspaper would have a "mortuary report" showing the number of deaths during a period of a few weeks or months. Comparison of the number of deaths reported by name with the count in the mortuary report indicate,S that about one-fourth to less than one-half of the deaths were reported in the newspapers. No comparison is available for births, but we suspect that a very small proportion of the actual births were reported in the newspapers. 2 �BOW CAN COPIES OF THE NEWSPAPERS BE SEEN? Microfilms of the newspapers indexed are in the Lawrence Public Library and the library of the Kansas State Historical Society in Topeka. Those through 3 March 1872 are also in the Kansas Collection in Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas. Those in the State Historical Society are available on interlibrary loan. CAN I HAVE SOMEONE MARE COPIES OF INDEXED ITEMS FOR ME? Upon written request with payment in advance and clear specification of items wanted, the Douglas County Genealogical Society will make copies of indexed items. The cost in 1999, subject to change in the future, is $5 for the first item and $1 for each additional item in the same request. Be aware that additional items for the same person's death or birth mayor may not contain additional information. Our address is P.O. Box 3664, Lawrence, KS 660460664. IS THE INDEX COMPLETE AND PERFECT IN EVERY RESPECT? We have done our best, but there may be some mistakes and omissions. The index has been proofread with the work sheets, but the work sheets have not been checked against the newspapers. If you don't find an item on the page listed, look at the other pages in the same issue. If still not found, look at the previous and following issues. We indexed according to the spelling given in the newspaper, so look for possible alternate spellings or misspellings including typographic errors. For example, if looking for a HANNOLD also look for HONNOLD. WHAT DID ONE NEWSPAPER HAVE TO SAY ABOUT TBE VALUE OF PRESERVING NEWSPAPERS? A newspaper slightly later than the period indexed (Daily Kansas Tribune, 22 November 1874) commented, "The files of our city papers constitute extremely valuable archives, which increase in worth as time rolls on and detailed data of current events in the past become scarcer. Unlike the parent states, Kansas was fortunate in having a vigorous press, contemporaneously with her first settlement, and consequently all important events of her exceptionally eventful history is of record on the pages of her papers. To preserve in the safest and most convenient form complete files of their papers should be the care of our commonwealth and our cities. It occurs to us that here in Lawrence we have a most convenient means through which this may be assured in the future. Our city library is furnished day by day 3 �and week by week with the issues of our local press. Let the city council authorize and instruct the city librarian to carefully preserve the files in her care and from time to time have them bound in a convenient shape for preservation. Their constantly enhancing value would amply repay the trifling expense. II The newspaper said nothing about the value of indexes, possibly because that would have been asking too much at that time. 4 �Newspaper name Date of KDT, Kansas DaiJy Tribune newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Joumal Name name not shown (soldier) name not shown (man) name not shown (infant) name not shown (man) name not shown (man expected to die) name not shown (young man) 30 May 1872 15 Jun 1870 30 Aug 1870 16 Jun 1870 18 Jun 1870 4 3 3 3 3 X X X X KOT ROT ROT ROT ROT 22 Mar 1870 3 X ROT ABDELAI, Mrs. AG. 10 Apr 1870 ABERNATHY, W.H. 3 Mar 1869 ABRAMSON, John L. 10 Sep 1869 ADAMS, Absalone 24 Mar 1865 ADAMS, Henry L Maj. 7 Jun 1870 ADAMS, Mary Georgia 16 Aug 1864 ADAMS, Miss 3 Jan 1869 ADAMS, T.e. 26 Aug 1869 ADAMS,Wm. 31 Dec 1872 AKIN, Marian Asenath 15 Jan 1869 ALBACH, Philip (1863 death) 24 May 1870 ALEXANDER, Freddy S. 12 Sep 1866 ALEXANDER Maggie H. 9 Sep 1864 ALEXANDER, Mrs 13 Sep 1871 ALEXANDER, William James 10 Nov 1866 ALLEN, Asoph, Capt. (disappeared) 13 Jun 1869 ALLEN, Asaph, Capt. (disappearance) 3 Jul1869 ALLEN,AK. 5 May 1871 ALLEN, Asaph K. 5 May 1871 ALLEN, E. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 ALLEN, Luther W. 1 Jan 1867 ALLISON, D.e. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 ANDERSON's son-in-law 15 Sep 1869 ANDERSON, Henry 10 Jull869 ANDERSON, John (1863 death) 24 May 1870 ANGELL (1863 death) 24 May 1870 ANGELL, S.L. 28 Aug 1864 ANTHONY, Matilda 17 Apr 1872 ARCHIBALD, John e. 7 Nov 1866 ARMS, Littie, Miss 14 May 1868 AUDINWOOD, Mary, Mrs. 9 Jul1870 3 3 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4 3 3 3 ROT KOT ROT KOT ROT KOT KOT ROT KOT KOT ROT KOT KOT ROT KOT ROT ROT ROT ROJ ROT KOT ROT ROJ ROT ROJ ROJ KOT KOT KOT KOT ROT BAlLEY, Johnnie BAlLEY, Rosa M. BAKER,Mr. BALDWIN, Hattie A BALLARD, Joe BANGS, Lovisa BANGS, Mrs. BANKS, Anna Prescott 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 27Sep 1870 31 Jul1869 19 Dec 1863 19 Jan 1872 12Jul1870 12 Oct 1871 13 Oct 1871 7 Aug 1868 ---------------- 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ROJ ROT KOT ROJ ROJ ROJ ROT KOT 5 ------------ �Name Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal BANKS, Migella 14 Mar 1869 BANKS, 11hoD1as 26 Apr 1871 BARBER, Margaret Ella 14 Jun 1864 BARBER, Mr. 17Sep 1870 BARBER, Nicholas M. 2 Jul1865 BARNES, W.O. 13 Apr 1871 BASSETT, B.S., Lieut. 13 Mar 1869 BASSETT, B.S., Lieut. 14 Mar 1869 BASSETT, B.S., Lieut. 17 Mar 1869 BASSETT, B.S., Lieut. 24 Mar 1869 BAYLESS, Daniel 14 May 1868 BEARD, Eulelia H 20 Sep 1868 BEEZLEY, Albert 11 Feb 1873 BEEZLY (son of Marshal) 20 May 1868 BELL, Geo. W. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 BENEDICT (infant son) 17 Jan 1871 BENHAM, Charles N. 12 Mar 1869 BENNETT (little boy) 29 Apr 1869 BERRY, John 31 Jan 1869 BERRY, Mrs. 2Jull868 BIGELOW, B.D. 20 Jull867 BLAKELY, A., Rev. 17 Jan 1865 BLAKELY, Charles 31 May 1864 BLANOT, J.W., Mr. 1 Dec 1872 BLISS (infant) 18 Jul1871 BLISS, ED1D1a E., Mrs. 13 Sep 1872 BOHANNON, Joseph 19 Nov 1868 BOWERS (daughter) 14 Nov 1871 BOWERS, SaD1uel (1863 death) 24 May 1870 BOWES, Myra F. 6 Aug 1870 BOYER, J., Mr. 18 May 1870 BOYER, Mr. 19 May 1870 BOYLE, I.M., Mr. 8 Sep 1870 BRANDER, Zena 26Jun 1864 BRANIN, John M. 2 Jun 1869 BRANT, Mr. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 BRASHIER, John 2Jun 1866 BRECHTELSBAUER, Jos. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 BRICK, B.S. 18 Jan 1870 BRICK,S.B. 13 Jan 1870 BRIGGS, Fannie, Mrs. 31 Dec 1863 BRINTONWILDER 27 Jull865 BROCKWAY, Mary Albertina 1 Feb 1866 BROOKS, JaD1es ED1ery 9 Jull864 BROWN, Charles W. 15 Jul1870 BROWN, Everette L. 12 Jul1870 BROWN, Julia, Mrs 27Sep 1867 BROWN, Lewis 27 Feb 1869 BROWN, Mr. 17Sep 1870 BROWN, Mrs. Henry 1 Aug 1871 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 ? X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ ------------------ 6 -------------------- �Newspaper name Date of KDT, Kansas DaiJy Tribune newspaper Page Death Birth RDt Republican Daily Journal Name BRUCE, Frankie (son of C. and J. BUCK) BRUNE, Jolm H., Rev. BRUNER, Mary A BRYANT, Betsy, Mrs. BUCHANAN, Maria BUCHANAN, McKean BUCK, Eva A BUCKINGHAM, H.c. BUCKNER, George BUEL, Col. BUFFUM BUFFUM (2) BULLARD, Frank BURGESS, Marietta Amanda BURGESS, Mayona BURHANS, Caroleta Marie BURNES, Calvin BURNEIT, Abram BURNS, Michael BURT, Geo. (1863 death) BUSH, A.J. BUSSE, Dora BUSSELL, Frances H., Mrs. BUZBY, Elizabeth G 19 Mar 1868 3 X KDT 8 Oct 1867 10 Feb 1872 11 Oct 1866 11 May 1865 21 Apr 1872 27 Aug 1871 12 May 1870 24 Dec 1868 26 Jul1870 17 Sep 1870 2 Jul1870 7 Jan 1864 16 Jull864 16 Jull864 29 Jull868 30 Apr 1870 17 Jun 1870 21 Jul1870 24 May 1870 30 Apr 1865 7 Feb 1869 21 Apr 1869 10 Aug 1865 2 2 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KDT RDT KDT KDT KDT RDT RDT KDT RDT RDT RDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDT RDT RDT RDT KDT KDT KDT KDT X X X X X X X X KDT KDT KDT KDT RDT RDT KDT KDT RDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDT RDT KDT RDT RDT KDT RDT KDT CALDWELL,S 14 Jan 1866 CALLAHAN, Jolm 23 Oct 1866 CAMERON, Ray 4 Jull867 CAMPBALL, Stella 27 Aug 1865 CAREY (daughter) 22 Apr 1869 CARPENTER, Louis (1863 death) 24 May 1870 CARPENTER, N.C., Mr. 17 Dec 1865 CARR,Mr. 25Apr 1872 CARTER, Lawrence (1854 birth date) 14 Aug 1870 CARTER, William 3 Sep 1872 CARTWRlGHT, Peter 27Sep 1872 CHADWICK, Julia F., Mrs. 3 Apr 1872 CHAIN, Lorina J., Mrs. 23 Apr 1872 CHAMBERLAIN, Perifna, Mrs. 10 May 1864 CHAPIN, Jessie Zerriah 31 Dec 1868 CHARLTON (infant dau. of Mr. Jolm) 3 Apr 1870 CHRlSLER 16 Nov 1871 CHRlSTIAN, Robert 20 Feb 1873 CLARK, Joseph N. 25 Feb 1872 CLARKE, Gertrude Parker 30 Sep 1870 CLARKE, Mary 8 Nov 1868 CLARKE or CLARK, Dr. (1854 death) 15 Sep 1870 CLAY, Henry 22 Aug 1865 ------------------- 7 4 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 2 3 3 4 2 3 2 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ---------------- �Name Newspaper name Date of KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Joumal CLAYTON 26 Mar 1872 4 CLAYTON (3 children) 22 Mar 1872 4 CLAYTON (child) 23 Mar 1872 4 CLAYTON, Sandy 22 Mar 1872 4 CLOUD, Charles (1863 death) 24 May 1870 3 CLOUD, James 24 Aug 1870 3 COATES, Geo. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 3 COCKINS, Willie Wallace 23 Jul1871 2 COLEMAN or COLMAN, S.D. (1863 24 May 1870 3 death) COLLAMORE 17Sep 1870 2 COLLAMUR (1863 death) 24 May 1870 3 COLLIMORE (1863 death) 24 May 1870 3 COLLINS, A.D., Capt. 18 Aug 1872 4 COLLINS, William Elliott 13 Aug 1872 4 COLMAN or COLEMAN, S.D. (1863 24 May 1870 3 death) CONGER, John 16 Jan 1872 3 CONNELL, George W. 2 6 Jan 1872 CONNELL, George W. 6 Jan 1872 3 CONNELLY, Mrs. Robert 16 Feb 1873 4 COOK (infant) 10 Aug 1871 3 COOK, Albert 6 Jul1871 3 COOMBS, James Clinton 8 Sep 1868 2 COOPER, Jas. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 3 CORDLEY, James 18Jun 1868 2 CORDLEY 18 Jun 1868 3 CORNEL, J. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 3 CORNELL, Birdie Blanche 27Sep 1865 COSLEY, John M. 220et 1872 4 COUCH, infant of 31 Aug 1870 3 CRACKLIN, Thbmas E. 9 Jull865 CRAIG, Arthur A. 22 Jun 1871 3 CRANDALL (infant) 24 Sep 1869 3 CRANE, Jno S. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 3 CRANKHITE, Freddie 7 Oct 1864 CRAWFORD, Read, Mr. 10 Mar 1870 3 CRAWFORD, Read, Mr. 11 Mar 1870 3 CRESSEY, William 30 Sep 1868 2 CREW, Mrs. }.S. 15 Feb 1870 3 CREW, Mary J. 18 Feb 1870 3 CROCKER, George F. 18 Mar 1865 CUNNINGHAM, Frances 16 Aug 1864 CURTIS, Alfred 21 Feb 1867 2 CURTIS, Mrs. 8 May 1868 3 CUTLER, Emma D., Mrs. 11 May 1864 3 CUTLER, Harrison 0 19 Aug 1871 2 X X X X X X X X X KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ X X X X X X RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ ---------------- 8 ----------------- �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal Name DAGLE, Jo1m (1863 death) DANFORTH, B., Mr. DANIELS DANIELS, Mr, DAVIS, Mrs. J. A. DAVIS, Mrs. J.A. 24 May 1870 2 Feb 1872 6 Sep 1864 9 Aug 1872 6 Dec 1872 7 Dec 1872 3 3 4 4 4, eols. 2&3 25 May 1864 3 29 Jul1868 2 17Sep 1867 2 DAVIS, Newton DEARBORN, Luetta DEITZLER (infant of Geo. W. and AnnieM.) DELANO, William A. DENMAN, Samuel (Col.) DERSHAM, Luolo DICKSON, Rebbeca M., Mrs. DINSMORE, William A. DINSMOUR, Frank F. DISBROW, Arthur Newell DISBROW, William Bryant DIX DIX, R.c. (1863 death) DIX, Stephen (1863 death) DOHERTY, Geo. G., Esq. DOW, H.P., Major DOW,Mr. DOY, John, Dr. DOYLE, Michael DOYLE, Thomas DRAKE, Mrs. F.S. DRISDEN (wife) DUFOE, Arathusa L., Mrs. DULINSKI, Mrs. DULINSKY, S. (1863 death) DUNCAN, Emma DUNCAN, Kate B. DUREN, Adeline DYER, Frank (1863 death) 21 Jull868 6 Jul1871 27Sep 1868 19 Jan 1868 18 Apr 1867 18 Apr 1869 3 Oct 1868 11 Sep 1866 17 Sep 1870 24 May 1870 24 May 1870 15 Mar 1871 16 Jul1864 17Sep 1870 17 Jun 1869 7 May 1871 13 Oct 1865 22 Jan 1869 8 Feb 1870 23 Apr 1864 9 Dec 1871 24 May 1870 19 Dec 1868 16 Oct 1867 29 Jul1864 24 May 1870 EAGER,H.J. EARL EARL, Edith M. EARL, Jennie, M., Mrs. EARL, Willie C. EARLE (1863 death) EDWARDS, Elisha Alfred EDWARDS (boy) EDWARDS, Mary Louisa EHLES, Aug. (1863 death) 28 Nov 1871 3 17Sep 1870 2 18 Nov 1866 2 5 Mar 1872 4 27 Oct 1866 2 24 May 1870 3 20 Jan 1869 2 20 Jan 1869 3 15 Aug 1867 2 24 May 1870 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 ? X X X X X RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT X X X KDT KDT KDT X X X X X X KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ ------------------- 9 ---------------------- �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas DaiJy Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDt Republican DaiJy JoumaJ Name EIDEMILLER, Alexander C EKIN, John, Rev ELDERMILLER, Wm. Cheever ELDRIDGE ELDRIDGE, Mrs~ S.W. ELDRIDGE, Augusta M. ELDRIDGE, Jas. (1863 death) ELDRIDGE, Lyman ELDRIDGE, Mary R., Mrs. ELLIOTT, Mary Ellen ELLIS, Annie, Mrs. ELLIS, August (1863 death) ELLIS, Lieut. ELLIS, Mrs. ELMORE, Rush ELMORE, Susan T., Mrs. ENDRISS, CG., Mr. ENGELSMANN, Louisa ENGLER, Carl (1863 death) ENGLESMAN (1863 death) ENOS,Mr. ENOS, Mr. ENOS, Mr. H.L. EVANS, Jno. Z. (1863 death) EVANS, Willie Henry EWING, Mary, Mrs. EWING,Mrs. EYER,John 13 Aug 1870 2 Oct 1869 14 Nov 1867 17Sep 1870 7 Mar 1869 15 Feb 1867 24 May 1870 18 Jull865 6 Mar 1869 14 Sep 1869 18 Aug 1870 24 May 1870 22 May 1864 19 Aug 1870 19 Aug 1864 27 Nov 1869 3 Jul1870 26 Jul1864 24 May 1870 24 May 1870 10 Jul1870 19 Sep 1870 30 Jun 1870 24 May 1870 18 Sep 1870 4 Feb 1871 4 Feb 1871 12Sep 1872 FALLEY, Clara E. FANNING, Mary, Mrs. FARIS FARIS, Charles Arthur FARIS, Mary G., Mrs. FARIS, Mary G., Mrs. FAXON, Clifton Henry FENN, Edgar S.B. FERREL or TERREL, Mary A. FERREL or TERREL, Mary A. FESSANDER, Wm. Pitt FILLMORE FILLMORE, Lemuel (1863 death) FINLEY, James, Captain FISH, Lafayette FITCH FITCH, E.P. (1863 death) FITTON, Joanna D., Mrs. FLORER (girl of Johnie) FORD, George Arthur 13 Sep 1870 23 Aug 1872 24 May 1868 16 Jull868 22 May 1868 23 May 1868 12 Oct 1866 23 Oct 1869 12 Dec 1867 19 Dec 1867 5 Oct 1870 17 Sep 1870 24 May 1870 18 Sep 1864 10 Oct 1868 17 Sep 1870 24 May 1870 21 May 1872 28 Apr 1870 5 Oct 1867 ----------------- 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 2 , X X X X X RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT 10 ---------------- �Name Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Joumal 24 May 1870 24 May 1870 10 Nov 1871 20 Jan 1871 30 Oct 1866 28 Oct 1866 24 May 1870 24 May 1870 20 Apr 1871 6 Jan 1870 26 Jun 1870 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 X X X X X X X ? X X X RDT RDJ RDT ROT KDT KOT RDT RDJ ROJ ROJ RDJ GABRIELSON, Mr. 9 Sep 1869 GARCLAN, Clara Amanda 9 Nov 1866 GARDNER, Orlando B. 14 Mar 1869 GARRET (prob. maiden name of Mrs. 8 May 1868 CURTIS) GARRETT 14 Oct 1865 GARRETT, Nancy F., Mrs. 9 Jun 1864 GARRISON, "Doc" 21 Nov 1872 GARRISON, "Doc" 26 Nov 1872 GARRISON, "Doc" 6 Dec 1872 GARRISON, "Doc" 4 Mar 1873 GARRISON, Guinife 23 Nov 1872 GATES 17Sep 1870 GATES, Levi (1863 death) 24 May 1870 GEIL, Jno B. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 GENSEN, George 1 Oct 1870 GENTRY (1863 death) 24 May 1870 GERRARD, George (1863 death) 24 May 1870 GILL, Mary and Minnie 22 Aug 1869 GILLESPIE, John R. 8 Apr 1868 GILPATRICK, Dr. 3 Dec 1863 GIRBAL, Anthony (1863 death) 24 May 1870 GLENN (child) 29 Apr 1869 GLENN, A. Lee 19 Jull865 GODFREY, George 20 May 1864 GODIN, Mrs. Joel K. "mortally ill" 21 May 1870 GODWIN, Albro 3 Aug 1864 GOODIN, Elizabeth C. 27 May 1870 GOTHEN, David 5 Sep1865 GOULD (infant of G.R. and Annie) 24 Feb 1870 GOULD, Oscar 11 Feb 1872 GOW, James 1 Mar 1865 GRANGER, Henry 14 Jan 1868 GRATON or GRUTON, John R., Capt. 5 Oct 1872 GRATTY, William B 2 Nov 1865 GRAY, Joshua L 28 Aug 1868 GREEN, Jno. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 3 2 3 3 X RDJ KDT KDT KDT FRANK, Joseph (1863 death) FRAWLY, John (1863 death) FRICKER, Henry A. FRISBIE, Charles C. FRITZEL, Annie Mary FRITZEL, John Henry FRLICH?, S.H. (1863 death) FROMLEY, John (1863 death) FULLER, Fannie, Mrs. FULLER, Katie FURBER, John 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 ? X X X X X X X X X X X X ? X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KOT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ ROJ KDT KDT KDT KOT KDT RDJ ---------------------- 11 --------------------- �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal Name GREENE, Mrs. GREGG, Fortune (1863 death) GRIFFITH, Bessie GRIMSLEY, Abram GRISWOLD GRISWOLD GRISWOLD, Abner (1863 death) GRISWOLD, Dr. GRISWOLD, J.F. (1863 death) GRISWOLD, Watt (1863 death) GROVENOR, Ellen M., Mrs. GROVENOR, Ellen M. GROVENOR, Ellen M., Mrs. GROVE NOR, Fanny 14 Jun 1870 24 May 1870 9 Oct 1872 7 Aug 1864 4 Mar 1865 17 Sep 1870 24 May 1870 19 Dec 1863 24 May 1870 24 May 1870 7 Apr 1869 8 Apr 1869 8 Apr 1869 2 Oct 1872 GROVENOR, Farune 2 Oct 1872 GROVENOR, Fannie 3 Oct 1872 GROVENOR, H.P. 30 Aug 1864 GROVENOR, H.P. 10Sep 1864 GROVENOR, John Crane 20 Jun 1865 GR9VENOR, Mrs. Gurdon 7 Apr 1869 GRUTON or GRATON, John R., Capt. 5 Oct 1872 GUEST, Irene 21 Oct 1871 GUEST, Mary A., Mrs. 23 Feb 1864 HADLEY (child) HADLEY (infant) HADLEY, Arthur E HADLEY, Arthur E HADLEY, Charles F. HADLEY, Charles F. HADLEY, Charles F. HADLEY, Harry S. HAGAN, Mr. HAGUE, Job, Rev. fIALDERMAN, Aaron (1863 death) HALE, Mrs. John K. HALL, Jim "recovery almost impossible" HALL, Mrs. Wm. S HALLETT, Samuel HALLETT, Samuel HALLETT, Samuel HAMILTON HAMILTON (infant son) HAMILTON, Mary A., Mrs. HAMILTON, William HAMPTON, E.J. 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 4, col. 2 4, col. 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT X KDT X X X X X X X X KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT 11 Oct 1871 8 Oct 1872 10 Oct 1871 10 Oct 1871 30 Oct 1872 1 Nov 1872 2 Nov 1872 27Sep 1867 12 Feb 1864 23 Apr 1872 24 May 1870 30 Mar 1870 28 Apr 1869 3 4 2 3 4 4 4 2 3 1 3 4 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT 24 Nov 1871 30 Jul1864 31 Jul1864 16 Aug 1864 19 Apr 1865 20 Dec 1870 11 Oct 1871 4 Dec 1869 8 Feb 1865 3 X X X X X X X X X RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT --------------------- 3 2 3 3 12 ------------------- �Name Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal HANCOCK, Benj. S. 9 Nov 1872 20 Mar 1864 HANNEGAN, J. HARDWICK, Frances B 5 Sep 1866 HARFORD, Mary E. 9 Jul1871 HARMON, CA, Mr. 9 Nov 1872 HARRIS, Charles E. 28Sep 1866 HARRIS, Ettie 13 Oct 1868 HARRIS, Nettie 29Sep 1868 HARRIS, Mr. 26 Nov 1870 HARRIS, William B 27 Feb 1870 HASELTINE, Ernest Merrell 20 Jun 1871 HASELTINE, Martha J 26 May 1866 HASELTINE, Martha J 1 Jun 1866 HASKELL 2 Jul1870 HASKELL, Charles A 12 Feb 1868 HASKELL, Dudley C. 20 Mar 1868 HASS, 1.0. 21 May 1867 HAWKINS, Daniel 22 Dec 1870 HAY, Francis, Mrs. 18 Jun 1864 HAY, Mr. 25 May 1870 HAY, William Eddy 8 Jan 1871 HAYES, Mr. 2 Dec 1863 HEATH, Robert 1 Nov 1872 HEDSPATH, Charles 16 May 1869 HELPHREY, Mary 25 Feb 1872 HENDRIX (1863 death) 24 May 1870 HENRY (1863 death) 24 May 1870 HERMANN, Aurelia 30 Apr 1867 HERRICK,Mr 31 Aug 1867 HERRINGTON, George W. 7 Apr 1868 HERRINGTON, Mary J., Mrs. 20 Oct 1868 HEWITT, Elizabeth, Mrs. (birthday) 25 Dec 1870 HICKS, W.O. 3 Jan 1869 HILL,John 17Sep 1867 HIMOE,M.1. 30 Apr 1870 HOCKET, Franklin Emery 12 Oct 1867 HODGE,J.J 15 Dec 1871 HODGSON, Geo., Mr. ISMay 1864 HOLMES (wife of David) 2 May 1868 HOLMES, Jabez 28 Dec 1870 HOLMES, Mr. 29 Dec 1870 HOLMES, Nathan (1863 death) 24 May 1870 HONNOLD (infant of Mr. and Mrs. 4 Oct 1870 AG.) HONNOLD, Herbert Ellsworth 4 Oct 1870 HONNOLD, Mrs. 4 Oct 1870 HaNSCOM, Arthur T 27 Dec 1871 HOOD, Joseph E. 29 Nov 1871 HORNER, Alfred Clarence 28 May 1868 HORTON (baby) 30 Dec 1870 4 3 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X' X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ ------------ 13 ------------------ �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal Name HORTON, Virginia Caroline HOYf,Major HUGHES, William S. HUNf, George W. Esq. HUPP HUSON, Richard, Dr. (1798 birthday) HUTCHINSON, Edwin HUTCHINSON, James A. HUTCHINSON! Rebecca 0 30 Dec 1870 17Sep 1870 5 Feb 1873 26 Mar 1870 17 Sep 1870 21 Dec 1870 28 Oct 1864 22Jun 1870 10 Jan 1866 2 2 4 3 2 3 INGRAM (man, "will probably die") ISERMAN, Charles R. 16 Jull869 11 Aug 1864 3 JACKSON (a man) JACOBSEN, J.F. JAEDICKE (infant) JENNINGS, Edwin JENNINGS, Henry JEWELL, Lawrence Ennes JOHNSON, Ben. (1863 death) JOHNSON, M. (1863 death) JONES, Eliza, Mrs. JONES, Mr. JONES, Mr. JONES, Samuel (1863 death) JOURDAN JUDSON, Mrs. Col. W.R. 1 Jan 1870 8 Aug 1872 18 Jul1871 5 Jan 1873 27 May 1871 17 Jan 1865 24 May 1870 24 May 1870 29Sep 1866 17 Sep 1870 18Jun 1870 24 May 1870 8 Nov 1872 28 Apr 1870 3 4 3 4 3 KALTANHAUSER, George (seriously 3 Sep 1870 injured) KATTEN, Mrs. 3 Feb 1869 KEARNS, James 29 Mar 1872 KEDWARD, Mary J., Mrs. 28 Jan 1872 KEELE or KEIFF, Pat (1863 death) 24 May 1870 KEIFF or KEELE, Pat (1863 death) 24 May 1870 KELLERMAN, Mrs. 18 Aug 1869 KENNY, Cora L. 9 Nov 1869 KILWORTH, William Lawrence 9 Jun 1869 KIMBALL 17Sep 1870 KIMBALL, Fred. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 KIMBALL,H. 31 Oct 1871 KING, Dr. 16 Mar 1869 KING, Mathew 25 Apr 1869 KING, Matthew 25 Apr 1869 KIRKPATRICK, Fred Willis 24 Aug 1870 KIRKPATRICK, J.J., Rev. 23 Feb 1869 KISSLER, John 2 Ju11867 --------------------- 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 X X X X X X X X RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT X RDJ KDT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RDJ KOT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ X 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 RDJ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT 14 --------------------- �Newspaper name Name KLAUS, Fred. (1863 death) KLAUS, Wm. (1863 death) KLINE KUEDER,Mr. KUMMEL, AH., Col. KUMMEL, AH., Col. KUMMEL, Julia Curtis, Mrs. KUMMEL, Julia Curtis, Mrs. KUMMELL, AH. KUMMELL, AH., Mr. KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Joumal 24 May 1870 24 May 1870 27 Aug 1864 21 Jun 1870 1 Dec 1872 6 Dec 1872 21 Mar 1871 21 Mar 1871 26 Nov 1872 24 Nov 1872 3 3 LADD, Erastus D., Hon. 27 Aug 1872 LAKIN, Nettie J., Mrs. 30 Oct 1869 LAMBDIN, Guy 29 Sep 1866 LAMBDIN, Milton C 1 Jun 1866 LAMBERT, Harwick (1863 death) 24 May 1870 LANCASTER, Elizabeth F. 11 Apr 1869 LANDES, Jacob 7 May 1865 LANE, Gen. 12Jull866 LANE, James, Gen. 14 Jul1870 LANGLY, One (1863 death) 24 May 1870 LAURIE or LAWRIE, Jno. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 LAURIE or LAWRIE, Wm. (1863 24 May 1870 death) LAWRIE or LAURIE, Jno. (1863 death)24 May 1870 LAWRIE or LAURIE, Wm. (1863 24 May 1870 death) LEARNARD (infant) 5 Sep 1871 LEARNARD, Clarence 11 Sep 1867 LEARNED, Herbert S 17Sep 1868 LEIBEY, James, Dr. 8 Jul1868 LEIS, Catherine 22 Jul1870 LEISCHMAN, Jas. 6 Feb 1873 LENARD, Christopher (1863 death) 24 May 1870 LESLIE (child) 12 Nov 1872 LEWIS, Huldah 24 Dec 1868 LIBBY,E. 15 Jul1869 LIGETT, J.O. (disappeared) 3 Mar 1871 LINDSEY, Daniel O. 11 Apr 1869 LINEBACK, Henry (1863 death) 24 May 1870 LITCHFIELD (daughter) 4 Sep 1870 LITCHFIELD, Louis 4Sep 1870 LITCHFIELD, Mr. and Mrs. 4 Sep 1870 LITTLE, Hannah, Mrs. 2Jun 1872 LITTLE, Jno. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 LIVERMORE, Dr. 29 Mar 1872 LOCKARD, Albert 6 Jul1869 LOCKE, Fred J 4 Feb 1866 LOFGREN, Charley 6 Jun 1869 1 3 2 ---------------- 3 4 4 2 3 4 2 X X X X X X X X X X RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT X X X X X X X X X 2 3 3 3 X X KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ kDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ 3 3 X X RDJ RDJ 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 4 3 4 3 X X X X X X X X X X RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ 3 3 3 ? X X X X X X X X X X X 15 ----------------- �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal Name 4 Jun 1864 24 May 1870 31 Mar 1867 3 Aug 1870 24 May 1870 21 Jull868 18 Jull868 12 Jul1870 17Sep 1870 24 May 1870 13 Nov 1872 28 Mar 1872 28 Mar 1872 7 Aug 1870 7 Oct 1870 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 4 1 4 1 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ MACK,Jo1m 11 Oct 1870 MADDOX, George 19 Aug 1868 MANNING, Wilson F. 3 Jan 1867 MARBLE/Mr. 6 Jul1871 MARCH, Adelia L 7Sep 1871 MARCH, Annie B. 7 Sep 1871 MARCH, Edwin E 7Sep 1871 MARCY,Olao 5 Aug 1868 MARKLE, Asbury (1863 death) 24 May 1870 MARKLE, Daniel or David (1863 24 May 1870 death) MARKLE, Louis or Lewis (1863 death) 24 May 1870 MARKLE, Samuel (1863 death) 24 May 1870 MARSH 6 Jul1870 MARSH, Horace E. 6 Jul1870 MARTIN, R. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 MASON, Emiline H., Mrs. 2 Nov 1872 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 X X X X X X X X ? X RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ 3 3 3 3 3 4 X X X X X X RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT 5 Aug 1869 5 Sep 1871 24 May 1870 21 Jun 1872 3 2 3 4 X X X RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT 23 Jun 1872 14 Sep 1864 5 May 1871 11 May 1864 12 May 1864 16 Apr 1870 24 May 1870 7 Oct 1870 19 Sep 1868 24 May 1870 4 2 3 LONGFELLOW, Helen D., Mrs. LONGLY, Mr. (1863 death) LOPEZ, Sarah F. LOTHOLZ, Hermann LOUNDS, Rich. (1863 death) LOVE, Alexander LOVE, Robert LOVELACE (boy) LOWE LOWE, Jno. (1863 death) LUGTON (infant son) LUGTON, Elizabeth, Mrs. LUGTON, Elizabeth, Mrs. LUM (girl) LYON, Jo1m H. McALPINE, Mr. McBRIDE, Charles Arthur ML-<:LELLAN, Mr. (1863 death) McCLOSKEY, Robert W. "may not recover" McCLOSKEY "probably will recover" McCRACKEN, Nelson ML"CRUM, Dr. McCUNE,Mr. ML-cDNE, Jo1m McCURDY, James McfADDEN, J. (1863 death) McFARLAND (Sheriff) McfARLAND, Edward (infant) McFARLAND, Mr. (1863 death) 3 3 3 3 X X X X X X 3 X 2 X X 3 KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ -------------- 16 ------------ �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper P~ge 9 Sep 1871 9 Feb 1864 30 Nov 1869 10 Apr 1869 21 Sep 1869 1 Feb 1871 13 Sep 1866 1 Sep 1870 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 X X X X X X X X RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ MEAD, Agnes B., Mrs. 4 May 1869 MEAIRS, Colfax 20 Jan 1869 MEAIRS, Grant 20 Jan 1869 MEARS (infant of William and Larina) 24 Sep 1867 MEDELL, Mrs. William 8 May 1866 MEDLICOTT, Mrs. Dr. 17 Dec 1870 MEEKY, M. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 MENET (daughter) 17 Apr 1872 MENGER, Helmuth 11 Mar 1866 MENZER, Mr. 7 Apr 1869 MERK,Nancy 26 Aug 1868 MERRICK, John, Capt. 21 Sep 1865 MERWIN, Scott 27 Nov 1866 MILLER, Charles (age 3) 18 Oct 1865 MILLER, Judge 10 Jul1870 MILLER, Robert 3 Mar 1864 MILLER, Robert 3 Mar 1864 MILLER, Sarah L. 15 Dec 1871 MOAK, Cp.ades O. 1 Jan 1873 MOLIARD, A.J.S., Capt. 14 Sep 1872 MOLINARD, Capt. 15 Sep 1872 MONTGOMERY (boy baby) 25 Aug 1872 MONTGOMERY, James L. 5 Feb 1873 MOODY, Louis 15 Feb 1873 MOORE 28 Oct 1866 MOORE, Ava, Mrs. 16 Dec 1871 MOORE, Clara 6Jun 1867 MOORE, Jennie E. 11 Sep 1869 MOORE, Joseph 6 May 1868 MOORE,M.K. 4 Feb 1873 MOORE, Mahlon 22 Feb 1872 MOORE,Mr. 6 Mar 1872 MOORE, Robert Harmon 31 Oct 1866 MORGAN (child) 3 Jul1870 MORRIS, Edward 29 Oct 1870 MORRIS, Jas. S., Capt. 18 Dec 1870 MORRIS, J.B., Capt. 17 Jan 1871 MORROW, Martha 22 Jul1865 MORSE, Frank c., Rev. 17 Jan 1871 MORSE, G.c., Rev. 17Jul1870 MORSE, Luther Horace 16 Sep 1870 3 3 3 2 X KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ X KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT X KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ Name McGHEE, Willie ML--GREW, Grace Anna McGREW, James Miles McKINLEY, J.B. McKINNEY, Margaret McMILLAN, Frank McMILLEN, Mrs. McQUISTON, David R. 3 3 4 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 4 ·4 4 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ---------------------- 17 ---------------------- �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Joumal Name MOSELY, George H. 25 Feb 1872 MOYS,Wm. 7 Nov 1869 MUNK, Mima, Miss 17 May 1870 MURPHEY or MURPHREY, Mr. (186324 May 1870 death) MURPHREY or MURPHEY, Mr. (1863 24 May 1870 death) MURPHY, Jeremiah 16 Jun 1869 MURRAY, Arthur Ewing 9 Jan 1869 MURRAY, Freddie 13 Ju11870 MURRAY, Willie H.H. 9 Nov 1867 MURTHA, Thos.(1863 death) 24 May 1870 2 3 2 3 X X X X RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ 3 X RDJ 3 2 2 2 3 X X X X X RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ NASH, Lillie, Miss NASH, Sallie, Miss NEUSTIFFNER, Jacob NICHOLS, Alma Y., Mrs. NICOLAY, J.H., Mr. NOBLE (two babies of Geo.) NOEL, Frank A. NORDLEHOFFER (son) NUTTON, W. (1863 death) 22 Dec 1872 24 Dec 1872 16 Jan 1872 29 Apr 1870 12 Feb 1871 6 Ju11871 13 Mar 1867 28 Mar 1872 24 May 1870 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 X X X X X X X X X KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ O'BRYAN, Tom O'NEIL, David Charles O'NEIL, Jas. (1863 death) O'SULLIVAN, John (suicide) O'SULLIVAN ("the suicide") OGDEN, Barbara B., Mrs. OLDHAM, Mr. (1863 death) OLIVER, Alvaro T. 10 May 1864 22 Ju11867 24 May 1870 22 May 1870 24 May 1870 1 Feb 1865 24 May 1870 26 Mar 1871 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 X X X X X X X X KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ PACKARD, Lewis PADGETT, Howard PALM, John P. PALMER, Charle~ (1863 death) PALMER, Daniel )1863 death) PARKER, Asbury (1863 death) PARKER, J.L., Mr. PARKER, Milton Asbury PARKER, Theodore PARROTT, Thomas PARTRIDGE (Cora KENNY, adopted) PARTRIDGE, Lena PATTERSON, William 10 Sep 1869 27 Aug 1871 21 Aug 1868 24 May 1870 24 May 1870 24 May 1870 7 Jan 1873 14 May 1870 10 Jan 1871 19 Feb 1864 9 Nov 1869 26 Mar 1868 17 Nov 1872 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 4, col. 2 ---------------------- 18 --------------------- �Name PATTERSON, William Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal 17 Nov 1872 PATTERSON, W. 19 Nov 1872 PEABODY, David G., Maj. 16 Aug 1868 PEABODY, David G., Maj. 16 Aug 1868 PEARCE (maiden name of Mrs. HAY) 18 Jun 1864 PECK (infant son of Mr. & Mrs. John) 26 Apr 1868 PECK (infant) 1 Aug 1871 PENCE, Amanda C. 2Jun 1867 PERCY, Charlotte Helen 11 Jan 1870 PERINE, Jas. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 PERLEY, Allen Haskell 16 Aug 1864 PERRY, George 21 Jan 1864 PERRY, Mary Jane 25 Jul1865 PETTINGILL, Mary E. 9 Jul1871 PHILLIPS, Eddie J. 14 Aug 1870 PICKENS, G.W., Esq. 23 Aug 1872 PICKENS, G.W. 23 Aug 1872 PICKENS, G.W. 24 Aug 1872 PICKENS, G.W., Mr. 31 Aug 1872 PILLA, Fred., Mr. 7 Feb 1871 PLATT (son born) 31 Oct 1866 PLATT, child of KB. 4 Dec 1866 POEHLER, Mrs. Theodore 21 Mar 1871 POEHLER, Ophie, Mrs. 22 Mar 1871 POEHLER, Ophie, Mrs. 24 Mar 1871 POLLOCK, J. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 POMEROY, M.W. 15 Sep 1870 POOLE, Alice 4 May 1870 POPE, Geo. (1863 death) 24 May 1870 POSTON, William W. 13 Apr 1864 POTTS, Mrs. George H. 26 Jul1870 POWERS, Samuel Felton 28 May 1871 PRENTICE 14 Jun 1868 PRENTICE, Sidney Clarke 9 Nov 1870 PRENTICE, Thaddeus 13 Jun 1868 PRENTISS, Hattie May 1 A)1g 1868 PRENTISS, Mary A 23 May 1865 PRICE, Henry 1 Nov 1867 4, col. 3 4 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 1 4 4 4 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 X KDT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ X KDT X KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT X RDJ KDT I\DT KDT KDT X X X X X X X X X X X 2 X X X X QUANTRILL 26 Jul1870 2 X RDJ RAGAN, James RAGEN, James RAMSEY, Irvin B. RAYMOND, Anna READ, Bertie REDDICK, J.B. 9 Jun 1867 7 Jun 1867 24 Jull869 27 Jun 1867 18 Mar 1865 23 Aug 1868 3 3 3 2 X X X X X X KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT 3 ---------- 19 ---------- �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ; Republican Daily Joumal Name REDINGTON, Isabel REDINGTON, Isabel REDINGTON, Mary Chamberlin REEDMILLER or REIDMILLER, A (1863 death) REID, Freddie Birdral REIDMILLERorREEDMILLER,A. (1863 death) REYNOLDS (infant son) REYNOLDS, Mary AG., Mrs. REYNOLDS, Samuel (1863 death) REYNOLDS, T.F. RICHARDSON (child of Lizzie) RICHARDSON (infant) RIDDELL, Rev. Dr. RIDENOUR, J.M. RIGGS, Charles (1863 death) RIGGS, Mrs. Emma J., Mrs. ROACH, Mr. (1863 death) ROBBINS, Mary A, Mrs. ROBERTS, James W. ROBERTS, John M. ROBERTS, Wm.Y., Col. 27 Sep 1871 27Sep 1871 12 Jun 1870 24 May 1870 2 3 2 3 X X X X RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ 19 Sep 1869 24 May 1870 3 3 X X RDJ RDJ 3 Ju11870 23 Jun 1871 24 May 1870 2 Ju11870 24 Apr 1870 28 Aug 1872 2 Feb 1870 2 Dec 1869 24 May 1870 20 May 1868 24 May 1870 26 Mar 1864 18 Aug 1869 7 Aug 1870 10 Feb 1869 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT ROBERTS, W.Y., Col. 10 Feb 1869 X KDT ROBERTS, W.Y., Col. ROBERTS, William Y. ROBERTSON, Charles N. ROBINSON, J., Dr. ROSS,John ROSS, John ROTE, Cynthia, Mrs. ROTE, Harry P. ROTE, Mrs. W.e. RUFERT, Willie H. RUNGE, Goo. (1863 death) RUNGE, S. (1863 death) RUPPEL, Frank RUTH, Isaac M. 11 Feb 1869 11 Feb 1869 22 Oct 1867 2 Apr 1864 18 Mar 1872 21 Mar 1872 16 Jan 1869 2 Sep 1870 6 Nov 1872 9 Aug 1871 24 May 1870 24 May 1870 10 Jun 1868 28 Apr 1871 3 2 3 1 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2, col. 1 2, col. 5 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ SANDS, Willie Gilbert SANDT, Emily V., Mrs. SANDT, Willie Howard SAUNDERS, Abner M. SAUNDERS, Freddy R SCHNEIDER, Ed SCHNEIDER, W.E. SCHOTT, Marie Ann 28 Nov 1871 5 Jun 1868 3 Sep 1868 21 Nov 1871 29 Aug 1871 29 Jun 1870 27 Jun 1870 16 Aug 1867 X X X X X X X X RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 ---------------- 20 --------------- �Name Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal 21 Aug 1872 SCHOTT, Mary Helena 25 May 1870 SCHWAB, Jo1m, Mr. 13 Apr 1869 SCHW ARTZE, C.F. SHANNON, Albert Gallatin 29 Feb 1868 SHANNON, Albert 1 Mar 1868 SHAW, Mr. 28 Jull866 SHAW, William 28 Jul1870 SHEARER, Margaret B, Mrs. 23 Aug 1871 SHELDON, J.S. 30 Jan 1870 SHELLY, Nancy 25 Dec 1866 SHELMAN, Anna, Mrs. 31 Dec 1868 SHIELDS, W.J. 29 Oct 1870 SHOMBRE, Capt. 17Sep 1870 SHUGRUE (son) 12Jul1870 SHUSTER (male) 19 Aug 1869 SILAS, Mexican 3 Feb 1866 SIMMONS, Frank 7 Jan 1873 SIMMONS, Milton B. 9 Mar 1864 SIMMONS, Thomas 30 Jun 1864 SIMPSON (infant son of S.N. and Kate 23 Feb 1868 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 2 KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1.) SIMPSON, boy of S.N. SIMPSON, Samuel SIMPSON, Samuel SKINNER, Dollie SKINNER, Dollie SKINNER, Dolly SLOSSON, Esther V., Mrs. SMITH (twin girls) SMITH, Alden SMITH, Arthur W. SMITH, Charley SMITH, Claude E. SMITH, Jo1m W. SMITH, Mary Inez ,SMITH, Mr. SMITH, Mrs. M.S. SMITH, Olive or Olivia SMITH? ( James M.)? SNIVELEY, Mr. SNYDER,Mr. SNYDER, S.S. (1863 death) SNYDER, W.E. SOULE, Helen SPEER SPEER, (oldest boy) SPEER, Jo1m Jr. (1863 death) SPEER, Joseph 24 Nov 1865 13 Jan 1872 13 Jan 1872 23 Feb 1873 26 Feb 1873 25 Feb 1873 15 Nov 1868 5 Sep 1872 7Sep 1872 1 Aug 1868 27 Mar 1869 7 Mar 1867 5 Feb 1873 30 Aug 1870 26Jun 1870 25 Jun 1871 21 Jull865 17 May 1870 30 Apr 1871 21 Jun 1868 24 May 1870 1 Jul1870 6 Nov 1867 17Sep 1870 29 Dec 1863 24 May 1870 8 Aug 1865 3 2 3 4, cols. 2&3 4 4 3 4 4 2 3 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT X KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT ------------------- 21 -------------------- �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDt Republican DaiJy Journal Name SPEER, Robert (disappearance) SPENCER, Grace Caroline SPICER,Asa SPICER, JOM SPITTLER, Mathew SPROUB?, Marshal STALLEAP, Jennie STANLEY, JOM STARK, Susan, Mrs. STARR,E.E. STEELE, Elizabeth Finley STEVENS (man) STEVENSON, James STEWART STILL, Abraham M.D., Rev. STILL, Martha Elizabeth STONE, Nathan (1863 death) STONESTREET, Ben. (1863 death) STOWE,EM STRICKLER, George Alfred STRONG (boy) SUTHERLAND, Rezin W. SUTLIFF, Helen Sophia SUTLIFF, Helen Sophia SWALLOW, Charles F SWAN,Mr. SWANN, 1.1. (1863 death) SWEENEY, Thomas SWENSON, Pher SWIFT (infant son) TACK (1863 death) TALLMAN, Harry TAYLOR, H.S., Mr. TAYLOR,J.W TENISoN, J.W. TENNEY, AD., Dr. TENNEY, AM., Dr. TERREL or FERREL, Mary A TERREL or FERREL, Mary A TERRY, George TERRY, George G. TERRY, George G. THACHER, Kate, Mrs. THATCHER, Otis THOMAS, Charles M. THOMAS, Mrs. Joel "dangerously ill" THOMPSON, Carrie Eliza THOMPSON, Catherine 3 28 Jan 1864 13 May 1870 2 2 30 Jul1868 4 Dec 1868 2 4 Feb 1873 4 7 Nov 1872 40r5 20 Jull869 3 27 May 1865 12 Mar 1872 4 7Sep 1869 3 9 Feb 1868 2 3 19 Jan 1871 17 Jun 1864 3 17Sep 1870 2 2,3 8 Jan 1868 27 Apr 1867 3 24 May 1870 3 24 May 1870 3 1 Sep 1865 2Jun 1869 3 17 Dec 1868 3 5 Jan 1864 3 16 Sep 1866 3 27Sep 1866 2 22 Sep 1868 2 23 Aug 1872 1 24 May 1870 3 3 Apr 1872 4 10 Aug 1869 3 26 Oct 1872 4 24 May 1870 3 Mar 1871 29 Apr 1869 14Jull865 13 Feb 1870 16 Apr 1872 10 Apr 1872 12 Dec 1867 19 Dec 1867 21 Apr 1869 21 Apr 1869 24 Apr 1869 4 Oct 1870 15 Mar 1868 19 Nov 1864 3 Nov 1872 20 Sep 1864 20 Apr 1869 ------------------ 22 3 2 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ X KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ, KDT RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT --------------~---- �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily joumaJ Name THOMPSON, Catherine, Mrs. THOMPSON, Catherine A., Mrs. THOMPSON, Dr. THOMPSON, Dr. and wife THOMPSON, Horace W., Dr. THOMPSON, Horace, Dr. THOMPSON, Mrs. THORNTON, Mrs. Frank THORP THORP, Mabel A. THORP,Mr. THORP, S.M. (1863 death) THORPE, Ann S. THORPE, Mrs. Maxwell THROOP (child) TITUS, Col. TOLLES, Francis O. TOWLES,F. TOWNSEND, P.H. TRACY, R., Mr. TRASK TRASK,J.e. TRASK, J.e. (1863 death) TUCKER, Florence TWENTZ, Henry TWINING, Lewis TWITCH (1863 death) TYLER (child) 21 Apr 1869 28 Apr 1869 22 Apr 1869 20 Apr 1869 28 Apr 1869 20 Apr 1869 21 Apr 1869 30 Aug 1871 17 Sep 1870 24 Sep 1872 19 Dec 1863 24 May 1870 3 Dec 1872 4 Dec 1872 21 Oct 1869 16Jun 1870 29 Aug 1869 2 Jul1870 4 Jun 1864 7 Jan 1873 17 Sep 1870 19 Dec 1863 24 May 1870 8 Sep 1868 11 Aug 1865 26 Oct 1871 24 May 1870 25 Sep 1869 3 3 3 X X KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ URBAN, Louisa 20 Jul1871 2 X RDJ VAIL (daughter) 17Sep 1872 X KDT VAIL, Alma S'I Miss 17Sep 1872 X KDT VAIL, Harriet Burling 15 Jan 1871 X RDJ VAIL, Harriet Burling 15 Jan 1871 X RDJ VAILI Hattie B" Miss VANCE, Mr. VANCE, Daniel VANDENBERG, G.P., Mr. VANDENBERG, G.P. VANDERPOOL (little boy) VANLIEU, Mrs VAUGHEN, J.R. VEATCH (male) 17 Jan 1871 19 Feb 1868 21 Feb 1868 11 Oct 1870 12 Oct 1870 26 Feb 1873 16 Jull867 24 May 1872 10 Aug 1867 4, col. 2 41 col. 3 21 col. 2 21 col. 5 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 X X X RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 2 3 4 4 3 3 3 1 2 4 2 2 3 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X -------------------- 23 ---------------------- �Newspaper name Date of KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal Name WAGNER, W.H. WAKEFIELD, Mrs. WALKER (a man) WALKER, E.1., Dr. WALKER, James Lowe, 1st Lt WALKER, James Lowe, Lieut. WALKER, James Lowe, Lt WALKER, James Lowe WALLACE, Geo. WARD,C.H. WARD, Mary T. WATSON, Jas. or Jos. (1863 death) WATSON, John WAUGH, AddIson (1863 death) WAYNE, John, Maj. WEBER, Lena WEISS, Mary Martha WELCH, H.P., Mr. WELD, Lewis Ledyard, Col. WELLS, George WELLS, Mary A., Miss WEST (1863 death) WETHEREL, Mr. .WETHERELL (infant son) WETHERELL, Catherine M. WETHERELL, R.W., Mr. WEW ANT, Michael WHEDON,Mr. WHITCOMB, LeslIe J. WHITE (infant dau. of Joseph and 1.A.V.) WHITE, Carrie WHITE, Kittie Maud WHITING, Charles C. WHITLOW, Jane WHITNEY (child) WHITNEY, Carrie Lizzie WHITNEY, James Austin WHITNEY, W.H.H. WILBUR, O.E. WILBUR,O.E. WILCOX (infant son) WILCOX, Doruue WILCOX, Eliza WILCOX, Pearl WILDER, Abraham 20 Mar 1864 10 May 1871 1 May 1869 1 May 1870 14 Nov 1865 20 Dec 1868 24 Dec 1865 24 Dec 1868 20 Nov 1869 14 Sep 1869 10 Apr 1872 24 May 1870 26 May 1870 24 May 1870 7 Mar 1871 18 Jul1871 10 Sep 1870 30 Apr 1869 1 Feb 1865 12 May 1864 11 Feb 1873 24 May 1870 31 Aug 1872 27 Oct 1868 27 Oct 1868 4 Apr 1869 14 Apr 1864 S Apr 1868 8 Sep 1872 23 Apr 1870 27Sep 1865 21 Jul1869 5 Jan 1870 6 Nov 1867 6 Mar 1867 7 Mar 1867 29 Jull864 11 Oct 1871 10 Oct 1871 11 Oct 1871 12 Sep 1872 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 2 3 2 3 4 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 4, col. 3 12 Sep 1872 4, col. 2 21 Feb 1872 2 21 Feb 1872 2 18 Jull868 2 ------------------- X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ X X X X X X X X X X X KDT RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT X KDT X RDJ RDJ KDT X X X X X 24 --------------------- �Newspaper name KDT, Kansas Daily Tribune Date of newspaper Page Death Birth RDJ, Republican Daily Journal Name 22 Jun 1870 5 Jun 1870 21 Sep 1871 10Sep 1867 Sep 1867 28 May 1870 21 Apr 1870 11 Apr 1868 27Sep 1870 9 Mar 1864 9 Mar 1864 24 May 1870 14 May 1870 5 Jun 1869 17 Jun 1864 24 May 1870 22 Oct 1872 12 Nov 1872 5 Apr 1865 24 May 1870 26 Jul1868 30 Oct 1869 WILDER, Col. WILDER, Maggie WILDERSIN, Mrs. B.W. WILFORD, Charlie F. WILFORD, William H. WILLEMSEN, Clara WILLIAMS (Judge) WILLIAMS, Clement Watson WILLIAMS, John (missing) WILLIAMSON (twins born) WILLIAMSON, William WILLIAMSON, Wm. (1863 death) WILSON ("young") WILSON (little son of Bob) WILSON, Chas. WILSON, Jas. (1863 death) WINANS, A.L. WINDSOR, Elizabeth, Mrs. WISE, John WISE, Louis (1863 death) WISSEL,C. WOLCOTT (maiden name of Mrs. LAKIN) WOLCOTT, Ellen A WOLCOTT, Ellen A WOOD, J.B., Esq. WOOD, Lt. WOODS, James (1863 death) WOODWARD, Lucy WOODWARD, Mary WOODWARED, Mrs. B W WYZER,P.C. 20 Feb 1872 20 Feb 1872 14 Dec 1870 2Jun 1870 24 May 1870 27 Jul1865 8 Nov 1866 25 Jul1865 30d 1871 ZIMMERMAN, J (1863 death) 24 May 1870 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ KDT RDJ 2 X X X X X X X X X RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ RDJ KDT KDT KDT RDJ 3 X RDJ 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 X X X X ---------------- 25 ------------- �... ~ �COpy & PRINT CENTER FULL SERVICE ORDER FORM Office DBPO'Z.. CustomerName:._ _ _ _ _ _~~~~~~~~~---------Date In: _ _ __ Date Due: ~--- Completed By: FULL SERVICE COPIES / COLOR COPIES: Price #of # of Originals Copies I Sets Per Copy # # X X . 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CUSTOMER SIGNATURE USCPC --------------------- DATE -------- 07/03101 �~ (bode ():sv-oIs l~ ~ ~ \~~~S~~~- L '5A-~~ " �DOUGLAS COUNTY, KANSAS GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY PRESENTS INDEX OF DEATHS AND BIRTHS IN DAILY NEllSPAPERS OF LAWRENCE. DOUGLAS COUNTY. KANSAS. 1864-1872 1his index contains 25 pages with about 1000 entries, approx'imate\y 'l50 ·lndividuals. \t begins with newspapers just before 1864. 10 Ordel Make check payable to DCGS and mail with (orm bel'ow 10: Douglas County, KS. Genealogical Society P.O. Box 3664 Lawrence, KS. 66046-0664 Non-members Price: $5;00 DCGS members $4.00 aoo n.oo. $6.00 55.00 ~ .L2! $6•.15 $5.28 Index ShippingfHandlin Total Price Non-KS Residents KS State Sales Ta.'t Total Price KS Residents Order for Index of Deaths & Births Daily in Newspapers of Lawrence, Douglas, Co. Kansas 1864-1872 Name --------------------------------Address -------------------City _______________State Zip _____ Phone # Amount - - - - - - - - - -No.· or Indexes· lH9AUGUST ---- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) -- Genealogy Douglas County (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of the publications of the Douglas County Genealogical Society, including issues of The Pioneer (the quarterly newsletter of the Society) as well as directories, various indexes compiled by members of the Society, and other resources of interest to genealogists and researchers studying the history of Lawrence and Douglas County, Kansas. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society (Lawrence, Kan.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 - 2013 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Index of Deaths and Births in Daily Newspapers of Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas, 1864-1872 Subject The topic of the resource Death registers Birth registers Description An account of the resource About 1,000 entries, by far the greatest number of them deaths, are listed in this index of deaths and births.The Lawrence daily newspapers available in the Lawrence Public Library are indexed. These are the Kansas Daily Tribune, 29 November 1863 through 10 August 1869 (10 spools of microfilm); the Republican Daily Journal, 11 August 1869 through 3 March 1872 (6 spools); and the Kansas Daily Tribune, 5 March 1872 through 4 March 1873 (1 spool and parts of 2 others). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jordan, Paul Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Douglas County Genealogical Society (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright, Douglas County Genealogical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) 1864 - 1872 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/d2a0c1924797de73f4f6d1f0079e2f52.pdf 68836139cd83913244545c456f39b17b PDF Text Text �·j:' ; .:~ .. .. �The Vol"Ll.rne Pio~ee~ I co~te~ts �'i ~ : : ... ,., ) I:' ,'\' : 1, INDEX TO PIONEER CONTENTS . . . . .. . ....... VOLUME .1. .thr-oughi 'VOLUME ;'XiII .'. 'J , J :,:: .1' r Ii' l : . ! '. .' '. . ·VOL. NO. PAGE ~ .,:> ", ~ " ~ ~ .... ) " " ~ ,.,'.)'~ ................................................... " ...................... ' : ADAMS , Ella lane of lawrence: Eulogy, Obituary, &Funeral Notice..... X 4 171 3 Cover l Adv~rtis~ments, Standard Atlas of Douglas Co., 1921 •••••••••••••••••• I~ 3 83 ; AIKE:N, 61 ady. Lee: . In ~Memori am ......... ...... ~~. i:'~.; .'i,.i ........~; • :~"~'.;~.; .•..••• :. ... :.... ':1 3 110 AlEX'ANDER, Susan M.: In Memori am. • • ••• •••• •••• •• • ••• • ••••••••• ••••••• XI 3 106 AlRI'CH, Alarich.Gandy: . Biogr.aphy,·and Ancestr-y.·,.I ..I.l.; ,,~,:' ••,,~ •..•':. ..... '.' •• ~ ;.~ 'XII 4 201 ANDE'RSON, Mrs., l:Ianor.a .l:Ii ckey . of; Kimwaka i·Twp. :. :Biography. • • • • • • • • • • • •• VII 2 90 ANDE~SON, Josephine of Eudora Township: letter ••••••••••••••••••••••• VII 3 137 ASHLEY, . ~ Na ture . Boy'.' . AKA. George. McGREW ••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ .......'. XII 1 . AutotJ!obi 1es . (See. land. and. P.roper.ty "Recor.ds) ... ,. ;~,:.,. :-, :. ! ~I .I \ .' ~ 1 ..... • ... I J ',.' -:., .:- 1 :,' '. • .~ I ' . j " . I ;Ba 1dWi n City, KS (See Palmyra Townshi p) . BANDLE, Bernhart of Marion Township: Will. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VIII " BANTA, John Virgil, Jr.: Ahnentafel. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VII I n,.Mo' · -.,.-,.' , " •. ., ' -'IX ~ em r:'J. a m•••••••• '.' .' •••••.•••••• ''.' • •. • •, • •;. •:,• • •• ~ \~BARNES,'.Mrs •. Mary.of.Wakarusa.Twp.: 'First:to Introduce Sewing by the .' .,~~ · Pi~ce 'Work.Method. in, lawrence" 1860~1870 ••••••••••••••• 'on ~ •••••• ~ ~ ~.:., ·X , BECK~EIR, Catharina.Sophia.and.Johann.H.L..Thoren: Book Review •••••• ~,: X .~BEll~ Ge6rge.W.:.Family.History ••••••••••••• ;r~;.i .. ~~J~ •• l~~ ... ~ .. ~ ••• ~ VIII • , I : ',. . I .L • " ' . . . . . . . . . . , .. " ~ .... ~ .. ... , .. , I • .. . .. • • ... ...... ~ ~ ," i.' .. . . . . . , • I! ?:. i~ ", ': :;: l l) .. " ':.\.' ' .. 2 98 107 3 107 3 3 149 1 i 1 6 a, BEL V~ I R, i KS, (See. a 1so . C1in ton. Town s hip) , ..... , ......' .. " " - '. . , 1:' .., i , Belvoir Deaths, lawrence Gazette, Feb 1887.................... X Belvoir.literar.y·Society: . Officers lE.lectedi-5 Nov ,1886 ....... ·•• :., :.XI Belvoir Store: ·Photo~ ••••· ••·.:.".!.) .. ,..• ~'.L.;.;·.·.:r.;.1 •• J~~ .....l.·,••• ·.~·,·.:XI C . It , • \" ..."..,.............,." I ~ • .. • • ... ...,...,..., .. (-; • ) :;. t. I 3 137 3 Cover 3 Cover ~ ;BENNETT, Edi tb: . Abnentafel ..........•.•......•. ':.' .' ..' ~ ... ; •.. ;i~i·.'·.'. ~~\ ... ~. ~II I 1-1 1 21 )BETTS, Amelia &" Kathryn Kelly: :Santa ,Fe :Tr,ai,l. Monuments.·Restor,ation ... VB 3 143 \-Big.~prjngs, KS. (See.lecompton.Township) ;~i"l ;. ., . .-, r:: .. ': ., BIGGS, Mrs. Florence Milner of Grant Twp.: 75th Birthday............. X 3 140 '.Birth Records.(See.Vital.Records);'·"··',.· ...;;;, BISHdFF, Cora L. of Eudora Twp.: Obituary............................ X 3 139 Bisma\rk,'KS.(See.Grant·Township) , -. ,.: " H . . . ' ',.1 .' ,.': :\, ,'r,,)) Bloom'ington,. KS. (See.Clinton. Township), ............ , ... , ... : -: .' .l:.jL:~. t :" ••.•• . BLUE JACKET, Charles of Eudora Twp.: Obituary •••••••••••••••••••••••• IX· 1 33 : BOONE;, Daniel: Sketch.of,Settlement.Near.lawrence •••••••••• ·.\ ••·.••:,••• ~~ VIII 3 105 ,·.Bourb9n·.County.Schools .(See School Records) . ·/I'.;i·ji!·~ . " I " , ! : j ,:1)" :' r , BRASS·, William.of.Kanwaka.Twp.:,Affadavit.of.Deat~,:.lTestacy.·;,Hei,r.ship VIII 4 194 BRONS9N~ John l.: Death, 1862 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IX 1 17 :BROOK$, I Mary. Boughton. of, lawrence: . Obituary; .'.'.' ~ ;.,.'.' ;'.1.; ~. ~.~ i •• :~ •• ~i ... , f I X 4 190 BROOKS, Paul R.: Silver Wedding 1883................................. X 4 191 BROWN~ Jane Shields: Biography •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·~;~~I,jX '~·J4 . .'202 :~BROWN~ William:.letter.1858 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~~.t ....... ~JL.: 1 :~I: 3 104 · BURBlqGE, Mary. Corne 1i a: . Fami 1y. Hi story, Excer.pts;: .. :.: .• :- L. ,.:. '~::. ; " ~ ..... ~ r. .:·i .~. I 3 96 BRYSO~ , ! Da ni e 1 _W. : . Famil y . Bib 1e •••••••••••••••••••• ,; ~ .~ ~ •• : •..• ~ •••••• ~ .' .' VI'I 1 2 '1 1 •• I ' ~··' • • .. .... • .. ~ ..... • • • .. ~ .... t· ......... ,.~.,.~ •• \: . • • : .. : '.! 'of. )CARPENTER, loui s: . Tombstone, . Oak. Hi 11 ,Cemetery, . lawrence ~ .......,'" •• ••. J .)XII · CARR, !Agnes lovelace:. Memoi rs •••••••••••••••••••••••• 'i":' .•• "••. '....:•• ~ ~ :I II . \. , \ ", . \ • • • .. .. .. ~ ... • • .. , .. .. .. • .. • • .. .. ~ " .. • • • 10 ";" • • * i • .. • • • • .. ., " • •• •• ~ .. ' • '; 1,1,; ',. j .: 1 . '1"~ j ~ J t ~.' I .- ~I ':'t;.~)~··-,.i , :. . ~~ ! ,.r .'.1 .. . ':. 1 1 49 4 . ,-, �PIONEER, INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) VOL. NO. PAGE CEMETERY RECORDS . ;j'-;. .: 'I .. '~: . Baldwin Pioneer (Oakla,n:d)' Ce,metery.:.; ••• ( • ••• V .Brumbaugh Cemetery, Palmyra Township •••••••••••••••••••••••••• III i.'.!.;.·............... Clinton Cemetery.............................................. .\ i .,,, . . · , ' , " 1 , '/"1J)\I';:, ':1.1 \( .. ! : :':. f' J . ":. IV 1 • . • • . , • . . . . • • • • . • • ... ~ , . .):' ", .:, ; l i ' " ,! I' f· , :.:; ': j ;'; I V. 4 .111 Deay. Cemetery: . Tombstone Inscr,i pti ons •••••••.•.• L ,... ;; •., •• ~ • ~'•• ~ • '•. :~ r I 1. 8 I'; ..................................... '.,):';. : .:' '; .... 1 .j.,2,.',,42 Dougl as. Co •. Cemeteri es: , Gel)eral : Informati on.·.,.' ••\••••• '.'''. ,; ••• ~. j I II .·.. 4 125 I. • • . • . • . • . . . • • '.' . ' ,Index.by·Townships ••i ... ~; .. ~.: . . . . . . . ·.\ •• .-·.: I II: 1; 5 ~ ~ ~ II... 2 5 Dow Cemetery ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~.~.••.•• ,.~.,.·, ••• ,.\.,.\.:;.~, .•••••• III 4 130 Eudora Cemetery: Records •••••• ~~ ••••••• .: •••••••, ••••••• ~~.,.... ~.: ,IV .2 54 V 1 30 J t . .; ! ... t • • • .. • • • , ........ • • .. .:, • • • },' -. I ' •• ; ',.. :;V .109 VI • • • ••• , • • .• •• • ••••••• ,.,...... ' ';" I: : ' . '. {!!.l.: VI Hesper.Friends.Cemetery,.Eudora.Township ••••· •••••••••••••••••• VII Grover Cemeteny, Lecompton .• Twp J: .j Hi story •• '•• ~, ••••' 'i .......... ~ ••• 'II L 1 ,i. 7 3. 121 4 199 -4' .127 Haskel1.Cemetery •••••••••••••••• ~ •••·..........· •.•· ••• ~ ... ; •••,.'; ••• 2, • J I' • • ..... ~ .", .. ', .. ~.. .......... .., .. :- ,f • '1-',: ' .'\ r " •• I • ~, r ,", ;', " 1', I I .: I, " 24 .2,J ·44 ,flV t < " 4 132 1 7 J • ~ III' 48 Jones.Cemetery, Clinton,Twp.·.~ •••;••,•••·•••l., . . . . ., ••, ••'~••, • • • • • • • • • • . :, VI.:'; Kennedy. Cemetery: .Gravestones ••••••••••••• ;;.i ••·•·•• ~,.~ •• ~.~ •••• HI "Love That Transcends Sadness"................................ V Marshall Cemetery ••••••••••• ·••••••••, ............. ~~ •• ·••••• ~·;..••• II 2. 60 3 77 3 97 Ii, 6 '. 2 I . ... , .... , , , , ..... , . ' . .' /: I I Mound.Cemetery (Mound View), Kanwaka:Twp.: Gravestones •• ; •• ~~.·, I 3 100 Oakwood.Cemetery,.Baldwin:.United.Methodist Ministers Buried ... '. V 3 104 Pioneer Cemetery, Lawrence •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VII 1 30 Richland. Cemetery: .History ••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••• ; •• ~ I I: .21; 66 Soldiers Buried .in'OakHH1,.Maple Grove, &:Oread Cemeteries.;, V ':3 :100 Stony Point Church Cemetery: History ........... ,.,~,••.•'.~ •• ~.L •••• .'.,II!···:3J .75 ~~ .. I I . 4. ,,11 '3,' 78 • • • • ~,~ . . . . . . . . . '\!., • • • ~, • • • • ~:~ t',·'--II:.-i 4,: St. John's United Church of Christ Cemetery;Worden ••• .i'••• ~.'; •• IIII::· 9 Stull Cemetery ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •• ~I-~. '.;1.~~ •• ~'••••• ; •• '••• ': V I l~J 20 ~\ • • • • •• • ••••. ' •.• , . , . . . . .... : .' ; . ' ,j ;'.. ' .' , • -. ~ V 2,' 67 ,Swedish.Cemetery •••••••• ·••••.•'·.J~; .....\ ...... ·.... '.~~·~· .•t~ ••·•• •.•••• ; • • • ~.·· ,.VI . : 1 6 Twin Mound Cemetery, Surnames of ·those buried there •• i'.~ •••••• :XII. 4 ,173 .' Ulrich Getnetery':' H.; story. ~\-•. :. ~' •.• :. . I . '• • ;~ ele; .'.I.:'l'. i ••• '•• '••••1 • •' . ~! ill . ·~3 ·83 •, • • . • • . • • . . • ) . , 'i • .\ :.' . . ; , :. , .' Gravestones. ~ •••1 • • • • • • • • • • • • '. II .. ~ •••• ,'I,: I ,: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....................... Will iams. Cemetery:. Gravestones~ •• ;.. ~ ••• : .~; .•I.I~ •• : ' " ~ '; '. I I' i. ••• •• ' f , • • • • • • • • • • > ~ .. •• .............. I,l • • ,~: .'~ n'•• ~ 4 II I ... ·3 ..... /! " 76 CENSUS RECORDS, ..... , ....... , .. "......... . .... I": ~"","', ; .. " .' Grant.Township,.1875 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••• ~~.~~~.~~.~iIII A 127 Kansas.Territory.Half~Breed. Lands, 1855 •.. ·~ri ••••• ;~~ ... .; •••• ~·~; VI', 6 " :27 Kanwaka. Township, .1875 •••••••••••••••••••• ;.•• ~'~ •• l ..... ~. ~ ••• ~ .. ~ ~ VI~ ·4 187 Lawrence Ward 5, 1875 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• · •• VI 3 143 2 80 Lecompton. Townsh ; p , .. 1815 J •• ". ~~ .•.. ~ .~.~ .. '... ~ l .... ~ ••' ••• '•. ;, • i ~ • ~ '•• ;;•• ~ r. • VI 16 Wi chi ta . County, . 1880 •••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ~ • ~ •..•' •• ; ;:"~ '.. : '. ~ .... . ,'I . ,1 0 • , '.' : \'. , f CHRISTIAN, Charles of Clinton: Death 1888 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• CHURCH RECORDS Bethul Methodist Episcopal Church, Marion Twp.: Sunday School Souvenir Roster, Dec 1914 ••••••••••••••••••••• 2;: XI 2 87 XI 3 147 �,.,' ,: 'I". " ,PI0~EER,' INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) . i-,: :',' ! ... ,. : Jd VOL. NO. PAGE Centra 1 Un i ted MethodBt:, Chur'c·h :.j H'i story .;,~,! !. ~ • '. ~l •• l ;,,:•.~ .~.': l • ~ ~ ,. 'J " ,y Eudora Township Area Chu·rt·hes:1:Hi,St.orYL';'~::>~:r"li~·~·!:\~·.::·;.~L:.·.'~< .Ii~1 Evange~.; ca~. Un~ te~ Breth'fern €hurth:' 1857-1946.:.·~ ~.~, L ,!,~ • ~~ .'•• ~. i, yJ Fa~H·v.i ew. Church. of. the· Brethren.,· Echo,· Mar:i on· :rwp~: . ; ; . ; I;: ...::. .: -: i 4 137 2 88 3 91 J .~ ·i·'T' ~:' Membersh~p ...1884,.1905,.,.,.~,.·....... ,•• ·... ,•• ·.,.~.·.~.·.~.·.·.~•.• ~;•.~:~.~.\~~., •• :.•. ~ {fIX;) .." 0rganJ. za,t'Jon.. "18871• .~. '•••••••• : , ' q , ; (••••••••• .. :' ,':!, '•••••• :" i ."•••••••.• I,i": . '1', ;', ';,1,,'. VliII ". '•••••••• First Baptist/Churc'h,r Lawrence. ~.:. ~ •.•• ~ •• ',1.!:: ~.~. ~ .'. H: ~:.U .:.~~. ,':;,IX First Christian Church: 100th: A'nnive'rsary.'; ~I:·l".·~ ;.:';:; .~i: .-.:~ ~.~·~ . ,:y.I\H Fi rst. Methodj st. Epj scopal. Church:. Records, 1883':'1903. ,; !: ~!:~ .,~ "IV' Friends Monthly Meeting: Data from Meeting Records 1869-1935. (A-Cox) ••••••••••• ~ ~ ~ •. ~ : •• Ii . : . C• '. '.:~ .;.;>llXI,: ., -, (r.ox.;.\'ohnson,) , '•. •t •: •:.". l'.l·: i' -I.' "'~·X· I-I; \I. U • • • • •.', • '. . .'.),.':') ...... '• • • • . x! ........................ '(Johns'on.:New1in:)~ ••• ·•.~ • .'H.:;·l~·~!:1 •• )XIr) X •.•..••. . ".j •• " i ',: }'.. (Newlin"'Stanton~·~~ ••• ~:.~~·~~'~~:.i .•. ' X:IJI ;( r ..... '\ '. '. . : .:. ;'~:( Stanton-WHght\~·t ~ :~~ ~ .. ~ iii L . i. ! eO i: ~ ,XII· History •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VII Marriages 1871-1897 ••••••••••••••••.• VI .:s. Membership 1869...................... V 2 n .. • . .' },' , (. , ., '\ • I •• , • , • , • :' .. ~ , ',1. . : I. ~ ~ }{ .. .::....;- : .( .', .,... 1 ,".~ r ..... I t,' I .~.: '1f~ . ~ ~'. r, ! \ ........... ••••••• r r Meinllership 1881~~1886~·~~~~~.~;."t:.·l.~~·1~ •. ·!lV· Mi rlutes. lS84~ 1890 •••••••• :~ !'~ ~ ~.~I~ ~.~ ~ V:I I •• • I'. 4J" 183 1 33 2 76 3 123 4 214 1 8 3 132 1 8 2 1 51 11 '.Mi nutes·; : Informati on Extratted) Froin~ " j VI fl 2 58 Frtends;.Yearly . Meeting, Kan~sas: Women, 'of'18l2~,~ ••• '.,:.;'~.-~~~ •• · VII' 1 9 M~thodjst.Epjscopal.Church,.Ba1dwin.City:.ladies.Sew1n~:Socia1·. X 3 148 Methodist Episcopal ehur.ch.~,Et.idora:.Ministersl1869~11975 •• ,~ ..... · ,;:'X', 2 87 M~thodj st, Epi scopa 1. Church, . Kansas. Corifer.ence··: 186(;~ ~ ~ ;:J ~ • ~ •• '~ ~ ',,;', I V 4 140 '\ ............... , .... ;, M;rlisteria1:~Appointments·'186;3~, ... ~t. ;:11 1 3 !~: ; . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . /_ .................. \' ~"~'.-'.~ ,):. :- ~·f·~:·1.1.t· ~ ":') " -:. iI 2 ,~V ...... , .............. ·'Miss,ionarY::SocietY:1873-188().~~ ... l ·I,IV. 3 78 Ninth.Street BaptisLChut:'ch:-1122tid:-Annivey,'sary.LL~~':':'~;''''!/J.·! VIliI 2 75 Pi\l grim, Congregati ona 1 . Church,. North. lawrence;,,·! Gr.ant: Twp'~ :::'1 .:).: ' .1, Rol1.1866-:'1895 ••••••••••• ~·,.:·.... i'.\ •• ·.. ;,~'~:~.~.:IJ~~.C~I;.~.;.~.,J •. ;~·~~~ VI},'iI 4 192 Young People,~s Society. J.1 ~:~ .'J~' r.:;~ 1 •• :... ~·. ~.~IJ ~ .-!'.':!;;. ~ ; .;~. ~ ~".'•.. X;,' 3 142 Pilymou~h. Congregational ChUrGh; i'lawren~e" ~ ~ •.•' .:~~ ~; ~,~ ~'J ".~. ~'•• ~ 'IX, 1 23 ~Origlnal. ~lembers ••••••••••••••••• • '.'i~ ... ~: ;~. ~.,~ ..\.•. ~ •. ~ .....:.'~. ;"~J"r; x.~ 4 189 Pastors.&.Superintendetlts.1855~191O;~~ •.•;.· .•• ~.L~.~.~,~~:... ~'~.:.' :IVS 1 33 Ptesbyterian.Churcb,.Clinto~ Twp:1Me~ber.~hip~1866-1877~~~.~.,; iVIII 2 92 ~ , . , .................... , . .. '. .. '.;- ,1878..: 19.11"~ ~ ~ :,/J!VI n 3 136 Presbyteri an. Church, .~ teco~pton ~Twp.,:: ,185]',.'. ~ : ... ; •.; ... ~.' ~ • :.·:r~ ~) ~ J IX':! 4 191 Stony. Poi nt. Church: .l:Ii story ••••••••••••••••• '. ~··i • •• ;'~. ,~.; ~ Jl~ • '; ~·i·1.) II:\ 3 75 J.: .......... ~"':Jr ~ I,;; J . ~'.' i ;I'J ~ ;i~; .,1)'. '."ill i "111' 4 , Un.; ted. Brethren. Church:, 1854~ 1946.'.·. ~ '.'. ~' ~ ••• i~l; ; ~\ . . . . .' ~.~ ; ~ • (~ . . . .<1 ,V'f 3 89 Uni ted. Methodi st. Church: . Membershi p .1893.. 1898. ~ ~ {: .'•• : .1 ~ l.·.... ".J IV J 1 2 " '..• , •...•••. ,:;. r.: ~1inister.s\ Buried':.';;n .Oakwood Cemetery... IV'S 3 104 '. Un; versa 1i st. Church, . Lawrence·:· S;'grier.s t of:~the 'Covenant 1872·....\.~ "'XI~ 4 189 Washington.Creek.Church •. Marion.Twp.:.1858 •• ~~~~~J.~~1 ........ IX 1 40 Worden United Methodist Church. Willow Springs Twp ••••.••••••• VII 3 154 p " I 91 3 14 1 4 1 11 4 97 .. . t., h" li~', I\. 't •• " I ••••••• •• ~fJ!i;II\4 . , •• , ...... , :~"d '{~'ji,:j t~Whene It.·Got"Its·Name~' ••• ,.: ~ ',\i: 1 j' .~ '7": I " . ' , . ,.. ,'!. •• :·;V1II~I.\31~145 j ~ .~1~ No'; •• ; ~""' ••..•' '~J.I, I: :13!' 67 ' f I , :j),; i '. II.!' -'4 .. -,67 KS.(See,P.a1myra·:1iownshi,p}.;j ::. '.-'1);, ;,.\; . :'[;) .~.i . ~', , .. j , ,\'1;,., (See~C1jnton .Township);;; !',:: ;u )~o/ .;.~ ,.! : .';-. ~'., " ' . : : ::-" "',) 'CLARK., Hon'! Sidney, . lawrence: .Biogr.aphy ••••••••••••• :. ':(' ,,:: ,:01 earfli e ld, 'C'l i nton, KS )-, ~:) •. it: . CLINTON TOWNSHIP (See also B e l v o i r ) . i , ..1:; .... ); If ;.: ·Bloomil'lgton.Bridge •••••••••••••••••••••~:.· .......... ,.~.·~,.l ~!~:.·~ •••~,.·.' ••'·V·llI 4 180 ..• 3 .. �PIo.NEERJI INDEX TO. Co.NTENTS (continued) . Cemet~r.1~;s.:. P.in~pn". ~P!1~~. (.See~Cem~t,ery.l~ecprds)·. " ,!j I '" C~urc!1~s.:. Pr~~~yt~r.i~!1 ..($~~. Chur.cbd~ecords)·! :; ::l ,'II',:.';' , ," .; J C,~ i ntpn, :rp~n. ~9!11P~!1Y.:. ,Mi nutes of: M.eeti ngs·) 18,57'1" 1858~ ••. , •t~ ....~ i.~:; XU , Hlstory & ReSldents;; ............. ,'. ~~.~ . "...... ,~.~ ••••..••._;~.: •• ~ .• ~I.~~' • • , •.• ~.v ViII: J~ 1Y ~I'" .1~~7" Yj ~ j :t .-"e ..- •• I. ,. l' ,. ,•.• ,. ,. ,. ,• • • !' ,. ,• • • . • • ,• • ,e • • : ~ • • -• • . ~ • ' • • ~ '. ~(~. ~ • • ", .V I I I Newsp~p~r. .I :t~P1~.:. HAP~,. Ho.UT, ..Jo.HNSo.N ,. SIMPSo.N.,. THo.ME.. ~.~ •• :; r. ;I~ ).; X SchooJ.~.:. CJ.i n:tP!1". W~~hj ng:ton. Creel< . .( See ISchoo 1. Records).: ..... ::":: " . , Taxpay~r~.:.l900:-1901. ,(See,Tax:Reco,rds),~::(:! , j i" Towns~jp. Offjcer.s,' 189.7.••••••••• \~ ... ;;~ ~ ~.!:~.~. ~.~ ~ .:~ t,'.,r (~t •. • ; . :• • • ;~; !I.r I\')';~; ; ~,~:U i" ;'0 " ' .. .... ,; .. '~ •...... :;'.:·~·i·· ,;~,.; t~ IX~ '. :"! .;. : :. ': 1·', 61 41 1 38 3 137 1 3 I CLUB,AND~ o.RG~NIZAno.N. ~ RECo.RDS .. , .. , . " .. (~(')'\"'i; Barber. Nejghborhood. Quiltjng.iBee,:i'Kanwaka Twp ••••••••••••••••• Ba r~er. Gr~ng~. No~ . 27 ,. Wa ka rusa' I Twp.~: . 1873 ••••••••••••••••••••• Belvoir. LHer~ry.Socjety: :Officers.-Elected 5 Nov 1886 ••••••••• Co1umbj~.~Her~ry.Socjet:Y·~ Wil1ow~Springs Twp.: 1894-1897 ••••• 2 1 .!. \.: ,_. • ~ ~ b • .. :> • • .. .. • I • • I It '. \. I • • • • .. • .. .. • • ~ • It I .. • " • • • • I " ..... '! • i· I ~ :. I ..). 3 1 3 1 2 3 4 Daughters, of. t~e. ~l)1eri can:. Revol uti on ; ~ Fi rst Chapter, Lawrence: Chart~r. Members., ••••••• \~ •.•• '••••• ;'•• :~... ••••• •• • •••••••••••• • X Federation'o.f . COIl o.red Women.lls.iClubs: 13th :Annual Session 1913. X Grand, ~rmy. of. the. Republi c: (G.A. R~),. E. DJ -Baker. Post,! Ba 1dwi n·:':-.·· T; : \ " ~ X IX XI IX IX IX IX I ;:.. ..... J~Off~cer·s ':of:, 1887 .,•• ~' •• ; ........ ~ ~.I. ~ ~. ~.~ l•.~· •• ~ ~!.; •••. ~. ~.~~'.! X: Grand _Army. oLthe:.~ Repub1 i c (G~A. R.) "Washington Post:~ #12i Lawrence: · Ladj es~ . Au~i11-i ary FOll'med41883.·~ •.; .• ~:~ • ,•.~ •• ~ ••• ~ .:~ • ,; ,; ~ ~: •••. ;~ ,; .' XI · PerforlJl~nce. of :1:Out /int;the!'Street~ 11,1886.................... X · Photos of Members, 1881-190.7 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IX Io.o.F ~odge.#4.:.Members.hip\histI1.IApr,!1916 ••••••••••••••••••••• VII Kansas. Counci]. Projec,t , ,Terri tori a 1'; & Pi onee,r. Certifi cates,; .,~ .' f.VI U Kansas Exposition, Assoc:.,':1876~. '.•' ••\ •• • f~'. ~.~ ~'•• ~ .t~·. ~ '~'. ~.~ ~:~'~ .1'.1~ q',lVr Kaw,:Val1ey.Baseball.Club:.Roster.of.1867 •••••••••••••• :~.,.·~ ••• U XI Ladies. Aid. Society. of. the. J.W •. Taylor. Camp. No. c78, Sons·lof \ .. ,,' : Veterans,. Di vi s i on. of. Kansas·;', Soci ety! No.' 47. ~ ~ • ~.~ ~'.:~ : ~~ •• ;\~.j ': X, Lawrence. Temperance .I:\ssoc i at ion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• '~ .,~ ,;" X Lecompton. Con s t itut ion. Commi t tee. ~ • ,~, • ~ • ~. N i.':. ~.: • ~ ~ ~:~ ~ ~ •.~ • ,~. '... ~ V'II Literary. Society of Franklin; Wakar~sa Twp::i'~ ••• ·.~ •••• ~.~ •••• !,~~X';, New.EngJand.Emigrant:Aid Co.: Members......................... V New Eogland.Society:,o.bituaryRecords 1899.. 1927 ••• ~~~·~ •• ,;~~·~.·; V; Robert~ s. Rules . of ~ Order •••••••••••.•••• • 'i.,-• •' ~ ~ ~:J. ~.; ... ~' ••• ~ ~ ~'''~. \'l.uV': Twin Mound Dramatic Club: Charter to be Filed ••••••••••••••••• XI Twin Mound. Library.Association: .Charter Filed~ ~. ~~:J.~ • •.~. r~:L ~·,;XI" ", .. • .'I' I 143 45 Cover 48 103 154 198 3 135 4 169 4 20.1 4 20.1 4 20.1 2 74 2 86 4 189 1 13 2 75 3 129 3 10.3 4 20.2 3 151 4 114 37 1 3 86 1 15 1 15 Werne n ~ S . Re 1; ef . Co rp s : ~ Pho to? j • ~ ... ~ •••' .1 'e' ....:.• : .: ~I.'~ i.!:~ ~ I.: ••' .~ •• t.; ;" ;- ~. 4 201 You and I 'Club of, Lawrence: ,The :Sunf1 ower, ,Cookbook.. • • • • • • • • • • X 4 173 Zodi at. C1 Lib: Membershi p :Ro 11 ,,~1878-1942.,. '.' •• ~ J. •..' ~ '.".: ..••. n .' •.. ' . ; X' 3 109 . . . . . . . . . . . ,Pbotograpb ••• '••' •••• ';:. ~. e\';,l'" ~,.i ••• ~'. ~', ~'.' ~t.I.\;·.t!~ . r:X . 3 113 j \ . \: ••• .t \. ,\ 'd • ~ • '. • .. , ., I' ... "' ~ .... " -',. • f I ' -. • ." ~ f " .~ ': . I, ' i' ; '. . . I. .. ': ;. .. !". I'" ,'. ,', : \' _ i: 1 'oJ ; ;co.LEMAN, Ezekiel.l:\ •. 0f.:Kanwaka,:)';wp.: Family, Early Day Housing ••••••• VIII 1 42 3 120 Testimony 1859 •••••••••••••••••• IX ·COLL'IER"Alice . Ann:.Biography •••••••••••••• ~·.~'.~ ;.,.I'.; .•·,~~·~;.: •• ~.'~l ..... ~·: XIII ~ ;2 '" i75 Columbia, KS (See Willow Springs Township) Co.RDLEY, Mary Minta Cox (Mrs. Richard) of Lawrence:·'Obi,tuafy ••• :: ••• ,., X;o' 3'; 10.5 Co.REL, Jemima: Corrections and Biographical Notes, Letter"to ,Ed·itor.~ :~XI. 4':,200. p ••• ••• Co.URT RECo.RDS . ,')1'; "~: ;'", !~'. -ii·It::I,.)I· ", .•. j" Courthouse.Terms,.Definitions ......................... ~.'.I;;.'.!.\.~"VIII 3 146 I 4 ;-: �,PIO~EER, , .: ,." INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) ~.' . I 1 ' ' 1. .. .. • , ,,l, ',' .. , .. ~ • .. .. .. .. .. • • .. .. • • • • • • .. .. " .. .. .. • ~ .. " .. • .. .. .. .. L -,\ I • .. . • _{.' •••••••••••• \ ~Divorces: Filed in Douglas Co. 1864-1884 '~ •. ; •.•. ~ . . ............... , . , ................ , ............ . • I :,l ~ '. I !' • .:•.••••••••• VIII VII I VIII Fi 1ed in Kansas Territoy............................ VI II Passed by Territorial legislative Assembly, 1861.... IX ...... ·Oi.~t.. S.t; •. 1864-1884. vn · .. , . . 'Peifii"on . . . . . . . . . .'Abstract's'; . . . . . . . . . . .'Oou'gl'a's' ...... ... ... ... VI I ·1 9 24 69 185 159 26 121 181 57 1 II II · ... , ...... ,~i, l.l,~ .~e.c.o,r:d.e,d. ,a,t, .l.a.~r:e,n,c.e. .1,~5.7 "7;18.( ~, •. ;•••••••••• IX I I IX : VIII 187"3-1890: •• , ••••••••• , f (" · . , ...... , , ............ , ... , , ... , ... , . 'i890:"190 1. '.' ••••••••• VIII ,~ t l v . , 174 1 1 3 4 2 IX Jury Panel, 1913 ............................ •:~ .. '...... ~: •......... 'NaturaHiati'on .(,See 'ininifgra'ti'on' 'r; 'N'a'tu'ra'l'fia'ti on' Rec'o'rds) ;.~ro~~~~ .~~l!r:~:.. I.n.~~~ .~~ ,E.s,~a.~e,s.,. ,Vpl.•. '~" .~o.c.~~;ts ,A:.~. B 1854- 4 2 4 4 'co: ., . , 3 133 ,Criminal Docket: Book I Index 1863-1878 (A - I) ••••••••••••••• VII , V·ItI · ...... , ...... , ...................... (J (' ., ~,·~R) Z) ••';.!;,. . ;, •• e •• ~:.i ••. V I. I I ·\ : ~ i·)'" • I , i ,, . 2 81 3 108 2 83 3 119 " ,. O' • • ; ,~I. f \ ' · . COVELl,',Mrs. J.E.: Gymnatics Class at the Rink, from,law.rence Journal XII ,~' .CRE'EL ·:J.ra 'of ·tHnton 'Twp::' 'Dea't'h ·i901: .. :::::: .... :;:.·.. : •• ~~'.:......... X • 'Cri'm:in~)' Rec.~~~s. .(~~~ .~ou.r:t. ,~ec,o,r:d.s). . , ..............;, -,;." X · . CRUMPTON·, Mrs. Frances E.: Death 1862 •••••••.••••••• :•• ·••.•.•.••••••••••• .. ' ICUT.T~R~· ,Charlotte V.: 75th Birthday Celebration 1873 ••••••••••••••••• XII \ I • 1\ I i I i. t I • I • .. , • .. ~" ".. t .. .. .. .. t • .. • • .. • . ... ,. ................................ .. e .. • , • t • • .. • • «4O ••• _ ....... • .. ~ • • ..... • _ • '" ~ .. : :'. \ '. OJ "" a • • .. .. • .. ' • - • - • .. .. • • .. .. • • .. .. .. • • .. .. t .. .. .. • • 3 122 2 86 3 102 • 2 ,; .'. • J• ...... .!.1,....... ....to _'. p'~V;I;~" ,~del.a.. ~u.~t..~~ E.u,d.o.r:a..~~p.• ,: ..P.i,o.n,e,e.r: .M.o.t.h.e.r: •.• ,•.•.•.•:•.• :•..•. ~.~ ' r ,'pf\ ~ I:~" jM,rs •. ,~a.r:~ .A.., .o.~ .~l.i n,t,o.n. ,,!,,~p.•. :. ..o.e.a.t.h, .1.8,8,2.• ,.,.,.,.,., •••.•~ .' •.•.••1. .., :111 • 1 32 3 138 2 87 3 145 .. X I • • • • • • IX , ",DAy',I,S, Wi.nslow of Eudora Townsh1p: B10graphy •••••••••••• '••.•••.•••.•••• VII ::,,:'p~ath' ~e:c.o~~s. '(S:~~ :C:e:nie~e:rj,: :~o:~t:u:a:~y.,: :O:~i\~a:r:y' :a:n:d: :V:U,al ,~e~o'rds) \.. DEAY, James of Eudora Twp.: Death 1913 ••••••••••••••.•:••••••.•••. ~,.:.' •••r.I' 1:'IX '; .Deed$ t$~e L:an'd 'an'd 'P'ropert'y 'R'ec'o'ids')' ....... , ... , .. , ,. ., "; DENT0N" William of Twin Mound, Marion Twp.: Geologist and Naturalist. XII '.- '.' DI~,K~ James H., M.D., of Grant Twp.: Biography ••••••••••••••••••••••• VII I ': ;DINSMOQRE, William A: Death Notice 1867 •••••••••••••••• ,•••.••••••• ,•.•.• ~I '. Di vorce 'Rec'aids "('S'e'e 'Court' 'R'e'c'o'rd'sT ....:. ' '.: ...... :' .... , , :. ·, '. . i ~'1 DODD~R "~:~d :S:i:~"!~n:s: :~a:~n:y :o:f: :M.aYfo:n: :T~~p:. :;•. :~ :•..•• ;• .:.;.:.-•• I~~• •:::;:•• :~:.:• • ~'. IX ·l . DOOLITTLE, Reuben R. of Wakarusa. Twp.,: B10graphy.: •.• ,••.•••••••••••••••• VIII 'I'll' 3 139 4 I. : • .. • .. 0 .. • • • .. • • .. ., • .. .. .. • .. ~' .. 1"' • ~..... I I. .. , .DoJGLlAS; .COUNTY 'G'ENEAL:OG'I'CA1' 'S·OtTETY.. : ... ",:,:. ~.: ~ , ~ • ~ f.. , ' '. \ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.'. I • t. L', • \ I I. I' • I I , II ' • . 10 '~.j Ie "". .. I ,.'. ~ ,::.;." :! r • ~ i.J I) . ,,1, .... Q ........... , •• ~ • • .. • .. .. • .. .. .. • • • .. ... .. .' I ' _',' j. , I I II I ". V I , ' J , I, I. J : r " " . 1"" f i . l , '' . ..,:').l - J., "Ch'ar·t'···M· .... '3' 'J'un . , '1'97'6' ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .... , .. - ..... .," · • , er em'b'ers, , . lLi.brary 1 I ...... • It. • .. Q I Acquisitions ... ., .. ,........... ~ .-.. --1•••.•.,.""••---•••••• '•• I.".r.'J • •.r.'•.• ~ " ........ , .............. ). ~ ..I • .. • ., .. r' to • • • .. ., I .. .. _'., . . ~I , •• t .... •• fl. .. "_' ,IJ . # ' •• ' •• , , ' •. ' , ; • ',.. t J • • .' . . . "-"':. • ................. I., ! . \/.',. ,.. ',. ... \,.'1. ) 1 ,} I . ",. l' " I .. ' ii' ' .' f ... .. oJ" ',[ : ., .'. II1" " ,' ! •• J 1 \1 3 .' ...' I ' • J 4 159 I ' 42 VII 11 ' -1 · ....I.n.~.~,~,t.O.9/..o,f, ,G.e.n~a.l.o.g,i .c,a.l ,B,o.o.k,s.. 9:~ .Ila,wrenc~. :P~ub.l i c' ';: r.; .'., 1. .r.arl.:...1.9~.9....... j ••• ;. :.' ••••.••.• : .r..... ',.". ~ .:.: •.••• ,. j••••••.••.•:: X;I,I ~Me,mb,e.r: .s.u,r,n.a."!e.s. ' .. ,O.ur. ~n.c.e.s.t.o.r.s..•.• ,. ,......~:., • ~ ..• •{ui.· • •• ;.:;•••• ;.•••••. ',•• ';. .1, . , •• " 4' 112 3·., 83 ,. • VII I • '. 2 40 4 129 2 1 39 .. '. , '.' .,Ir , .4. :135 , . , IV.- 4 92 ~ ... V,I'l' :1.... ' ," 5 :".,'.j 'i ,) " '. ~\ " ." : : ): : I, . .................... I . I 4 192 1 46 : :. . By-laws ............................. }..... :.......•... '......... . !. 178 1 41 4 197 '1 • • I.', 64 • Dan; sh ~Names •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• :. ,•••.• ~ •••• • . ' . l -. ;\. 92 3 4 1872 ......................................... . ' ,. 2 1 87 19 �, ':' i' " . PIONEER, INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) \ 2 1 73 4 1 135 1 II II 2 3 <) • ~ c • • IJ .. .. • ..: ~-) j " :Membershi·p,. ,3 . Jun -1976. ~·.I. :::' 'll' I ..) .. ': I • • • • • • • • • •••• • • • • • • • ••• ••• • • • • • • •••• • ...................................... .... ~ · ~ l : ,.' • t· · , • ' •• , • . . • • • • , • . • . • , • . • : . • • , ' ~'1 '.f'l II : I ' : . 4 1979-19·8'O •••"'.· ••'~-••-.\.)~·· •••·••• ,...... ,...~ ....... '.............. III r 1980~1981~.- ...... ~ '•• ,'. t. :~" •• i .~.i ••• ' •• ~ ~ ~~••• :.:.;.:..;....... 3 75 IV 3 IV 4 "1·98~3-·:f984:. '•• •J~ ~~. '.:..... '• • • • • :• • • • ' • • '• • ~ .~ ...i. '• • • • • • • • • • • • 4 VII 3 104 1984-1-985 VI I I 2 _ ~" • ' ~ •••••.• ......................... .............. . ~ .1 ( t' • , r .. 01 •••••• ••• 1 ; -.:'. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• ............ ( '::-.: . · " '. ' • . • 1, \ 2 VIII ,~: 1985'-1986 •• :)••• •• '. :'•• :•••• :'.'••! • • • • • • ••••• - " ••••••••••••••• , •••• , • , . . ,;: •• 1986-1987 ••••••••••••••• •.•.•.• !~·I•• · 1 3 2 3 • • \., •• ,• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • , . • • • . • • • _ • •;.~ • • • • f , · .... , .... ,.............................. J 1 56 56 VI VI VI I .;. ..... - ·1981:.. 1·982 ......................... , ". ' . . ' ), .. ': '''./ V , . ' ,I!, ", \ . , r : f I. \ , I, ' " , ':. , .. ' I , : ' . ; .•••• , "V 1 (: 1',',· ~:I • ,'.' ·'i~:2·."· ':V':I 19'82-1'983 • 3 66 91 4 81 54 104 156 .i '< PAGE (';1':·1 I ....... ·1 ·Apr ,1978 ••• .:: .•••.•••••••••••••.••••.•• ·0 ••• e . • • • • • • • • • • I ••. · •• ·.1978-197.9 .... :'· .... ' . ' " I':,:,":; " ';:.1 :::-)"")'·11 .. , ,-I· VOr.:/iNO~ ': ',; 71 .'.'~ ~\' 3 54 50 104 ~.,VgI "~ ,1~~ • • •: .. ) •••••• :.. " ! IX ' ~ .;~i~!............. ~.~. ;.::."" ........ 1981·-}988-·. ,< • • , • • • • " • . ~ ;i~ ,., ••••••0· .•••••••••••••• ·0 • •:.• •j• •~.• •:"• • •I:• • •.~', ...... 3' . 107 2 :,~ 52 X), • '. :X"I' '2"".' 57 "3)110 1988-1989 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• XII 2 50 Off1"cers' ,. '}'984-1985 . . . .. ... . ... , .... " .. , ............. , ... ,: . VI'I I" '1~ )" l' · " . ... -}.986-}.987' •..... ", . . ' '.J • 'l'; ) . ~. •.•I• • •'I• • •••j,'• • . •. X 'Al'l Cover ••••' ••••.•••••..••••••.••••. ... ", ..... ·198·7·-,1,988·.·.;;.·.·.· ..·•• '•••• ·•• '•• ·..... ·•• '•• ~ ••.•• !.~ '~ XI .:A'l·l Cover . ...... }.988-'1.989 •••.•••••••• ......... ,. ". '.; . • • • • • • • •.• :'~il . • . • • . . • • • . I• • •' •)• •).)i . • •'~"x'I'I 'A'11 C'over : ;l989~ 1990 •• ~ f.'·•• ,I• •~;~ ' . : ; . '• • • • . • . • • '• • • • i!'.:. '.:. -. '. '•.~~. ~ • "~:,•• ~ ~ i•• :X:I"I :,4~ ·Cbver ,Publi'cat·i·ons 'for ·Sa,le'.·.·.·.·.·.· ...·.'.·.·.·.·.·....... '.'. ~'.:••:.... '••'~ ~;.'~.~.:;;••• J.,._ XI) ,'11'.' 44 '. .'. j {, ' '' ,! '; XP '2:' 108 \( ....... :-; .' I"J:)r~; ·1 :,' .;.: .',. '.' ,~'r!' Xl' 3 '151 ,I ...... , ••••••• , ••••••.• , . , 1 ; , . !.,. ';" • .' • XI' .'4""202 'So pea.kers,,·1981 -'1,982 •.•••••••...••••••••••••••••• .... , ..... ,.. ;. . ,.•.••••.. :01 I: ,•• ,i..• " ':'V'I "';2: . '54 · Con t en t s 0f Vo. 1 I th ru V••••••••••••••• . )', ,IJ,.,........ .} •• ' ,. '. VI) .. 1 ., 2 • .... • "." P10neer: · ~ ~ ~ ~ , . -Contents' 'o'f' 4Vo'l'" -I· ,t'hru: -VI I •••• "i.L.~ ~ .'.:~ ••.• .'1..~I.I. :~\~ '•• :. '. V'l"! II '2' Append ..... 'Contents' 'of 'Vo·l·.· VItI, 1984·~1985~'.'~' ..~~'•••• '.; ... ~1 j •• ('IX' 11" 1 Contents of Vol. IX, 1985-1986 ••••••• ,•••••••• ,......... X. . 1. 1 Contents of Vol. I through XrI No~ 3.-;~ ~J. :~'.:. ';'• .'•••~ •• ;~; x.n· '''3 1 143 .. -Index 'of' 'N'ames' 'in' VO'l'" ·1·.·... ·....... ·:.· ....... ;:;:::;;;:::.".·•• ;'-"11 1 10 II 2 10 ~ ................. : ... ',1:': ' ", .....{.' ., : .. f ' -;.ll)'·]"'·XI .......................................... . .. ,' , ~ ' ~, f" • • • • • • •' • • • • J' '.1 .. ' J • • • _.' ." ..... -, I• . • .1 l' f I •• '•• ,. DOY, Dr. John: Rescued by Fri ends 1859 •••••••••••••••••••• ~ ,•• ~ •••• ,.~ ,.. VII I I .. , •••••• Ii • " .. f> .. ~ ~ ... ~ f ...... , ••••••• I • N ,~I I '. ,:. l - ,.1 I '.~ EBERHARD, Ma'ry ·n·Hotson' 'of' Grant· 'Township:' 'letter.';. ,~ ..-/.:.:-.:;.-•• : •• ~:.(.;~I V'n Echo, KS (See Marion Township) EGGERT, Henry W. of Wakarusa Twp.: Letter to His Children............ X ELDRIDGe, Col. S.W.: Biography ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• III I' 4 153 2 91 1 48 116 4 ,I ELECTION RECORDS, , ' " .: ,.' >;'. : . .,:1' v , ' . . ' ,.{:) , ~j. • • • • • I II PQ~glas Co •. Elect10n, i864 •• : •••• : ••• : ••••.••• ~.~~:~ 'Kans'as' ·Terr1tory:·Map·, 'E-l ect, on'D1~t:' cts·,.......~~ /\.'. <. • •••••• VI I I '• .'.<••• ". ":~ 'I I t 'lawrence 'C·ity 'E'l ecM on' ·186·3·.·.·. '."•.•.••' .'••••• '.' ~ ~ • :'.'...... 6 2 4 2 59 171 52 �'I'~ION~E~~ .JNDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) Voter Regi strat ions:· Eudor,a. ,Townshi p." .J86~,. ,••••, ••••.••, •• 'i•• ! •.•• ~, I ~ .",' I 'K'ansas """T~;";tl":/11'8-5'5 ) " " 1 , , 1 , , , I . errl ory, .......~, •.•.•.•• ~ •••··)·1./""V ~,.~ .. ,~,. ! , , 'lawrence' T6wn$t:li p~:.,18~Q.: ~ :.:, :.~ ~ :1,.1 ~ .. ,... ~.~ . ~":V q 'ij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : ·.Mari6n·:r.6wnship',~ :J1~·61'~:;.:.: ~ ~~; •• ;~ •.:.~: ~; IX 1 0 , \ ,I, •• , ••• , •••• , • •' ".~."'.".O'" I It/,J "J!~".)! .Jjll.!.1 ',.tlt1-,' 1•. t1.t ~IJ I. "1 • 3 3 4 2 138 105 190 98 1 40 1 40 1 2 42 88 177 Cover Cover 187 160 32 J .. \•• EUDORA,'\KS (See also Eudora Township) Eudora in 1881 .................................. ~: •. . /~ ~ ..... ~.!' .',~ '. ~.I .'.'~ ~. f.J 'i. .;", • . ~ EUD'O~A \ 1 l ..... II ...................... ':." ' . I" •• <': ":': ": .. :: .:: TOWNSHIP' (See . alSo' ~udora) ~ 'I • ~. : :, " , ' :. ; , • " ',:, • • • • : •• r~ ~' B"'" ·f'C····,' .. ' .. 1 "5'9 .. , ~I' " , . ,i'I''';~ • J.) "I . \ .. ' ook 0 omm1 SS10ns 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'VIII '~~meteri es":' Euabra ~ . Hesper' Fr.~etldS· (~e~ ·G¢tn~ter.Y.', Recot:'9s ~"\ Churches":' MethotiiSt' Ep1S'copal ~'(See C~utch JRecords) '" .. I I .l .• J " H~ sto r y and Re s; den t s •••••.•••••••••.••••••••••.-. ~ ~ ~ .,. ~ ;- •• ~ ••• ~ . ~ ~ l r .- ,:) r ".':). 'I' .......................... \ . I • History' of' Area' Churches: ~:: ~::::: ~ ~::: ~ ~::::: :'.,~;.; ~. '... : ."!; ... 'IX .4,,> ~~p: 1902, North Part of Township and Weaver •••••••••••••••••• XI , 1909, North Part of Township ••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••• VIII 2 1 · 1982 .................................... ................. . VI I 'N~~spaper' Iteins':' 1881',' Hesper: ~ : : '. : : '. : ~ : : ~ :'; ~'~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I X ~. ·····'~·····~1888·,·Hesper::'~::~::~~::~.·.~·.,... ,... .......... XI • ,I... , 4 " , •• I .. ~ ,. '> • , ~ • , ••••• ~ ..... f ........ ~ " ,. f.;, • .> - t 4 · :t • ., !. , 4 1 Va , ~ ~~. . ...... '. . .. 1897',' .Eutlbra·,' ~~sp'e'h . K,init Bot~9in~ Kaw ll~y. .'I X Schools':' E'uClora' Gra(tecl',' Weaver' (See. School' Re'cords) . . ,. T~xpayers: 1900-1901 (See Tax'Retords)" , .. '.. ~; .. , ':,' ":~""; "~':':::~ ..Tbwn~h'~ Off'ters~~~:~~::~:~::::~~:~::::~~:~.:~.:~~~ •• :;::~ •• ~· 'IX lVoter Registrations.: 1867 (~ee Electio.n Rec9rds)" ".' , ' . .W~'ave'r·:· H'fs'tbrY"ancl' E~r:1y, Re~'ide'nts,~,! .:. ~.' .'; ~ '~ .• "~. ~~.~ .. ~~ .'. '•. ~ .1•.: . : . X~' .1 • .. •• , • , • " • ># .. ' . ,J 0 ..! • ...... j I t \. ", ,.,0 4 11 , ) . '.. , ,~ . IFam~ 1,Y Reuni ons •••.•..•.••.•.••••••••••••.••.•••..•.•••••••••.•. •~!II '. j ,.f.' VVII II 1 3 ". ~ ~~., 178 J..} .2 100 3' . 143 II' '.. ',' • • , • • • , • • • • , • , • r. : ,':> l " ." .. ~ ~. ~ V-I II ... ~ t. 4!. 189 ,. I . j... ' . . I . . ", 'j" • • • • • , • , • , , • , • , . • • . • , , " , ; : • , : ' -,.), ... ' , . . ' ": • • I .J ~. . '.' . VI·1'1 '1' . 12 .,'.)' ::',1 .~.:l ~!i"'.{.1.:'.~ ,.:·)I! " ! j f l ! ; ; , .... "IVn;I,12,,"153 t "'. ,. • :.J .. , ' .. / " .. .' j V'll!" 3' '104 .;. 'Farmers' (Se'e'l'a'na' 'a'n'd' ·P·ro~~.rty: Reto:rd~: landb~ners) ':. h'')' ; ,,'1' ~ .. : li/l. c : : •• !! .' ! : 1.\ 4. ,,,,::. ~ 1: r'", :: .: I) ( .... , 'i~l,l "'::,).",j ::. : ~ ,I I: ~ , FIS~'I P,~sca1, Shawnee In<ilan of Eu<iora·Twp.·••• ~·~ •.. ~~••••, .. ~.~ •••:.~ •• ,•.• ~;•• ,•. :VlU 3,'jJ37 FISHER; Rev'; HU'gh' Du-n'n':' H'i's' Reinin'i'scehces of QiJan'tri HI s;. RiliCIJ.:. '.- ••• '. XII'i" l' '~ 3 · " FLETCHE.R " James, of Wi 11 ow Spri ngs Twp.: He; rs o.{ 1860. ~! •• :~')•• :. ~ •. '. '. ' . . VIN': 47 "FOX , rAl'l':" ... ··.·'l.·"~ : •• ' . '1'''. ' I l l , '~ ,r.· ': 'VII 1'1 .j 3 . . ,en ·H:·· • :.. ·'F'·"'·'l"·B·'·bl··· aml Y , e ••• '•••• '.......................... :,'Frark:1in;,- KS' tSe'e·Wa·ka'r·u'saTowh~~i'p)l"~. _ ,,", '. ,FRENC1H; ·1L.,:iz·z'fe· 'Ha's'keTl" 'o'f 'Lawrence:" O~it~'ary·.·.• ,~'/.'.·. <~ .'.1. '.1 •.• -:•• '. X : I '4' '154 J '1 I , , , , ••• " , • ••• " " ! •• ' •••••• , •• , •• , • : ••••• " • -' ••• .' ' •• , , ..~) . ,', : ,. ~'1 ' ,') . '-,. J, " . " ". ".... ,; I.'. ' t.. )." .......... " I I 'J' , .. • ,...I, .. ' ,. ~.. I ! " .: • • ~ '. ) r, I' t .' • . ' • f r ), 0 #• • I • ,J • i. .. \, ..........'....,............ ~ \I .. • .. .. .' l " . I.,. \ • '. .."'...... j J .. 1" • • • • • • • • • • . t ••• I I \ , 1 'f':':' . GARDN~R, Joseph, of Clinton Town~hip~.~ ••• ""'•• '•.••.••• i ......... _•••.•• _•• r •.••• ~II! 2 89 GARDNER, William, of Eudora Towns~,p: 1.~iograph~·.'~IJ.... '.".I!.l.'.' •. ~.·.'•.•.•• .'.'•• ;'VII "~'3'" 145 GERSTENBERGER, Ella Reber, of Eudora:!'Meinories.).~,.. J./.-'.'.... ;.'~)••••• ~.\·~.' XII 2 90 : :>~ ,:< ., ' j . , ' ;~'~< i .:. " ~",. XII 3 104 .' GI BSO~,; Wi 1Ti'a'ni:' 'News 'l.t'~~,,' '~'a'wrEmc'e~ :"We:st~'rn' Home' :jo~rn'a'l ,".,', 1~82:.. .•.• .I X 2 Cover GI~MOR~,' JO'hn'; 'of 'Eudo'ra' Towriship:.~ Biog.~a'phY.'•••:. ; .... ~• •J.' • ...... :~ .:•• '.,.-~.• '.:.: va 2 90 .' G1obe~ ',KS ('Se'e' 'Mari'o'n' Town's'hi'p')"' ,~, I " . ',fJ,_ • i . " ).~. J ' • • ' ": . ) i ,',.:. ' GOOD,! ,~\.'B. 'of l:a'wren'ce':' 'Pire' 'at' 'Hi's' 'Gro·c'e·ry. ·~;to:.re'. 'l'~~~.•• i. '.' .....: •• .'.:. :;;. '.' 'n:I 3 122 ~ GOODPA'S'TURE ' 'Ha·ml··l·to'n··• 'Pa:ml"l'y 'H"150rY······.·r ·t' . . ... ' .. ... . .), 4!:::)•u'• ,I•J• •• •I • • • •'..•,•'.~• • •"•.•,• . • •,•} " .~ 'I 2 50 .1' I ' · , GORTON' "SamtJel" 'o'f 'Rhode' 'I'sl'a'n'd 'a'n'd 'Hi's··Descendant. < . . j ' .. ,,: f.:''- ..:, : 'VI 4 184 '.' GOULD,. ,George 'R::' 'NeWS 'Item; t:a'wre'nce' '''Western . Home' JOlir,na'l", ]882 .~;.' III X 2 Cover I • I .. \ .. .~ 1 '1 1 . ' " . " . • , • , .. ~ ~ • •••• " •••• ~ ........ t ••• L ... ~ • , • ~ ."1 • r, ,," 1 I' s) .' ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ • • • • • • ~ I.:'. • • " ; ~.j' . I .; I;' :'. .' r " :.GRANT'TOWNSHlp·'················." . . , : J . " ,I. .. ,' "" ~:i~! . . . . . • . . :~~metertes '('See 'Cemetery 'Re'cords): : !'J}i; . . ' .~.:\'~ : ;,) ' . . • , .: .. ;. '1875···········"'·,····,·,······ :., ••••••.•.••• '.;; -'i"'" .;;•••••••.•• .'. ,-,' I IiI! I ') Ce·ns·us··' •• • • • • • • • • . • •, •••••••• "" •• ~ ••••••• e: •• ,', J. \. ... , ••• , • , ....... I .:,.1 1.1 .... ,:., .,: .• ,1 .tt j 7 4 ,').. (,\ . ~11' ': ;.: ' "i'~ .1 \ " \ 4 127 �.:. PIONEER~ INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) . f .. , ' .f , • ! I' . .,_ • Churches: ·Pi1gr·fm'Congregational I(See:Ch~rcH.:Records)!' : }.;; '; .; De 1awa re . Big' ROOse: ; : ; ,; • eo. ! . ; ~ '. ~' .. ".i .~' ~; ~ • ~•• .: •• ~: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • VIII " 3 138 De 1aware' Ilidi alis . WhO' Became' Ci tlieris •• : .: -: •'rJ ~ ••••..•.•••••.•• '. VIII 3 138 Ear1y'Sett1ers'AS'Remembered by Anna ~Morgan·'Ward •••••••••••••• X 1 41 . , 12' 'j "I' . j .'1 ~ _1 X "?,,.a8 :, . XI ,,' 1 , J 41 History' ana· Resiaents:::::::: ~::::;::::::::: ~::: ~: ~ ~ .. ~ .'}~. ~ i• • ~ ~ Jvij 1 43 Landowners: 1873 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• w • • • • • . IX 4 188 lM~p: 1902, Showing C.B. Young's Maple Hil1}arm~~~.;.·.~;~.';-.~(;'XIl \. 21 J' 56 . ,. . 1921' . . . . . . .. . .. ". . ... " ..... , .... , . ' 'I '., < .• 1, , ' ' ~ ~ ~ ~ 'I.X 1 Cover Maple H;l1'Farm ~ournaj.:of.C:·B~ YOuhg~i189i':;·~.·~~:~~.~.:~~~~·~;.·XIi 2 57 ~ -J: ' . 'I: . ~~ -.t,~ l . '~"t . 1!:1 .: I ;.' i -; : X· I I 3 129 t I ; I Newspa pe r~ ell ppi ngs: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~ -~'~ .... ; ~.~ . ~_~ : . ~ ~ '~ " I X 1 34 2 95 i " : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :.: '.:, 3 141 . i 1865 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~~.~;. VIII 2 95 .\ ....... , ·······1882·'·····,··,······················,·· VIII 1 41 • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • , . • • • • • • • • • . • ,! 4! • • • • •••• ~ ~ ~ ~ 1896·. ~ : : : : : : : : II. : ~ ••• ; ; ~ • :•••• '•• ~ ~ ~ "V I I 4 200 .. North'. Lawrence':" EarlY Business::. ' . ~ ~ ~.-; ~. ~.; .'.................... VII 3 146 "\. J ! fnst Cl ;ty.. Offl cers ••• : • ~ ••••• ~ • ~, •••••• ~ .• ',' •.•• VI II 1 41 Taxpayers: 1900;..1901'(See··Tax,Records,) ."~.,',,' ." J".'~ ' . ' . ' . ' • . ; . · Offi cers, 1897 •••••••••••••••••••••.•••• ' .. " ) ' . , ' ,',.' , ~_!l.~._ ......... ' -;.I"··I·X Towns h'p •• ~ •.•• ~ •.•• ~~. 1 3 ,I l' L• • • • • • • • • • • • t ' • '. • '• • • • ' • • •••• ' ••••••••••• J , : ••• t '• • • • • • • .'!. f l' :'~J:' • • • • \ • • • ' •• ) • ••• to, I' I >>~.~ :.,',~ '~.':~-: ".": I.>~:.::,; '< ,~::i' ,:;~g ~ , ........ • () " to • - e• • • •••••• • \ I, I \ .. • ~ •• I •• I ' . " • .; • II f • ~ ~ .,-: • • • . ;'}. ,. " J) ~ , • , a • ,', " • ~ l ,I . " . j ., ~ <>. -: •• ~ "~ • , #, , , • • 1 ,\,; , 10 \ .... • f I! - I • ' ; \. r ,'1,.1, • •~ \. , 1'; '." . GREENE, Albert R.: Excerpts from Autoblography, 1~42~1893.;.f.~~~ •. ~~.~XII 'GREGG, Deacon' A1exanCJer':' S11ver WeCldihg Anniversary~J 1884.'. ~ •• ~' .... .'.: IX 2 94 3 134 c ; 'HAMMER ;F~m;lY' B'; b1e·.·.·. '. '•.•.•.•.• '•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.• '.'•.•.•.• '•.• '. '. : .•.• : .•.•.•.• '•.• '•.•.• '•.•.•.•.•.• ~.: :'. ,T VI . ~ ;3 i 107 ,HAMPSHIR,E, Mrs. Kate P. of Lecompton Twp.: Death 1884................ IX 1 39 HAR,RELL.·,! ~ohn of Cl i nton Twp.: Obitua ry. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • X 1 39 HART, C.ha r 1i e AKA Wi 11 i am C1 a rke Quantri 11 (See Lawrence) . ,Health, IR,ecords (See Medical Records) HECOX, Ida Josephine Johanson.p! Mari~n,Twpi:.~1ogr~p.h~.,.i •.••.•• ~~:.,••.•. : X,. 3 }45 .HE~LSTR,OM, Laura Johnson: Memorles of .Quantrll.Ls,.~a.Jd •••••••••.•.•.••• I. XII' 1'.32 ' NN , A" ........ A"c,G~ ... '..... '18'67 • .................... . ,. ." .' ~ .,'," )., ' ',.' .•,• ." XII ,,~, JI HERMA ure'1'"1a:. , '0'rownlng,· uen t" '-:. ••.' •••. .180 :.. ~... '... ',."" '.. . ;. ;'I '~:. ,,,) ) 1 .' I ',,: :,1" , : Hesper.,. KS ('Se'e' I'udora Town'shl pr HIATT, He'nr"y' 'o'f" Tw1'n' Mo'uhd', Marion Twp~:' B~o'graphY' and. R1e!mini,sceris.es'/.xn' . '4' 173 , ...... , ......... ' ............ Farony Re'c<)'rd's •••••.•• ~b.l•• :.~.'XII'.', 4' 180 ,·HIATT, 0.0. of Twin Mound, Marion TwP\.,:·ObituarY'~''''\''·'''''I~:.:.,.,~:.:.'~ .•''•. X.lt.· 4 )81 "HINDMAN, Al'b'er't' H::' Me'nic)r"fe's' 'o'f" Tw'i'n Mound·~ ••• ·• ~ ~ ....... .'.'•• .' • .'. ':.'........ X'Il! 4" 17 5 ::u '. . )1' j .; HISTORY (Se'e' 'aTs'o' 'fn'd'fv'fd'u'aT 't'o'w'n'stlrp'~', 'a'n'd' 'to,wn~f ~. I . I~::J L;' . 'C'e'meter"y'Hfs't'o'r"y'('S'e'e"C'einetery Re~or:ds'):'.,".:.; '. , .. ,f!' ,';,''1..,,' . Church' 'Hfs't'orj TSe'e 'Ch'u'r'c'h' .-'Records) . ' '. ' f I j .'" ',.;. ,.\ ..:;, . : Coffee Substitute 1870 ••.••••.•• "," .. ,••.••••••• ,•••••••••••• '0' •.•.•j., .VIII 4 193 ,Di a r:;:~~s:~e.~o:r:d.s..~r:i.a~l.s:',&.; .T.r.av~;i J~' o.!· PJ~i ~Sinf:m. Li'fe ~.'j" .:.~;"......' -:', ,II I: :.. '3: .. 98 Douglas Co., lawrence, and DCGS TldbltS.·. ';'.'," '.',~,'!' ",."" ... t ',~'~:j .. :1 ,.J.;-.; 1 , . j , '. " ~arthquake of 1867~ •.••• ~.~.·.·.~1 ... ,.\~ ................ 'G:r~a~ .:~~~~1:~~~~~ .\n: .~ou.g.1.a.s· .C.o:.....:.:'. ;'.• ~." .:. ,.,·r·;·.·'·;: .of. ~.,• • • ,•••• l. . . . ~1. .~. ~ ~~ ·i·:·~~·.:~ t' ·.1 •••• ,IX . ,2 ':'J.:¥ 1,1.1.,' .~2.':: 62 56 .H1S~~r:l.C~l, .~o~i.e.~l.e.~. poug1~s ~o.;~!•• ,.:•.,•• ,~ •• :· ••,.~).i~l",.... ,•••:;·.;"I... VI ;'?; ,55 ,I,ndl.~~ Settl.el1}e,nts, \1n po~gl as~:~p,•• ,•• 'l'.' ':' ~.'J" ';'J~'" ':~ ., ••••.•, •• ~:';'l}II L j 13 . ~106 \ , Kansas Cities and Towns 1893 •••••••••••••••• .- ••••••••••••••• ;'. IV' Kansas Post Offices 1881, 1891, 1926 ••••••••••••••••••••••• ,.~:.:i Iv'. . Kansas Territory Post Offi ces 18~~"".",,,,., .'.•••• ~~;!_ •• !,',';'r ~~':l'('~~ ~ .. , .V;I Lost Towns of Douglas Co ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~,.· •• ·•••.•.• , ~II Map ~ 'Lawrence 'arid 'Douglas 'Co': 'Event's '1854':1863:: : .... : : .' .'. : • : ~.... Vtl 8 3 77 4,,96 '2' , 79 2 62 4 Cover �,PION'EER·, .INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) . I .\1 \.. ", f . . J ., ,~I I; '(11' ~. : • I I ," I II,. ~ 'J , ..• VOL.,·NO.·,PAGE \ 'J\ I 1 (." :1" 1 J. " ". X'I 1 Cover :Marias des Cygnes, Naming the River!,~ •.•••• ,•.• ~ .••.• ~ •.•.•,.~.•• ,".:~~:·~.~·· ~: ..rd'\ 2: ,,1 62 .::. Maral's;'~~'s~ '~yg~~'~' ~~'~~ac~~~ arp'J:~~h7~ ',~r.~W~':;:~l·~a.~~l}~JJ~·~·;l.~.:~'r~{~':' ~) 1 30 Path 'of the Early Explorers to Douglas Co ................... ·........ IP 3 96 pbst' 'O'ffi'ce's' o'f Do'u'gla:s'C<>'.' 1881'''::::.:.:•. ·:''.:~·~ ......,•.•,.~,:..:.:...:.;:.{.I.,.::.. ~ ... Iy 4 96 c" I·) • '., 1,"" " " " .,., I VI 1 1 ' A t 1841 ...••••.•...••..•.••.•. -/..••.•.....• . .•.••• , ~ ~ •..•. ~.,•. >. ~I Pr.e-emp t 10n c, 'plocTain·a·t'i'o·n' 'o'f 18'51'; 'Kah'sil's' Te·r·r·i't(irY::".,':~ '.:~" •.~:~.,~.'. ~.~ i•• ~.~..~ .• '. '.:.J.: ' .. V 4 126 SchooT 'Hi's"t'oorY ('Se'e' S'c'hooT 'Re'co'refs')' ...... : '" ) ." II 1 " . I .JJ ' . ·~\t~j,J" Quanl"r"flTI's' 'R'a'fd' ('See' l'aw'rehce',' 'KS) ........ , .. , ... :." : ... , ' .. j "! .':1 ~ 'Town's'h'fp's' 'o'f 'Do'u'gTa's' 'Ct>'::' B"r'ie'f' Hi'sttfry:::........:::... ~. ~.:.•l.}~;. LVVI I 1 40 ' . : l (.' : ~r~d.i ~.g..p,o.s.t,s, ,a.n.d. ,I.n~,i ~~. ~.i ,s.s.i ~~~ .... :: .. :::::::: •. ,o .:.. • • • • • • • • • • •• VI I I 3 105 I ; ;;HOL:MES,:' iJuli'a' 'A'rc'h'i'b'aTd':: 'A' '"B']bolner' Gi'rT"' o'f' lawr.·e'nc·e';·.'.• : .•.•.••• l•. ~.::.I.i:;.. ;· X '0 ('E"l'''J~''b: 'hl;'f·P l"~~' "T"" ('L"l,t:··;18'7· 5,·1 :>t'J"'V'I'I HO SK,INS N, Mary lza et 0 a my~a .. ,.~p;. :.~ :~~it~L,.·, .•.•.•.:,:,0 .,: ·:·t:··~·»·.;· ~ i " . letter 1876 •••••••,•••••.• '•• VIII HOUGLAND, Do'r'a' 'Oi'lTo'n' 'o'f BaTd\.ifrl':' S·ib'g·r·al>hy:........:. \•.••.• ; •.;~,•.~ ..... :;'• .".'.,: .• 1" ,IX 3 114 4 206 2 99 4 181 {"fJ,""i'l HOUGLAND Fami ly. Bible ••·1~.••••••••••• ere- • • • • • e-e • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • -, ,~I til, . . :.. I;' , ! j",)'";. 71 -t ..' ,; J'.~ :.~ i;f: J.I '. • l,t l' ," : , A 168 91 Xlj ': I ~ : .i..l .. ' -4'''-~~ " '. HOWA~D~ ... L.D.:.: .• ,S.o.m.e. ,F,a.r.m ,H,l.s.t~,r!:: '::::::::::::::::::::.~'. ,•• : .,•• ,.: •• ~.:".t".. • ' ,HOWA~D ,~~Wl s. Jl:hnenta fe 1 ••••••••••••••.•• ~ .• ~ ~ ••.• ,•••.••.•••..•.•.••.•.•• ,••••.••... III . 1 . 22 1 •. "'HOYT ·D·····d··S·t·'····1·8'5'"7·········:,·),· ·:.1',1)),. I " IlrJ", "",lll .... ,-' MaJ. aV1 arr: 1/ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~.1 •.• :~.1...· ..... ,.~.:·;·'IX',J·2 ...! ·'j·I"I·'··'86 .. I t,' 1 \. """ ... . '\: I . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. • • • ~ •••••••• "' .... O . . . . . . . . . . . . <I> ••• {I'I!'.)~ ,.1 /1.1' ~I _ . 1• • IMMIGRATI()N' 'AND' N·ATURA1TZATI'ON· 'RECORDS' .~l ' .. ' :,:, )")! .•• !. ;.~: .. :;~.: ~I.) ) i:~ .. :: .!.I : . , ':Al i en' ·Re·g'fs't·ra:·n·t's' Tn' 'Do)igTa's: ;Co~.:,: 1'918'.:...: .... ~.:.~.,.. :,:.~ ~' .• :'. '.1:. ~ '~ '•. / ... : ",In ': :~~(:'~ 58 ,., , German' ·Se·ttTemen·t' '1'n'Douglas 'C'o ........1). '•••••~ :_.J...:./~"~ '. :".':.". :;~••••' V'uI' . '21.1. 56 . ;~ay.rrence European Immi grants 1860 .N.' •..•••••••.••••• >~ ,• • • • • • • . • • • • • • • ,. . VI 4 168 N,c(tlJra·l'i'z:a:ti'O)·)':~. 'Ce'r't'ffi'c'a't'Efs'';' :Do'u'gla_s: ·~b,. ,.' ~9q7-!.!J9'21..,I•.•• '~""" .'.;;.,.V 11-"2 \: 59 l. \ . . . . " . , i''''Declarations of Intren't' ... ' .. """ . ,,~, ,·.. I,;)! I: " . j "j .:;'{:) ,'j . • ,,:) "V'I#j/ "4; ) 1172 . I(~ 1868 1903 Douglas Co. District Court, 19P7~1928 {A-~J. VI.I 1, 34 r(H:.. M,), VII'l' '!3' \ 123 ;, . :.~ Do'ugl'~s Co .''Prbba~e· 'Cou~tJ, '1856'-lS:5i•••i •i • .-;.'>v!f'II 4 176 , .' ...... , .. ,. 'Se'c'O'n'd' 'Judi'C'i'a'l' 'Di'stri'tt'; ·1'855"'1'858~·.\:.:;'''.'~ ~ "VIII 4 172 '! .' " 'Wa'n's'f'l"e'l'd 'to· 'S·c·h·u't'z· . , , . . . . . .. \'.:::1; i:. . ,;;. : .. IX 1 18 , I. J. '. ·Sc'h'U't·z' ·t·o·. I·Z·l'·mn1e·r·ma·n' ••, .'. .•.• .•.•.•.•.•..... \ 'j \ .: ,.', I I X 2 77 • • • • • • • • • • •.• • •• ."~xp·l'a·n'a't:l;on:. ,"~ '-' " "" ~.;: '-"~ I,,) ~j ~ ~ ~ i :.j ," '!.,l;":; !V'I 2 63 .'. , F , . ' f. ,e ••••••••...••• ~ •• • efe • ~ • • • • ' . . . . . . . . . . ~ • • ... . '." ,,' .I K~ns·~s Territot,alIPe~.ri6'dll~e.cords •••••••••••••• Vln 4 171 ,l i \ :. ...... ,','. p.e t"t··· ; "19·0·6· 1'924· , "I.'~~.~.J."' ' I ,r ,,' " 2 50 1 ,on~', III '. .' r ? " ;.. . ,,, ': ,I, . 1 , . III 3 86 .: , • • • • . • • • • • , ..... , ...... ' '" :';.,i"." 'f./~';;,~ .., ... J,;!l 'j,~~,t't ,~tll'll , 4 120 , !. ~ \~ ~ J J JIll) ~;. t'l .; i ")Irv ............ , ........: .. " :,J';. ,:;(,;~.(;;'.,J ~I . I::j IV' 2 55 '.1 , 4 122 ". V. 3 87 t '. '.' , , VI 2 64 ~ 2. , ~ 1 ..... ................................... - .' . ' " . • , 0 • 0 ••••• • • • • • • , • 0 •••• •••••• II • " ,I I ' I , •. ,., ........................ .. ••• • t, 1'/" , , ... •• ) J \ .0 •••• , •••••• , 11 .,~ , ...................... .... 0 •• 0 0 .,:. _ .". . . . . . ••••••• I ....... , ................ • .. ..... " I:" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f .. • . '-. 1 : .. .\ I I \ • I , , Q t .. • • .. .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . , .... ,. • 0" I J , I .. • .. • .. • • .. , ~ .. , • ........ ....... i ( f '. , 'I 'I . :.' . ~ ')nMe~dr,i~am . (,See 'Name '6f')'~,di:v'{diu~1) '. 'ING'ALLS "F··d· ... ·,••••••••••••••••••••••••••• "\' .. ,' " re: °Ol.:'·tu· ul ary ~ •. ~ ••••••••,._ •.•.•••••,e. VIII ~ ~ .!. . l Jt, ~ .! '; '", •.')~t~.) I I I r I . ' .. .. • '] .. .. r .. .. .. .. , • .. .. .. .. .. fO .. • .. .. • .. .. .. .. .. I .. .. .. .. • .. .. " ",. I " ' ", .. " \ I; :JE~KI~S·;~ Fr~:rici s OM:;; :of .'.M,~}"i·~.ri. ',ToyinS~JP:' ·Bt6~r'a:P.hY .\=.\, •• ~ ••.• ~ •.•.•••••• VII . ,.1\:;)J.ENKI~~,.Mrs· .. Gaiu·sdf.,W;a'karus'a; TWp. :~.90tk,Bi'r.t'.Ii'day 19t3' .... ~ ...... :;, .. IX ...I d·'·F 'B"bl " " , " ~ .• 1I~·. , \ .. , :JONES . I ~ Edwa· . • a'n'I··ly 1 1 e •1'•••" '••• ' •••• '. ~ ••••• XI I 1... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• Juri es (See 'Court 'RecordS) ... '\':il;l: ',.'('1: .:: .... : .....~<:,~.'.:.'.,t ~'(,;. ,T .')'; I'r./.,· K~ns~~~ by ~ohn J. rI~)g.al1s. ,Ex,c.e,rp.ts From:.• : •• :........................ III " ~ "K~nsas 'Pioneer Women ~ II "by Beulla~~ :Al.i'c.e, :R;'c'~'e,t,~s t1887.i-l'9i1!).'. ~'. ~ ~... I 'r" 0 . Fl,·.:." \.t . • . • ~., •• I ••• ~ ! ••••• •••••• , ••• ":" :::.... ,:. :;: .... * . . . . . ,..:..'i)l,"~I, a a .... t 2 94 3 153 4 164 ••••••••••••••• I . 3 108 •• t ........... " . • i,)r.:,.'I.: ........ 9 ,. ;,': ' t~:'.)J ~ (! " '{". ;:.~ ,:..,'!1.; 3 80 1 5 �j,;I\{PIONEER~' iNDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) ••r• \ I • il I:'; .1.): I .~ • :, KANWAKA TOWNSHIP , , ' B a rbe'r' Ne'ighbpY'hp:oc:f' .Q~lJ t'i h9: B~e~~~~ i:~ :~,~ .~.~ :'~ ~ ~ ,~'.: ~:~ '~~' l-; ~:'•• ,~.I' X 3 143 " 'C,e,me'te'r'H~'s':' Mound' Mo'un~ ·'VJ!i!YI.~r::~t~J l' (Se~: C~!l1~t~fY .Re.~~5t-ds} ! _." .. , •. , .. ,.1 . ) . )I, •• j ' . .' I ' .• ,.,' ;'" : '0):1 ,,, r·. <;. .VI '4 187 ' " ' 0 ' '187'5"• •••••••••••••••••••• C.ensus. ale • • • • • • • • • • • • _,e-. _\._ • • • • • • , . . . . 'C'hur'c'he's' '(Se'e' 'Ch'u'rch' Reco'r(js,), , . , , ,., ... / ,~,: ,\ : )'J .:! .,'.1: " . ' .; }~ Histo"rY a'ncr 'Re'sriCfeh-t.s"••.•.• '.". -.'•.•.• -.:,. ~ ~~ ~j ~ ~. ~' ~I.· VII 1 44 lette1r' -fr'oiTi ·Ka·n\.iak·a~ 188'2'. -. -. ~.\~ ~..~ ;•.• I. '. ":: • •~~ ~ ~ ~I~': .... t.; ~ :.~• • '.': .'~)• • ' . '. ~~• • :. rl x 2 96 '.... - " j ' , : ;;"1 '.; ...;! (i" '.,' , I ":-' ' Map, 1982 .......................................~., •• ~ .•.•••....•.•.~.•• _ ~I.,.r., VI 4 Cover .. or' l ..;::: ... '1 Newspaper Items ................... ~ .• :. :::I i~_.l 'J J ' Ii" ,~ " i~, ~ " .';1' •• , ••• , •• " ~ oJ • • • • • , •• , , ' •• '," . '. • •• . : ••• ~('.~,. ~. ~I ~l ).~ " •• ::1'.1 i, ,r,;., :~i.~, ........ •••• I > ,. ~' ~. ;".:.'.'.'·)'IX •• • • '"j,'• •: , <. f • • ,,' ,.~.,~r•• ,:••••.•• ~.~,••• ~,••••• ~ j l ',. • • .. • ,I • .. • • , .. • .. » • • , • • ~ ~ • ~ .. ;IX.~ 0;. I) '. .! • ' ' I' i ) , I .J i l , . . i 143 139 4, ~89 ' . '1,(.1 IX '. .' J -, '. I I 1 " • J 'viI' · , ,KEL~ Y, :Kilth'ry'rl' '&' 'A'nieTfa' 'Betts':' 'Sah't'a' 'Fe' Tr'all' MO'n'ume·n:t;·s·, '~e's~oratfdn:~ ~ "3; 'KEN-NEDY ,~.\ IJ • 'R' .,:, '0'ea , 'th' '1-88'3 •••.••••••••••••.••••••.•••••• ., , . .. .""",.,.',.... .,\ , ,,,,:, .' .','~, -'IX' , 3' ;. -.' KEOKUK" 'Chfe'f 'Mo'se's':' 'Ja'fl'e'd' Tn' l'awre'n'ce' 18'68':'-::",';:::.'/" .. ~\~'... ~~, .. ;','. 'vt II '3. , . KIDWELL\l Pa't'rfo't'fc' ·Fa·niiTy':.·:.......-.·:::.-...-...-.-:.-:.'::.. :.-.·~'. ~ ''';'~'. 'Vr .1 4 KLAUS, Fredrick: Tomstone, Lecompton Twp ...................................... XI, I .1 I KODER, ;r~.ri: 1m ~1emoriam •••••••••••• ~.·.~'·.-..·, :.,.:~~.·.~ ~.· :~~ ·.:..\.'.'.~j~.:lVlII l' · KREtSI'NGER; 'Mrs': n.l'::'Me'nio·r'fe's'cr ...... o'f Quant'riJ 1 r~\ .Ral a," :.: •••• '~~ ...:.-•• /~"~' ~I I 1 , ... ,. ,. 1 • • •; . . . . , . . . . . . . . , . ,• • " • >. .-...-.. ... l .• • '- • ~ • •' ... : . ~ ..... ~ 4 ~ ., • " " ,• • • • • ••••. .... I " ) ' , • .• •• . ' • • , •• I I fI ••• ,~ ..' .J I, · ; ~LAD,UKE,' 'Mabel; 'o'f ·Wa'Ka:ru~a:· Twp'::" .:p:!t:te;r.~,~ __•••• :. ~.:.,.'".I.,~ ~' .• ';.'•.• /.'.: ••'-.;.'~.: Vt;II '. LA HAY, "Tou's's'a'frit 'of Marioh Twp::"'Clalm Before the :36'th J Co·ngres's •• '.'.\~ XII "Lakeview, KS (See Wakarusa Township)"'" """'~"" • \ • \ .... " .................... . ': LAND AND PROPERTY RECORllS'L .' .. '. , ;\. ,'1 ' \,- .'\' 'i I·: " ., ", J : , ".' ~. ~ ...... '" ••• " ) ' I,: ',-, I" ,.;:: " ,"; r,· (Hfggfris-~Risley) ••••••• ·•••• _•• (ROul '10:" . , •• 'Z)'" ...... , .• ",. ~... nson- •••••••••••••••.••• .j. . . . . •. . . . . .. _J. I 3 143 "113 '135 . 167 ,49 ' 2 25 2 4 100 187 XI 1 2 31 81 IX . 4, 160 • i), ;PpynM ~s, 1920: XI .,.·.t._ .•.•·.•• ~•. '.*••••••••••••••• . XI 3 111 1 tlai'nis 'for losses': 'Ka'n's'a's' Te'l'+itory, 1850 s •• '.~. •.••••••••••••• V 1 32 , , . 'C'l'alms .... .0,'f.. 'T . 'd' 'G •.•. 'w . WARD • ••••••• XI I 4 186 -;' . , . , . , , ... , .. ' ,. -. •.~" 'L'A 'HA'Y_ an , 1'. • •• , •• " , . , •• ' ; Testfnion-fes ,'1 'No·v. 1855-.1" Dec, 1856....... IX 3 118 ....... , .. , , . , . 'Qu'a'n'triTP's 'Raid "Clai'ms;~·...... •.•••••••••••• V 1 34 'indian Place Names and Early Settlements •••••••••••••••••••••• VIII 3 105 Landowners: Grant Township 1873 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IX 4 188 ) Farmerls Directory, 1920: (A-B) ••••••••••••••••••• XI 3 135 ~. (C) ••••••••••••••••••••• XI 4 192 (D-E) ••••••••••••••••••• XII 1 26 (F-Gress) ••••••• ; ••••••• XII 2 67 : tGr~s~.-~~re).. ~} •,'" .: ~,"'. XIiI ::. 3. 113 . . (I-Lawrenz) ••. ~ ~ .••,••••. : .. :tXII. : : 4 1 203 "Maps:' -Douglas 'Co:," ·Road::.~ ...·:: .. ::.t::: ...~:: .. :.cr::.".,,: •• ,~ .• ,•• : •••,•••' . VI' .' '1' 'Cover ..,. . ~, I ",: ~ (A-H1J:jner} •.•••. ~~i• • • •· • • • • >.j ••..•.• ·••.•.•• )••• ,•••.• -:.,.,•••••••••••••••• f~' ,', ...... . 'J\~ito~o~i.'l,e. .o,ir~c~~.r.y, .o,o~g~ as.&~,fran~l ~r "; \ . Il. 37 3 3 ,J: ,t,(~'. . .. 1 IX ':'/'1 ;.; ""V"I'II ..', 'Scho'oTs':' 'B'a'rb'e'r'; 'Deer'" ·K~~~aka,. Mound :(Se.e"School. ~e~or(js'): ." i Taxp'aYe'rs:' 1'900'-1'901, (Se~~ T~x~ Re'cords)"" .. '. . r J '.'" , '/r"owns'h'"1 p. 'O'ff"1 cers, .'" 1897 ••••• ' ~. ,.,' ••. ~•.•,•. ~ .••••• ,. ~ .f• • • • \ • • ~ ._., •.• :.•.••. ~ ,. _. ,-' . ~ .I • •' : . ,. .......................................... 1860-1885 •.•• ....·...,.,."\.>.·.•..•. '1·88·8.. ·." ..... ". '.' , • . • • • , ••• " .~ioneers, • ~ . t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • : •• " • • •• ', .. 11 I. ,•• ,.1' • • 1 j" ,). ~ . • • • . • • • • ,• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1921.••..•.•.•• -\.:'.1- ., • . • • • • • • • • • • 1.\•.•.•••• ~ . • • • • • • • • '~~ ••, -I ·Townsti.ip~'·No·r1th!':Pa'rt ofTpwnsh.l'p 'a'n'dWeav.e~r:'~·19·0'2· XI':' :~:)77 , . , . , . , , .. , .' ,- ,'. Nort'~ Pa'rt of To'wnsh'fp. 19'09 ••:. ; ••••• ~',:' •. ~2 -Cover '.." ,\.1 • - I ' V'I'I '1··tover , .. ".,.,.,.", ... ' '1·98·2··'·· -.'" _... ".,. '. J Grant Township, 1902, Showing C.B. Young1s Farril ....:..... .-•• "XII":- 2'" 57 1921 •••• ,••• :•••.••.••.••.1 • • • • • '.:.'.• }.~ • • • • • • . • • • ~.... . I~ . '. I, Cover ... lridi an'[arids;, 'Tradi',ng 'ppSt'S', :Mi s:si'o'n\ &' Schoo 15,: 1'85'4 •••.. ~Ilr~ '~ ~:Cover 1 , . 'Kansas \Territ'ory: Election' D!isirlct s ......... ~ •• ~'.:." •••• I VIII'" '4' 171 Kanwaka Township, 1982 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VI 4 Cover •. 'Eudora vu r . ...........•••.•....••......•• ·1· . . . , .' 10 �I PIO~EER, .\ ., , INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) ' •. 1. .; I'')' , . )" .. , , .VOL.UNO. ,PAGE .. : '1854"........................ j . ),;,j 'I: ,-: ,;',), ,I"; ,., .. 'Lawrence, .0.,.' ••••••••••••••• VIII ! t' . , ' 1 3 2 4 2 3 4 3 3 VI VI VII . ............ 187 3 ••••• ; .' •••••• ; ....... • j .1 .' '."' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • "Lecompton To~nship •••• ! • • • • • • • • • ! • • • • • • • ,• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1,: .. -Marian-Township,1 ~PartiaFMap·of·1Land6w~ers, ,1873 •.•.•••••• Palmyra Township, 1982 .......... :· . .·.i.).:~·~.i ....... :.1 .•) • • ;,~; .... ~ .~~ .~~ Prairie City, 1873 ................•..•.•................ ... Twin-Mound •. Marion.Townshipt·Landowners~1873ii.~~;.~:~r~ .Safe Deposit Box Property Unclaimed ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• :Trading Posts and Missions •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VB VII ~'tI VII VII I Cover Cover Cover 205 Cover Cover 173 130 105 1 1 LANE, James .H., Seantar·af ·L.awrenGe: ·House ·for .Sale, .1888.'.·.'.':.~·.· •.~ ••,:··:XiI LANE, ~im:. Saved· By. Disgui se .During .QuantrHl':s Rai,d; '.-.i.' •• ••••••••••• XI I :. LAP1AD·; Mrs.· Agnes. Petri e ,af . Grant· Twp. : . Obi tuary .. ~i;., ~ ~ ..' ~ ••• ; •••'.' •••: ••' , ':X .- ~ I . . ,•. ~ ......... t; , .. , -" \ • ,I j', ")'-1" • ') '.' ,I I I,' ". . j.' ,. .,'. ,,' J ,J J ",~ ":"') j' ~ ~ . I 4 202 1 25 3 142 J LAWRENCE, KS.(See.alsa,Wakarusa Township) J: Baggage.Notices,.~Hi~ald of Freedom," 1855 •••••••••••••••••••• VII 4 171 4 177 Bui ldings. Newly· Erec::ted .1883 .................... .'~" ~I. ~"J:~. '-'J. ..IX Business Directory 1859.: .: ..... ~ •• r....~,...)~:. '.).'.:~. ~~ ••'•••• -•.•'•.i.e •••• i '~V 2 37 Businesses 1857 •••.•••.• ~~; ."'.' .1,.' •••• ".'!~ ~ :~··r .:. '''~'~' .. ~l.: ~ ~ ••' ~ ~ ~ .1. ~ ~ ·jVI 2 58 .. 'Businesses·and·MeFchants·1913 •• i • • • • • • • • ~.- ... ~ • • J~l~~:.~~~,; .. .-.: IV 2 48 . Bus i ness· notes, from· the· L.awreAce . Jaurna 1••••• '." ~ '..... ~ r~ ~ '.~ •• : .,. ~':. ,XltI 4 172 3 131 ,C. D. Re~dy Cas~ Book &._ But~h.eri n9, ~e~o~ds ••••••••••, • ~ • • • • • • • • • XI Cemeter.les I (See Cemeter.y·.Records 1 \,' " . . '., " J ' , ; . , r ) , I." ..:' . I :'" Census, Ward 5, 1875 ........•......•...•.....•....•........... VI 3 143 Central Telephone Company: Dir.ectory,': Lawrence -Exchange', :1883 •. IXI··; 2;! 93 .Churches.(See.Ghurth.Rec::ords) ...... ~, ,',,;,' ' i ;.'"'' .,~: .'1, City. Directory·1860-6L,;,; •• , ; •• ,;,; J .. ,;.;.,;,;.,;,; ... .;.; ••' . . . . !,'~'.;:.- .. ~ ...I. ~., i'IV 4 103 '. ,City·Election.1863 •••••• i • • • • i i i • • • • • • ' i • • i~ •• i~;.~~.~~~.~ .. ;~ III 2 52 ·,Daughters, af· the .Ameri c::an :'Revo 1uti on,' 'Fi rst ;Chapter ;ILawrence: ;, .: " Charter~Members. i i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . . . . . . Ii .1•••••• ; .:.~:~.•• ~.~ '~. ~ d~X 3 135 Eurapean ' Immigrants ·1860 • .;.,;., oi . . . . . ;; oi • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,; • • • ,; • • •' . ): VI 4 168 German Mass Meeting, 1872 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• XI 1 40 High School (See School Records) . 1;;'; '. ;. "~: ~ ".:,.: -i.I I.·., . ,_ i '" I Homes •••••••••••••••••••••••• • ', ......;'•• :' ~ ~,,\," .f.:~,·~!:·: •• '•• ~ .l'J.4~ •• '. '0" "'VI 2 59 {Jails ........•................................................ VII 3 132 Manifesto 1855 .......... ~ ~· ...(.'~I .. ·.. ·:.'.l~"~·.,~i ••• '.' •••• ~!; ... ":'... :.'. ~ ... :.1 .. ,V 3 99 , • • ..• , •• , . , , . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . , , .. , . . . . ' .' ... ! ': ,V I 1 14 Map, 1854 ••••••••••••• ~ . . . ;.,·.··•••\·...\••:.,J ••',•• ·.·.·~; •. J.; •. ~.•.•. ~ .•.•.~ •. ::J.~ ••.• ~. VIllI Cover t·,I." •• 1873 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ;.~.,·., .. ~.~~·~ ••••• ~.~·.··.:·.VI 3 Cover 1.(, .. Events.of.1854.,.1863 •••••••••••••••••• ·: ••. ,.1 ••••••••••'~,,~ ......~ .VII 4 Cover Mud.Fort.on.Massachusetts.Street,,1857 •••••••••••••••••••••••• ,VIII 4 Cover National Guar.d :1916 •• ;".:'.·~~.' ••;••.•• j~.• ~· I:.:,i·~ ••.•I.•~ ......~~~ .•~ ••• ~ •• '\ 'VI 4 169 ,~ewspapers: Clippings from the Scrapbook o~:Maude'Woodard; . .~. ~ 1911 ~ 1913 ..............•.•.. ~ ..••. ~ .... ~ ..• '.......~ .' J. X 1 II , I ( ... , ••• , • • • • ,'IIHerald·;oT:Freedom,·'~ 1855,·.Extracts.~'~i~·.~ .... ·.~.:~ .IV 4 93 " :. I J •.• , •.•.. Subscri pUon .list IIHer.a ld of Freedom ll 1856........ V 2 66 . North Lawrence (See Grant Township) 11 :: I ,"Past. 75 "P.icriic r; J1913,.·,••)~ ... ;.i ••~.!~.: ~,.i.·.· .•l •.•, .. ~·:.... ·.I • • •'.~'.;.~ •• '••'~.'... ~: ,IX! i :3· !114 'Quantrill !s. Loss, .Museum!s .Gain ••••••• I.. ·.l.·.f•• " .'''; .:.~ .....'. ~. ~ ~ ••l .III" J,;4 . ' ll8 Quantri 11 ! s. Ra1 d: , 125th .Ann1 versary ·of ~ 21; August, 1863~ •• ~ •••• ~~;XII ~') l' i 1 0'"" .Buildings.That.Sur.vived.in.Existence.in ,1913 . iX~ ',4~ 1174 C1aims ................................... ~ .... :! Vr .i.·, 1. ~ 34 Massacre at Lawrence •••••••••••••••••••••••• III 2 53 Names of People Killed ••••••••••••••••••• ~ •• , I 1: 2 74 , ........ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , .... , ... , .... ,... ., ..... '( ; '.' ; Kl I. 1 7 0' • • ,; '.t. " r ... 1,. " , ' e'. . J ,t,. !.. 'I" •.•• • .... " ..... " . I l ; '> •••• , •• , " ••• •••••••• I •• P ~ 11 �PIONE~R,~INDEX ': • 00 TO CONTENTS (continued) •••••••••• ...... ., ~ ~ :, " II , .,. ... •• ~ ~ r , •• If ~t1 .' VOL~ .: j(: ! .Q~itu~ti~~.f~q~.T~~~~~~~~.~ewspapers.~ •••••• , ~ ~ytVi VQr:'~ 4! ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ • ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ••, • • • • • • • ~ ,. ~ b .......... # ••• ~ .... ,. fo < " , _ • It It .. .. , I .. q" . . " I I' I '.; : ',' t _': to.. I • • • , " , I:< .,."". c .. ~ • " • f.. • ~ ? :S~ttlers.~eeting~1879~~~~~ ••• ~ •• I, j Ii: ': '< ...., ~ .. • .. .. • ~ • • • • • " I I • • • • .... " i ••• oJ ~ •• ~ ... ' ,', :i" ~! • 1 20 ~I 2 52 .'1 84 4 109 ~..... , •• i • • • • 'j 61 74 67 24 1 ' r ' i.~ •• i. \ '. • ! " ••• "" I ~ :; ,.,., ........................ ,....... :'.,:.'.,;.: .'.:.::)';, . I ,J', I 1 . '• • '.'- • • • • . • • • • •••• ". .;Temperance.~$sociation .........' •••••• ·••••:.; •• ,.·;·.' ••••••.; ••••••••• ; X,;'. 3 103 VI 3 118 Unclaimed Letters at Lawrence Post Office 1857 •••••••••••••••• ")1864~., ••• ~~ •• ,."~,, ••••• IV.;,;2\ .'1872 .•:~ ....."'..~ ••••••• ·• :XI 1 ""l',,!,f) "~~ ~ ~I! l):Ji .i ",J .:Undert~kers.Prior.to.1900"., ••• , •••••• ~ •••• ~~ .. i~ •• ~ •••••• ~~~~I VI \.Uni versity. of .I~~nS~$ . (~e~. ~chool ,&ecord$) " .; " ., i.;: ~:'Ii' l : I; :: . , .. ..... 6 ..... J4 ... • · Voter.Regi$tr~tiOIJ, (See .~le<;ti<:m .&e<;or.d$) .... , .... '-! "'-;.;. ',:, . , Wa rds , . City. OrQ i n~lJce , #51, • ! ~ , ~ • ~ ~ • ~ • • • • • •;.' ., • •' ., . . . . . . '• • • • •: • • • • • • . ,' X r W~ aVf# ~ s . Gi r 1$ , , 19?9. ~ ~ • ~ ~ it \~ . .,... • ~ ' ... " ~ • 0 ~ . • .... l •• '.0 .; . . . . .0.1 e,:. a; • • .!: -' : . .. e ... • '.' • . • • .:' I ·~ Settlement •• '1; X 3 144 1 : Ann:f~ver::s&ry '!ot' LEAMER, Mrs. A.M. of Lecompton Twp.: 57th ~ :.. • I • • i . LECOMPTQN, . KS . (See ",a l,Si> .~ecompton ',Townsh1 pj '. '.' ,.:,' :,'.• :. . .' . ' '!. Chester A~ Arthur's Visit 1857 •••••• ~~ .. ~;.~~ •••• i.~ •• ~~; . . . . . ~. IVII Ci ty . 01 r~~tQrY. J~~Q! ! , ! ~ ! ! ! ! , ~ ! ! ! ~ ~ • ! ! ! ! ! ! ~ • •:.' • • • • • '••: t! • ,'! • • . i VI Con$ti tl,Jti qn. COrJImi tte~ ~! ~ ~ , ~ , ~ ~ ! ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ! • ! . ~ • ~ ~ • • • • • : • • ~ • • ! ~ • • • ) . VI Hi stori c .LandlJ1arks Destroyed by i' Fi re1191~ OJ. ~....... ,.~••' ~ • i •••••••.;1 1 .,X " New$p~per ~ ltem$; .l663! •• ! ~ • ~ ~ ~ ~ • • • • ~. ~ ~ ~ ! ~ , • ~ • • • • •:.0 • • • • • . • . • • • '. X l S1ave $ , , ~ , •• ! , • ~ ~ ~ ~ VI I '! ! • " '1 • • .. • •• .." '. •••••••••• .' " ' ; •• •• • 4! , • 4! • • • • ••••• I ... _ , ~ .. . . . . . . .1 . . . . . . . . . . " •• , '\ • ,. :>. I 1 ,; • • • :' .- • • • • • • ' • • '. t ," ;! s ( • '. I • • • • .. • • .. • :. .. , • • • : • " • j ......" Census: 1875.................................................. VI · Churches: . Presbyteri an. (See, Church. Records) ....... " .. '~:-' . ,History.and.Resideots ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I~~.~ VII Kansas.River.Steamboats •••••••••••••••••••••• ~.~ ••• ~ ~ VII I "Ma p ••••••••• , ••••••••••••••• i, • '•• ~ '••••• ~........ e' -~ • ~. 1VI · School s: . Greenwood, Valley, . Winter. (See .Schoo1 . Records). Taxpayers: 1900-1901.(See Tax;Records) ." i .~!.,;'. 'r' :.';.:. " .. Township.Officers,.1891 ••••••••••••••••••• ~~.~ ••• ~ •••••••••••• IX Vit~l.Statistics;.Index fro~,~Lecompton Monitor;"j1885 •••••••• VII ........ "." ,From Newspapers,.'1888~1890 •• ~·.·•• ·~, ••••••••••• VIII .. i •• 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; ••• ••• ." I ,. '" i ~ !. ..; .', ~. ..' : ')} I ','. '.: LONE STAR,.~S, .... ~o, •• ~ •••• ~ •• ~. ,i~ , i ~ ~I , ,: 'II '. : ~ .. ) • , k ~ <. f 80 1 44 2 93 2 Cover 1 3 148 1 43 3 2 2 2 2 1 85 54 55 95 4 1 11 • , . Hi story •....•..••••...•..••.•• • ••.•..•..•.•.•.•.••...•••.•. • •• : 12 2 , '.! • • ' I 4 191 1 39 , : •• ; LEEPER', All en. and, Vi enna. Veatch. of . Lawrence: . Bi ographi Ci) 1: Sketch .. ~ • ~ •. '.j' X LEIBEY, James:.Biograpbica1.Sketcl1 ••••••••••••• !.'.'.,ro.:.!.; ..'J.';~~h.~. XII LEIBEY"Nancy.Grabam: Biographical Sk~,tch ...,·••• ·••,.... ,...~ •••• ~; •• ~:~~~~ .•• , XII .LEWIS,.~A.O.: .Oath ••••••••• ,.· ••,ii •• · •• ~.' •• ·• • • • • ~ ...... ;.~~~·.·~.· • • • • • • • • • • • • • VII LIGGETT, M~ M. : . Oea tb ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• t .\ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I . 4 202 2 76 2 78 2 90 1 44 4 185 j LECOMPTON TOWNSHIP (See also Lecompton) ,:. j . J . ' . i''', I , ' : I '; t', .: !1 ,Big Spriggs;.~ewspaper.Notices.1893 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ;.', IX ! ~ ~ ~ 1898 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ~ .~ I X Cemeteries:. Grover. (See .Cemetery .Records) .........., !.! .1 ..>' i ,. \ •. I 54 X ~ • • •, • • • • • •' • i ~ .:; ~ .:. •• : .). ; . ' 2 62 39 2 55 3 136 e .•' . '!) I 3 -.Streets "BeOQroed./•••••• ~. ~' •••~'.' •••:.t.:.; ••• )~; •.•}•••~.: •• e\ ••• ;,'viII .,3 \ 153 .-.>'.' "Ordinance .'97.3 ....i ••••• ' ••••;'.Ie ./~' ••• ';. ".'~J; ••••••• ',,~i X '. 2,.: 55 , t , .JNO.·,PAGE 2 2 3 1 VI I IV XII • • • • • • • Bri,ng.·.in Munition'1S~pp1.y ••••••:o;~ •••;••• SchoQl$_(~~e.~<;bQQ1.~~GQr.d$) .. , ..... ;.:. ,'1' '1' ; ,Wom~n' ....... (: .. .. . i" . '. \,' IV �I .j li,P.IONBER,: :INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) . '. ...j i. . . . I lo', ., .,LOVEJOY, ,Rev. ,Chas •. Hazeltine :'olf' Baldwin: Bio.gr:'aphj"'i~~l. (.'.I~J.I·~i.·.I •••; ••1.:. ,HI, .l' ~ • to tf I, • • , .. " • • , , • I ,. • .. .. .. • ~ , "," .. 'I •• • • ." .. ;,.J 1 2 1 " . I ,I, .i.·j • ~ - I • , J> .. .. • " .. .. • • ~ I • "' :;;. 44 ' ,;MAHANY, IMrs •. A. B•. of .Lawr.enc~ :.& ..To.peka: Longest Li vi ng KS Resi dent. • • ,X .' Map~ (See :Land .and .P.r.oper.ty .Records) ) MARQH, Henry .and .Tir.zah .Robi.nsQn·h.Bible •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VII .' : 4 i 4 161 1 4 46 205 ~ MARliON TOWNSHIP,(see.also.Twin 'Mound) : . . ' )Cenieter,ies: .Twin .Mound .(See.. Cemetery Records) , ~Churches: .Bethel.M.E., .Fa'i·r,view Brethren, Washington Creek •. '. i. : • (See.Chur.ch .Recor.ds) .. (- .. :; ,.Histor.y.and.Resi.dents .... ~.•. i·.j., •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VII Ma'p (par.tial) .of . Landowner.s, .1873 •. ~.~·. ~) •• "i.l •• :.1. ;:. ;'.;.,.'I.:.:o'l.i ••'.'.1.) ,V'U .. Schools: .Brubaker., .Lapeer, ;Ro.ck·;Cl7.ee.k< (,Seel,School·.Reco.rds)): .... :! l, Township Officers, 1897 •••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••• IX Voter .Registrations:.. 1867 .(See .Electton .Recor.ds).i;l:i,'1 : I'. ,. I::J..·' ~. .; " t 'l ~,' ......,......,........,..".......,...,. <l ... ; ; ! _;', • . .." ~' , f'1 , Ii t I.... .' i .I I .. 1 3 ,,:,', r I r MARK·.LEY, George W.: Diary ca. 1914 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• XII 2" 82 \Marr.:iage:Records.(See.Vital.Record~),r~;:}'c :',' t'II')"1 '" : : . , ) . ,; .j,';I.!f ... ' MATH~WS;Evangeline Eldridge: Obituary ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• XI 1 38 MAYE~, William, of Marion Twp.: "!H.l.·.• ,.;;~: •• {.j;·.\·.·.Oj.;· •• :•••)O).: • • • ·.!'.;.,.;o:~: ••• 1. VUI',;4 196 .McGE~, Jacob .of . Lawrence:.. Burial,no1;i.ce, .Lawr.ence .Journal •• '.'l"!".;~\.;" :XII i 4,1202 McGR~W, ~George AKA "Nature Boy" Ashley: Notes About Identity ••••••••• XII 3 137 ·.McMA~NESS, Soney: .In ,fflemoriam •.• ., ••. _......... ,•• i., ••;'!'" .,.'.; ••J•••', ••• ~ .: ••• '.: •• ,VqI .. ,~ .104 ~\', .~\ • • • • • • • • • " ... o" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !..·,·:.:.x·!t .11 i;·.~: .),. I ' J i",",I;:!J . - ! _ I MEDICAL RECORDS i.:;' ,~. ,',J) j .. j _~i .',.!, '" ! Genetic Disease: Malignant Hyperthermia ••••••••••••••••••••••• VII 2 66 Health .~eport, .Dough~ ,CO •. 1667 •••••.•~ ••••••• ~ •••••••••• "_ .....'. ~ ,:~I,q 111. 22 Phys i c ians . and. Mi dwi ves, .186,7. ••:.' .', •••• o· .'0. .... ' .•~.-, ••••-.) •••. ' •••• '1, U J! 1.23 Physicians and Surgeons of Early Douglas Co ••••••••••••••••••• VIII 1 21 f · • 'J I' 1 1 ••••• " .;. t .' J " .i ,.;.~. . !. ;~: ~ ~ • I ~ -.f I' ';~.MEDqCOTT, Ruth; .P.oisOnif)g.<~ase ·of .18~L; •.•).::·•••·, ••,. •••' •.••,.•• ;o.;/ •• ·•.•.•. ; .••,~1 VII; . :METSKER, Gary ,Mar.tif); .~hf)entat:e1..:.·. ;., .'.: •.•.•;.'.; ••. ~ ••••)0 .••!;.; •..• '1" •. ~' ••~.) ...; •• ,VIII ,.;METSKER, oJ Phi 11 i ps . ot:r:L~cqmpton Twp •• 1.' .,~ ••',.~ ••• 0' •••••: •.•.•j. ~ ••;; •••• ~ ~ ~ ••' •• ' I ~ ..' i 4 1 1 " 177 7 42 ·,·MILIliARY·RECORDS .......... I~.:,· . . . :;.:'! -'I;": : .. 1 "i.:l:·.,·: .', .. ,; "i,:, Adjutant General Enrollment of Soldiers, Act of 1883: :.: .:.-J '" ~ t" ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ .(A7B,)j.,~~ ..... ·.~., ••••,••••. ~!ij 1 32 {C-D)................ X 2 78 ... hi:: ii·· ,'C (: :,;·:(E-.Hear;d).· ••••~ •••l~., ••~, ;,Xh:I'3.i ,115 " ) ;'l, . j ) ' l./';'j : ;11.' :':1;; ": : (Hermal'l-Mar;l1.eY) •.••.•••.. ,X 4 200 (~anley-l)lr.:i<;h).~".J ...i.iXI 1 21 \ :" ;(, Va i. h: Z) I : XI 2 77 Battle ofiGhicg~mauga:;I:~osses.~~.~, •• ,.·.j~· •• ,~ •••·.j ....... ~.i·0I'~:.1 •• , •• HI 2 58 r·' Battle.of,P.t;'air,ie.Grove,.l863~.Killed.ijf)d,Wounded ......... ~.. ~ •••• : II 1 2 Ir •• ,. Q •••••••• 'J • • • • • • ' . ' • •' • •" 1... ·/·.::" \;~:~ ,: ;. oj •• - •• , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • , •• > ... ,', : ~ \'. ').:.. • • • ':. ~ I ~I lawrel)ce.NqtiOI)Ql.GI,lQr.d.l9l6 •• ~ •• ~ •••••• ~.~ •••••••••••••••.• ~.•• 'IVI . ::) ,pensilQner.s .i·l'J. C.W.;Smit~ !Mor;tuar:y ,RecQI7Q., ....:.~ •. "" ~ •• '. d ••••• ~ •. :;,; V ,.·Rec;rl,.lits.~illed.ilJ_Qual'Jtt;'ilF~ .Raid ...... ·.I ••• ·.·.} •.••;.,.;.~ ••••: ••, ••.•. XII Soldiers Buried in Oak Hi 11, ,t1apl~ Grove',)& .Oreaq .CellJeteries~ •. ;·,:.V "!~karl,l$Q. W~r. P'~per$. frolP. I~Wi1dE}r,~ $ .~I'JI)Ql$l~.~. ~ ., •• !.:.!;<" H"':'~''; .' xi 13 2 2 4 4 1 3 1 169 142 7 100 16 �, . PIONEER, INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) .:t ".<.NO~~;jNO. PAGE MORTUARY RECORDS C.iW •. Smith .Mor.tua r.y .Rec()rds'~.J890-1~.OT ; (Ac~E\l )~.i •• ,'j ~ ~: .,~! ••• ~., .......' ·;.·V I { _.: ,1" .. !28 (El-Ge) ••••••••••••••••• VI 3 135 t ~I.' ,', : ,~ ~.' ~.~ • .f ~ 1 .; ~!~)I;'.)! : -:; ·,~(;Ge-HO))., .. ~} .. t.t'.).; •• \ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;V,! {' .' 14.·; '158 '. (~Ho~·J) .• ,••'. _"~ .i~.::;_!..\. ,', •• f,1 :VII . .' 1',·, t 4 llJ ...••.•. " .•..••.•.•..•....... :, ;(J~Li):.:.~~· ••.•.•• :•.•:•. ; ...... :•••iiVOII. ,:2 ... 80 (L-Mc) •••••••••••••••••• VII 3 139 (Mc-Mo).!~- ••• ~ .... ~ •.•:••• ,••.• : VII 1..4 ··194 :. r~:l'i ,'!. '.'. ,1'::(M-R) •• ~,.I.~ •.••. ~ .'J. ~ •••••\~V!I.lI 1 13 ... ' :·(R~·S); ••••1. '.' ••• '. ~.' •.••• :~ .• '.I :VHI 2 88 (S-T) ••••.•:••• :••••1.1.: .1 •••.• ' ~V I II 3 127 , ............ " ................... (U~Z) ••.•~ ••.•,.)~.• :.:~ ••• 'e ......' • .'VII,I 4 177 Lawrence .Undertaker.s ,Rr.ior. .to .1900 ••••• i..' •.•.• ~;~l.:.,.: ••• 1 • • ;' ~;. •'~ . : . ' ; 'Vol: 2 54 Pensioners"in C.W~ .Smi'th Mo·rtuary.. Re·co~d.~::;~'.:~,.: •••:.).: •.•.••' ••• ;:;... ,\j:V 4 142 ... • .,l.J.',:.; ,\.,!,;.},' t' ~ r .. :. , f • ~ ....... ~ ~ •• I.- .... " : ••• _ • 2 .... t I' ........ _ • '.~ • l r ~ ~~ i .. ~-:- ': ~ 11.1 ::- MURRAY, Rol f Camel: Fami ly;Re·co~d •• '.'.>";'. J'.: • •:•••'. ~;.'.'J. ~ ~.~!.I~ ••)'•••. ~ .:;'., ••' VJ.I liMy .Treasures, II poem by Georgi ana Brune ••••••••••••••••••• ~ • • • • • • • • •• VII ~ I ~ \ 1\ • • .. • • .. .. • • • I • ., ~ .. ~ , ) l ........ ' • 0 • • • " -.; ".: .. :'., NACE, William McDowell of Lecompton: Biography ••• ;••• i.~ ~I' .~ .", ••.• ~ ..... 0 •••• It ;. ••• ~ • ~ •••• ,. : ~.' J ..... ....' J ~·~ ~ ~ .~ ,~ . : •• ;~ ••).~:~.;.) ij 1 2 i ;II ','3'! 2 62 \l ; i :: ~- :- " , ~ . \! -i I I . ' l • 4 :.' :':1'- . i . 'J i::' .. ' .. ,,, r); , "~: i : ,-": 71 ,:" - NaturaliZation .Records .~See . Immigr.ation .Records) " NEAL Bros.\: Biogr.aphy •• I ~).:~f ...... , •.• ,.~~,'.:!).~ •• ;-'.,.1.··.).:. 2•• ~l.: •••' .!~ .•I~ •• l.i ••• ' ....... ilIJ ~ ;3);. :86 '::i.' . . . l • • • t."IIt.'.',',j·: i(~;~ 'I;').: \ ~):' • .'; I ',J; 1," , , ' ~"~.III~, ,-4~.,: NICHOLS~ Mr •• of .Baldwin. ·Gr.ave .Unmar.ked .................. e •• ,., •• ~.: .'. ~, ...·X1Li4176 NOE, George &Hannah: Some Farm History •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• XI 4 191 North Lawrence, KS (See Grant Towns~ip) .. ;,,: , ;',,;';'1 < L.:.! .. ~ ~ . . . . . " • • • • • • • • , ~ •• ~ ... ,l ,.:",)(.: 1"': '~ : ',' d ,.' '&1": ,; \ t'! ,i ., '?!: .' _ : I :'" .': I'" : O! DELL ~ ~ Glis: ,Death ••••••• e • .- • • • '-.' • •' e"'- e • • • • . ~~: • • ' . e" . ' . ' . ~ .• ;~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '.: ~I ~. r :II:~ :: '0 I NEI L ~ I Hon •. Moses .A. ·of . Bl ack .Jack: . Bi ogr.aphy .;~ ••• ~ ..' ••' .. ~.• ' ••'.' .' ..... L' oi I II: ... 'J 1 . , .. . " " • .. , • . • • t " ~ • • .. . ' '. :, • ~ "; ~;, ~~! •• :: r"' " f ~; " ',';. :: ~ t:): ..... ; ~ \" ~ '; 4 1 164 29 OBITUARIES (See also names of indivduals) . ., New fi:ngland,Society.Obituar.y.Recor.ds 1899-19Z7,.~\.~.: .. ;~i~~~!.~'.'.~I'~: ,IV" 1·,:37 '. Obi tuar.i es . i n .Dougl as .Co •. Newspaper.s .1855-1859.:; .j •• '. ~ • ~ ~ '.:~•• ' • • ' . ; V ,.1':4' :::·122 Quantr.i 11 ~ s ,Raid: ,Obi tuar.i es ,from· Tennessee 'Newspapers •• ~.\ ~ H :: ',V I· ];,2:1,161 OEHLER, F.C. of Palmyra Twp.: Letter from Prairie City •••••••••• ·••,~.'.iJVIII 1.3; .143 ~ .. '1 ~,. .". : ~ .:"" J :'. : ~ :. ~J r. i ,II . J " ! ' ••• I ,', ' " PAINTER~ James.Montr.ose: .Family •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VIII • ~ J:r ~ • , " It ~ '" .. b • •• 1 4 .J . , ·PALMYRA"TOWNSHIP.(See.also ·Prai·rie City, Vinland) . Cemeteri es: '~Bal dw; ri· P·i·oneer or Oakl and, Brumbaugh, Oakwood ·:(See.Cemetery:Records) , '.. Churches· (See.ChurchiRecords) Grand.Army-of .the.Republic .(G.A.R.), .E.:D. ,Baker Post, Baldwin::· .;" , Officers.of.1887;~~~;~ •• ~;.~~lr.;.;~~~~ .. ~~~.;.~;:i~~~.;~.~l···X 4 201 History and Residents •••••••••••••••••••••••••• :.~ ••• ~ ••••••• • VII 1 47 Map,.1982 •••• i • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~;,~~J~~~.!~~~~.~~.:.;~'V1I 2 Cover Schools: .Baldwin, ·Black·Jack~ :Spring 'Cr.eek',' iViinland,·(See·:SchOol;Records) "T~e,Course,of.True.Love.100.Yeats .Ago'.';!:u •.• ·.: •••••• ·~.~.\··VlIl 4 197 Taxpayers: 1900-1901.(See:liaxRecords) f,:·. ;, •. ~'. " ; . , 1 . : ' i .. 3 T6wnship.Officers,.1897.~~~~~~ •• ~~~~ .. ~~~~.~:~1.~J~~;~. l~i.~~J~3·lX 1 rlr •• PATTERSON'; John:.Story.~.~oi •••••• oi.oi ••••••• oi •• oi~i .....·.~ •• : ••. ,.. ~.i •. J· ••·!iryl. ,:14~!157 PEARS'ON, Carl·of palmyra·;·Twp.: ·WilL'·.i ••·•• ~.•• ~ ... ~) ..·•••• ~ ,.:·~;~.I ,VIII ,j41 197 ·Physicians (See.Medical.Recerds).·········· .. " . ' . : ;",.'< .,', : ':.;; <.\ .. ; .... . 14 �~. ~IONEERJ INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) 1 .1 : ••. iVOL ·NO. PAGE PIFE~, John Henry of Kanwaka Twp.:' Aff·ida·v:it o'fJ;Dea;th rTestacy & H~iir ,'V IitI aharles.o{,Eudor.a.Twp •. :, Bi.ogr.aph';cal Sketch-.:.·.!.I•.•.• ~.~~).~;:.I •.••• VIII 4 194 .~.PILLA, 2 . :P1 easant Grove, .KS . (,See iWi l;Tow Spr.in·gs: Townshi p) ,: i .:':; .,';: i ~ ~,,!'.'I .' ,POMEROY, S. C•. '~Old .1~P.om'~ .of .Lawr.ence:, .What .the .01.d; Man ·)T.hi n ks <o··f t:awrence Women. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• . X ,~ { :~ \. 5.' '. ; ,~ :.J~RAIRIE ~CHY.; :KS :(s~~ :~1:;~ :P.~l:~Y~~ ··T~~ri'~hi··p)··J' ;;;·!;·i:·':i:,:. :J',, I •••• • !• • . • • • • • I . . . . . 1 • • "." " • . • • • • • • 1 ._ . . . . . . .. , ~l • a."' •••••••••••••. t> •• ~ I_." . . . . . . . . ·~ ••• Probate 'Court Records (See Court Records) I . . ! , \ I • Ii: I.. ,1 ~';'"1 I.; ; ::~ I' <I :.~ ~.)'~~.\'::.: " ;,4 t 'I i ~! " . i : " 1 'J I JO IJi 'l fa ~ 1\ l' ~ . ,• ' ). \' I . I ; I~'; • /I • • ;0 r " " • • . . RALS;TON ,: tE:. V.•• :, ttt:ami.l ~ '* ; • • l • • • • " I • • I . .B.i.b.le~ .... :•.•.• ~ .... ,•.•.•.• ~".,. ~ I ••• ~ r 1,\ :. "-1 ". ....... J ••• ~ ••• ~ ••• jl ' I.~. ) ~; .. " • ..".\ .. 1\."" ...... ' . 'j . .. .: I. ,\ , J ~ ,!J \.;.J' : t 4 t ::,." r. ~~•• '. r~~.;: •'.... ~ •• ~ i.';. '••. VI!}!)'J Clippings and Notes Found in Bib1e •••••••••• ~••••••••• : ',' ."a ',QUANTRIL(,; loH1\i:a~ :C.1:a~k~ 'A'KA .Char.1i,e, ,Ha.rt :(See :Lawr:ehcei). :: :) ~. ') '. ,'\. : \. j. I ,} 'l : It.;) j• • • • • ).i ••• .1 .3.,' 98 t \;. ·'·j'it. '), .:,I'Il! :-,,;' ,; ),,:';1. H'llS.or.,Y..an, t d Ad s ....... 1857 ~., ................ ' ,.. J ,;. 'V I I .J ;! ;)1.. 150 J.)• • • . • • • , • • I; • ~.1 ,. Map, .187.3.:., •.•.•.•.• A.I., •.•.•.,•.•.• l.,.~.~ •.•.•.•.• ,.J ••••••• ~ •••.•.• I •. ~ .•~ •.• l •.• :.~~ .• :.)...... ! ~IV.II~ ·3' Co:ver New.sp.qp.~r.: ~Co.p~.~ ..... ~ •.•.• ,•.•.• ).,., •••.:.. !.'!.).,.~.• ,••':.).\ .:.1. ;t.J ••':'.). ~~ •••• '.1•• i. 1.,I.)••,.-i VJI! .1 ~3,·Co,ver . ,,} . " : , );1 l' J 94 XI~ ~2 • :. 57 3, 108 RANK.~ N, i.Pon ~J.o.h,n..:. lB.; . o~g,r,alp.hy.h •.•••.• '.a •• h ••• ' ................. et.' •.••• 4••••••• \ ...... ~ •• ~t.J .f~ .• I.',• • ~.'I. '. I XI-I i , . 21. . : . 75 d~ANKIN, ,M~ry. >Carpen;ten:Memorjes!'of Quan.tri l:111~S. ,Raid .·.~).i •• ,;:•• .'~ '• • :.:J ,,)•.1 XI:I~· ·.1 : '\" 9 ·~SH IFam.i;ly .B. i.b.l.ef.~ •.• ,•.•.•.•.•.•.•.• \•.• ~., •.•.•.•.• t.,.,.t ..•........".,..... .'H'" '.. :. ;.. II.\.~ ~ C.' •• '.i... ~.;.r~. VI', 4· 1166 of..C.1.i,n.t,on. .T.wp, •.:. ,BJog,raph.i.ca.1. S.ke.tch, •.• l••:-...~ ~ . "..~ ••• :••'~ :.~:~~ .,'.'.) . XI·"; Al "160 RAY ,\ IMa,r,ce.1m.a.s. ,B.•. ,of~ 'Kanwaka Twp. :'B:i ograph.i ~a 1 Sketch ,,~,~ ~ )~". VI IJI 21,;" ·96 READ.,i Fre.d,dy. ,R,o.c.kwe.1.1.:. D.ea.th;·1862· •••• ,••,... ~.'.. ~·h.:.., ••• ~·•.~.:.·~.i·.,.<'.. ~'•• ~.~'.~, IX, '1:11': '-17 REED~, C.D. of Lawrence: Cash Book and Butchering Records............ XI 3 131 , .~. ~.: j':l . d ..R~S~A:,RCH·,;,· : .'j;1 . ·,<.~r·.·, ,·'.'l,,; I r ":11 ,:.r·iJ Ahnentafel: What It Is and How To Prepare It •••••••••••••••••• VII 1 17 .j B~rmud.a.,. H,id.in,g. P.1a,ce. of. Lost Ancestors: •.•n••. ~. ~ •• '''~.'' •.• l~ ••• '..... 1VtlI:1 3 129 .; ;. '. B9Pk ,R~.v,i~w.: .."Jhe. Ances:tors". Fam:i.1 y. and. DescendantsJ o:.r 'IJohann' .. ~ ,I il. • ,. • • • • • • • • Henrj ch. Ludwi'9 Thoren and. Calha ri n'a,':Sophi a :.J '; ~ . J t', ... " .... :;. Beckme~i r ',from '1630, to 19841.'·~ •• ~••. ~ •t. ~ •• ;, .... ~:: ~ ~ ';. X,; 1 i liTh'S . ~I:; - . I'J VIII 3 150 ' 'h . ··•· 'J" e 9U~C:, : ••• ~'.!.:~,:~~:.: ..~,..... ~:~:~: ... ,..:~ .. :, .. ~~~. .' Court PJJS~ .. e.rms". Def.lnltl0ns •••••• '•••.•.••••••••• '................. ' VIII 3 146 DCGSL,i/.).r.ary. Acqu.i s;itj ons. ,( See. Doug 1as CO'~ I' Genea log;'catlf Soc·i ety.):: < '.". Dj yor~~ . .R~~9rds.,. Unexpected. Geneal og:i cal ; .TreasiJre~ I~ • • !•. :\~ .• ~:: • ~,~, VB: 3 120 i ' Elizabeth M. Watkins Community Museum: The WEAVER Collection •• XII 4 216 G~neaJ9gh:t .. s.Code,of Ethics ..... ·~; .. '•• ·.'~~:~N.~.~:~;~,.,~'~ •• ,.~., •• ~ ••• ~,In) 4 115 Gennan~Atnf;!rj qm. DpcumentsJ & i Research, 'The Max'> KadEh·t-!~ •• l~ l'.I!:!:: VHt 2 68 !.;. Al ien~ Regi'stration ..... ;: ~\! 'VB.! 2 57 How tP. Jr~ce. Your'IJ F~mi.1y,\ Tr.ee~ •• '.:;,.~ .i~ .i.~; ~.;.. ~ I~ ••• '.:~. ~ •• •OL i.,. ,II I j 3 81 IfI.~ Se~r~~. 9f. ~QQt~,!* ~ • ~ •• , ••••• ,~.~ ;~ '~.~ ~ I.~ .' •. ~ •• '•• '.: •• ~~ • • • j'I ItI':j~ 2 65 ,. In·Se~r~~,9f.t~~,FalJ1j1y.Tree •••••• \:: •••• ~;•••• ,~ •. ~ •• ·; •••••••••••• III 4 132 '- .~ Ir~la[1~,. ~ngJ~n~" Switzerland •••••••••• :.; ~ •. ~'. '; ~ .• ,~:; ~. '. ;i~' •. ~ ••• ;~;~: II': 3 60 r II 4 K~n~a~. Stat~.l:ijst:or,j,cal ,Socie.ty;. ::.~' ••'~~ .l •• ~'~{~,~:,,;. ~·i:. ~ •.•••••• :XIr: 3 139 \ . L~wren~~,.l<S;.~.ist.ofrR~sources............................... V 1 6 ,Lawreflc~.p~bJjc.LH)rary:.Resources.J.\vallable~ .. ~~,.;(~.~~'~;~~ •• ~'. ': I, 3 105 ~am~ Cb~{lgjOg"""".~~~~......·.•• ·;; •• ,~ •. ~~~l~;~.: .. l'-.~·.:.~ •••• i~.~~~.~. /': :V·t 4 148 t'i.~ '.J.} : .., Na~l)r~Jj+(ltjOIJ . E~p~anation •• ~.l..... ·~.i ••'~.·~· ••• ;.l.~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • VI 2 63 , ,N~vaho.~QQt$;.;t:iow tOITraGe;.{ir.;,.·.~ .... ;: •••,r~~L.:n.~::." .. ~~.'~·iII. 3 57 I •• ~ I •••• ; • \f . \ iW";.1 ~;. • I .!;: I I" 4 Pi oneer (See. Douglas Co •.:)Genea 1ogi'oa 1 Soc i ety) R4ra1.~~fLOeliyery.aF.ld.Uncol'lected letters Regulations ••••••• VI 3 117 (~!t. '~ 'Sur na mes.SegilJolr;lg.with.,I· ianCf J~~.,.'.· ••~,.......... ~:.~~.i.~~I .....L.~ ..... ~.· XI); 3 134 ITombstone Tips on Wording •••• ~.~ ••1.. r~· ~ ·:~ ~ r.t ••:.,~..•.. ~Xl~ 3 144 I ••• ........... ••••• ~RAY, ILuk~ r .. ,. ............. ,," •• f Q .. "''1 .. I, l •••••••••• , ' • • • • • • • •, • • • • • • • • , •••. II • • ••• ••• I. I , • , • , • t • rat • , ....... , • J •• " to. ... •••••• 15. I • • • • ·; • • " •• f. t " .: 'j • '.1 .: �PIONEER~ 1• INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) . :Untversjty, of ,~ t t ,\.' 'j ~ .~QQ~~ , , 'i.:' I,; Kansa~ ,~Spen,cer Research.li'brary: ~G~I1e:~lQgi,c.a·l Inte,res.t. eJ.1.; ••••..•. oJ I • ,} I~ i(: ,VOL., NO. PAGE .: ..~ :;'",,; l:', : . : /)' .-!.'.'. "r.I.~.·.;~j.; •••~ ••:" iV.ltII . ',,, I , 2,: :·85 Douglas Co. Materials· in, the Kansasl,Coll'ection.,.' ••,il •••.•• / III 'J';3 :101 K~~n~as C,olle·ct:ion.: ..~., •• :•.• ,••••.• ;•• ,•.•• ·•.• f.:.;.! •• ·.:.~i.·.::·!;' •• ·~~)~' ••.• ,>IIIv \ 3 :·,-:98 :'j' \ .Qf , • • • • • .. • • • • J • • ~ • , ' " • • • • • 1 ~ _. ~ • • .. .. • .. .. , • <0 ~ I ... , • ... , •• ...... _ • • • • • • • • REUTTER, Janet: Ahnentafe1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VII 2 64 RHODES, Sycurgus & Sarah Caro 1i ne: Bi.b 1eRecords, •• /;,;: •• :.~.r •.• ~): .• :.". ~ •.••' i !VB -3, 105 ,:RICHARDS,~ ,)Os.~ar: ,Gr:enman ,o.t: .Eudor.a:.. BJo,gra.phy •.•.•.•.• ,•• ,.,............';.'•••• '•••• ' HI, 1 30 ,RQbe,rt I s ,.~ul.~s..Qf .Qr.de.r. •.•,•.•.•.•.•,•.•.• ~ •.• ,., •.•.•.•.•.•.• ~ •.•.• ~.,.1 ,.J •••.• ) •••.•.•.•.• ~.~ 1. • • • Va 3 86 ROBERTS ,Gen.•..J.o.hn .Newton .0J: .Lawrenc.e.:. ,Bi.ogr.aphy. •.•.•.•.•.•.• ' •.•. ",,~, ~ '; '~" ~i •• :•• : 'XI Z; 4 169 ROBINSON, Gov. Charles: Biography •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• II 3 63 ,:.::II 4l ROBINSON, Sara Tappan Doolittle of Lawrence: Biography............... X 3 123 ROBINSON, Tirzah and Henry March,: Bib1e •• ·.:••• .r.. l,.:..... '.'.. '.. \.;... ).. :.. )).·/.· VIr 4',161 RODRIQUE, A.C. of Lecompton Twp.: Affidavit 1858 ••••••••••••••••••••• VIII 4 195 ROSS, JO,anna, .H.a~rmon:. Ahnentafe,l.. .•.•.•.• ,•.•.• ,•.•.•..•.•.• '•.•.• '•.•.•.•.•• ~ '•.•' ••••'.:. '•• :••:•.•11 .v)I I : "i 1 "63 ..... ".. "l': ..... ~ ~ " . .> .'l. • I • ! ~ • ,. , .. ' to • '.I.' ..• ... . I) ; ' " .• ; ,,.' .:. .' .... , ;.;,.: .ir: t ,.SACH~SMAN.-SOX.MA.N. iF~ami.ly. •.••• ,................................................ '.t •.• ,.,~ t. I• • '• • •:.• '. ' ' ' ' . . I 1·/1 1.3 SALATHIEL,: JO.h.n,:. ,C,o,r.r,e,c.t.i.o,ns, .&. Bjog'raiphica1, Notes~, Letter :to Editor. ~"i;X;I : 4'" SALSMAN Fam1.ly,) .B.i.b.l .e... ~ ..................... I.'.'.~.'.' ~ ~ ,."1.' •• '. '. \', tVI!' ) i 31 ,. "SAUM, Patric.1.a..J,o.le.n,e.:, Ahn.entafel •.•••• :.:'.,:•• '•••• o' • • ~ .•. ~;.... :• • • • • • . ' • • • • ~ • • i • • • · X'. l' I J .... '. '. ..;.............'..... '........,... ...... ...... 94 200 106 ·30 . SCHMJDT ,·E.mm.a..J,o,s.eph.1.ne. ,o.f, E.udora Twp.: Certffi:cate of' Baptism ••. ~'....... YIE,'· 4 191 . SCHMIDT , Joh,an.n. ,C,h,r.i.s,tJan.:. L.i fe. Hj s,to.ry, on. the. Pra i ri e ....... i.f••• :•• ~'" .. .J U:i ,2' ,.' 4 I ~. I ~ \ . ' •• It •• ~ • " .:' ::) • • " , ; ;,.', ~ j' • .j , • J .' j .; f ~ . ~·.k. '. ' . . {:: ~ SCHOOL RECORDS Baldwin "School Times", Palmyra Twp.: 1892.................... IXI. .,. i I ' .' ~ . . ,: ".'~.. . ,. ,:. IX Ba;r,.be,r. S~h()()J.,. ,Kanwa,ka. Jwp .• ,: ; Pupil s, 1898 ~ .';•.~ ••• '..r•. ~ ..... '...': ~ •..• ~~;, 'I X: Bismark Sch.ool District) #79 ••••• ,'~i••• ~ ••• ', ~. '•• n ~ ..... ~.:;~ .:. ~ ~I~ ~' 'lII, Black Jack School. #9.,: Palmyra Twp.:· '1881o'~ ~ ••• "••·•. IX BJ ue M(),un~. S~h()p.1. D.i strict #29 :', Hi story ,and i Taxpayers. • • • • • • •• XII .; (, .. ".,., ....... , ....... , .... Photo. of, PupHs,: 1916~ •••••••• XII Br~ba.k~r. S~h()p 1". Marj on. Jwp. ,:. Enrol 1ment'1881~~ ".;~~ •.• (~i ~ ~ ..: • • • • '~ ~.. IX,: Cass Co]-•. , I 11i noi:si Schoo 1s: 1902. ~' ........~ • ~;~ ~ I~ • ~.~ .~ •• ri ~ .... '.~.~ • ~. ·1 I- I . C:1 j !'ltpn. S~hoo.1, Djst ri ct . #25 1.....~:~~ :. ~ •• • r~ ~ ;11'. '" ••• l rf .• ~.~ I (, II" ~ h ,.... .. r ~ ~I. ~ '1 ~;. " 1-1 Co 1umb.i a School,. Wj]] ow. Spri ngs. Twp. : •• ; ; '~d •••• ~ ..... ~: •• ': I.~ c.~r~:~ f. '. X· D~~,r School. Djstrfct #48, Kanwaka, Town's hi p! "~' . i.~ L • ! .. l ~ :~Tn ~ ; •. VII" Enterprjse.·School Districtr#18 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• III Eudora. Graded. School:. Pupi 1s. Graded. 90%'.&: Above;':.J Jan;'i888~~ •• ~ .. 'XI, Fai rvi ew. School: . Record. 1875... 1876 ••••••• , •••••••• ~ •.• ;:~ ~ ~. XI ';.1 ",.... r r·.", , . " , . , " XI St Ud~n t s.o. f 1898 • •••••~~~.~~.~.~.I.' . L' , -._ . • • • • • • . ~:: ,~ f • Frank] In. School. Dlstrlct. #16 ••••••••••• 1• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . II I II Greenwood. Valley. School,. Lecompton. Twp.: Hi story ~ .~.; ~ ;~l.: • . ~ ~< .r~' VI q , . " , l l up ,·ls:1898! :,: 'j,j;:X: Harmony~School.District #57~~.\~.,.,.·.· .. ~.~ ••~;~ .• ;.·,.~:.~1.·~~~·~·r~.~~:~ 31': Haskell, Institute:.Ce1ebrating.lts.Centennia1 ••• : •• ~ •• ~~~~~;~·~ VIII . Illustrations.from.Londoh Newsl~~.~J~.~~~~~·VlIl High P~ai~ie: s~hooi t. Wi 110w. Springs. Twp. :Pupi 1h 1898~·! • .; ~~ •• '; ",' X ". Kanwaka Township District #15 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• III . , " .. J,'; Teachers·;& Board Members,';',,·: i::', ;.,.-, ,'. -;" .... : ·1899"1918 .: ",.'" '·d:-: i j'; .. ;,; i j,x,: Lakev1 ew' Schoo i .Di stri ct. #1, . Wakar.usa fownshi pi ... ·• '~~ .... ~ ... '.: .'. i.' VII"' Lapeer. Scboo1. 01 stri ct .#41, .Mar.ion. Twp •... ,) ; i ) ,l.: -I J ,." r .. '; ,; :' ~ • f> • • .. • • • .. • • • •• I '"....... - \ I : , ' . I •• d........... I • • • • ,; •• j" .: .. i -.:: : ,I . •••• :'. • . . • J., • ... , • . .1 0 • ... ) •••• ;, l1 •• ..... .. .... : D. .,~ • .: ••••• ) ~ '}' ............ \ , O. 10'1 •• ~ • 1_, ~ < I , • • • • • I ~...... ..................... . I 16, 3:· 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 il.50 194 89 79 152 103 102 149 19 7 7 2 3 49 92 78 4 176 1 30 29 8 1 1 2 2 97 1 44 1 18 3 108 3 Cover 2 96 1 18, 2 89 3 153 �"1.' PH)NEER,' INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) d'., \ ". .. I • j J i VOl:.: ·;NO. PAGE I :. I PupHs. &. :reacheri'19n;~"c.~1912; :~; .'/;~~ ~. d::~'''~ ....; .. :.~ ~ r~c~ . ,•. :..... XI· :':.3.· 145 l t Lawrence. Schoo~ s-:· Board,; of!' Educ'ation r 1867 • ~ • ~ .• H :'d •• ~ L ,.,~ • ~'. i, X. .! 4 1,153 1 ';"":" ',' • • • • :. • Ea r'1y; S'h 'ls',1• '••••••••••••••••••• :.1, ~(l. , 1'.' ,• • •, • " . :• ,··'X·' 2,,: 65 '. '. l.. ~ ,€ 00 • • .• '•.• . ;.,' ............. ,. Pup~1s. Neither· Absent· Nor· Tardy; 1884.-1885.'. ~.' 'X,~' ',: 2! 76 , ;:Lawrence.H~gh,School-:oGraduates.1907'O.'O'O;~;.i·:J'J..~ •••• :.-.~.'lL ••• J eIV·'; ;2, ~ 49 ~ll . , ..... ·:.·;~i:n;· I .,~.;:.·ir£ '.' '.·1908'.'~·~ •• ~.·.·; •• '.'.~~' •• '~~~~.~.''';. ,. \V'l' :l~·: 19 -·Mound, Scllool, District #35, Kanwaka Twp........................ ]X 1 36 ': Pawnee. Schoo~· D~str~ct· #23;'1 Bour-bo'n' Co •. : 1935~;~ t. ~ ~' ••. 'O~,••• '. ~ 0'; I!I,j '3 74 >,.! ,. '\ ..j I; ; I i. ,1· ; .. I. . I ", .t;~ 1~ ...... ,• • ,~ •• I .. I . , •. ,.tI.'.'~ir :~i'Y;,:, J i : .. ,'" I !;I . iJ:4'·:..,.. 74 L " " , ~ l' 1 . ~ ~ ,,' i ,). : "\.j. .l X J! 4~ 182 tRock. Creek· Schooh· D:f stri cf: #l3;~ r Marion} Twp .': : ~ i ~ ~ .••.. '... ~ • '...•. I l 'X i, , 1), 45 Pupi 1s & Teacher 1910....................................... XI.. 3 145 Rura 1 School Graduates, 1913 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 1 , IX:· ,4·' 158 ~ 'Spr~ ng. Creek. Schoo~. Distr~ ct #2,. Pa~myra. Townshi p~ .:~:~ i: •• ~ •~:~. '. 'v.u 2 95 .::Starr. Schoo.l. D~str~ct~#19q·Young)~'~ •• ~~' •• ~ •• ' •• : ••• d,~'~·~ ••• ~~~I.II 4 132 (.\feachers":. ·1899!!"'1900.·.~ .,.,~,~~; .'; ~.:'~.~ ~I~: .r.ll.~I~ ~I;. ~ .'. ~~ •. ~ ~,:.' •. ~.~ ~ .•. ~ .:~:~ VtIII 3 118 .',.', ....... Kanwaka. Jwp,.". J.899 .. 190s.~.-;;n~;•• '.'.'~' ••• ' •• ;j~r.......... X 1 43 Pal m:yra. Jwp", ~' 1899 .. 1902l ~.;~ ,;~~. ~ ';'••.•• i~ .; ••• ~.~ • ~,i • . . • . • . . X 1 47 : • , '[ ....... 1~.1. . '. :: .' , ~ u IPleasant.Grove.School.District.#38,.Wi~10w!Sprin~s:TwpL~c1911~, 'IM!.:2'~ 53 Quincy High School, Lawrence: Reunion, 1 Juri· 1882 ••••• ~ .• '~ •• ~~. ··::X., i :.2.', 68 ,, ,',, I ...... , ......... P·;nkney. Schooh. Lawrence·:· Photo •• "o'o.;' '.'O ............ ,.'~ .'~".';. ( •• :.~.,~ i.: -X:I!:· 2·' 74' I . " I ..... 'j , I': ••• \: I, ! • " ••• ~. ~ , •• •• ........ , f I ••• _ •• • •· • 14" '" ..... 11 I • , .................... I .1902~1905(.l:'~"';~l~.t!'•• ~.'."~\,-r: k :: • ..~t~,.~:.......... p', x 2 93 :(Tw;n.Mound,Schoo~IHouse'.·.'.1I·••• ,.'.' •• ·:-;'l~1·;J: •.•.• ~.~ .• ;•• ~~.".!~~' ••••••••• XI .~r ...... " ................. ,I:J: . -:ii.:,: .. ::-:';".)11 .I.';' XII : Union. Schoo~. D.i str:f ct. #34", W;fUow Springs Jwp.: '1926-1927 ••••• III 1 15 4173 3 80 ~ ~ t: l" ... . ' ) • ~~. ~ i ~ '" I ' 1 X 1 50 University of Kansas: Class of 1881, 1931 Reunion ••••••••••••• XII 2 74 :,}I. : ,",. ' : ) ; : ' ,law~Sthoo~i.C,las's 'ofj1896~.~.ii,l·.~ •• ~.~ •• I.'l·J Vi;:'..!: 18 , ............ , ..... Spencer. Research. Ubrary. .(See. ResearCh.) ... t. ',I' J );' [ l Vermont. Schoo.l." lawrence: I Photo,•• ,~!: ~ .~ .,~' ••• :; i~:. i~, ~ :'•••.•••• ! ~ . ~ ~ •• ;i : XI 2 74 Victory School District #110, Bourbon Co.: 1921 ••••••••••••••• III 1 17 '1 .,; !·,,/·r ·'.li1923-4,~:.:~ ... ~~~.·.;~.f.,:·IH. ·2:: 60 Vinland School District #49: School Report;i'188L;~~: •• ~~,J• • • ·.~~, •.• :YIII 1 45 l.";~ ... , ............ ,.~.I.::r.;;J~ 'il.,' '-~) r' ,;l~J'l'l ,; .',');,;:, ",·:;j"~i'XI 3 147 1897-1898 ••••••• ·.~.:~,·••·..... ~ •• ,•• !~.\ .•... ~v 2 51 Walnut Grove School District #11, Wakarusa Township l ~ ~I lS·98·,•• ~:.~I;. .:~ .•. ~ .'. ~ ~ ••• ~:~I! •• ,•. ~t:·.,~ ....... ~., ..,~!,~. '.~~: ~. ~.: .... f.;~t •••• ~ ... ~ ~ .vII; ·41; 207 Photo of Pupils &Teacher ca. 1908 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• XI 3 148 Wakarusa Model School District #83::·Hi·sfory~~.~;•.••·~ .•• ,••. ~;L.: •• ~ ·IX,.· "4 196 ( Wash,ington. C,reek. School': #22~'; C.l intoti Twpl: Etiro lolment. 1912:• ."... I! IXi . ,1,3,. 137 \. • .. • • I • .. .. • • .. • • • • • • • • • t • • t .. • .! ) I. :: 10 .) .,,11 I .... : . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~\~;·i'i·j t j ~i~ 1" ; : . ) ; ' ' ' ' J:j I ~~ . . History~ ••.•• _ •.• :~ ••• 1~;·IX : '3'. ~Weaver School District #86, Eudora Twp.: Pupils 30 Jun 1934 ••• XI 4 : 1·/ ••.•••••••. , .••••••.•.••...•. , .•• I )'" j'Teachers. 1898 .. 19138~ •• I~"X-r., 14',' .t [ Wi 1.1 ow. Sp.r.i ngs. Schoo.l. OJ std ct. #51.:. Pup.i1 s.,. 1898'••• ~ .,.' ••• '. ~:.'. ~ ·;X: : :.2 ,: i . • . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . • , . . . . . . , . . . . . . 1902-1903: ••• ~ .•••' •• :.c.·~'~'.;'., ;~·V, I'; 2,J ,': ................. .".:~.,: t,·,);· r,..:~1906 .. 1907 •. ~ ...·.I•.••• ~'io~ •• io'~:.;-, ~i;1'3L i I .... ,; 135 181 179 96 50 95 Winter School District #70, Lecompton Twp.: History ••••••••••• IX 3 144 Woodlawn School, Lawrence: Photo •• '.;~ ~,~ ~. ~;••• ~ ~.;i.'.~'~ •. ~.'.~...... ~ ••••. Xli'l ... : 2, 74 1, . \' ...................... , ..................... ;: :. I. '. '. '. '. '. \:. . - .' •••••.••• ~:';~' :~, .;~ . . SCHOT~r,: Cynth,; a,: Ahnen.tafe.l .• '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '.~:. ~'" ~ ~~ '~" IV I I 4 162 SCHWA~TZ, Frederick of Willow Springs Twp.: Famidy .... '.'.'~ ••••'.•.••.~:.~ .•" VIII 2 101 SEARS~ Charles May: Log Cabin 1854 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VIII 4 Cover SHOGR~N, Donna Marsh: Ahnentafel •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~;~; XI ·4 190 ~ .. ~; S J.MMO~S: and. Dodde.r. fam,i.1:y. of. ,Ma r,i on; Twp,.:n· ~'h' ••~ ;, • ;, ••. ~ ....~ .: •. ~ • ~ ~ '•••.•• IX 4 192 SIMMO~S.,,:·Haze~; .Lee: In Memoriam ••·.l~ ~ ,.;~ l~.l ~ .,., .. ~. e. ~ .•.•• ~ .. :••••', •• ,•••• ~. VII 3 104 q ... . '. !17 1. •••••. • •' . : . >. : �:\,PlONEER,INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) ,~ I ,I : ;' . I i .! . j:., ." .;~;; VP~";:NP~ " SMnH,. C. W•.:. ~J 9grpp~j s:~J , ~~~t~~, (~~~. 9J ~Q Mortu~ry Re~ords )" •• ';'.~ '•• ~.: VI II SMITH ,) rwj n H.•. ~n9. C~J ; nd9 9f. Mar; ~n Twp! ;,j/;ll :e;~ •.:' .. ~ ",' •••• '. "~,,., .. V.I II SMnH,\.: Sam~~J, 9f. J-~!=OlTlPt911. n'lp~.:. Je~ti1Tl9nY: ~85~ ..... "~!""""""'" VI I I · ,: SNEDEGE~, ~~~n: Ahnenta,fe 1 .. ~ • ~ ,_ ~ • -•. ~ ."! •. ~ •• -.: ••• ~ .•• ,~~•••• '~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• VI I STANWIX, ChytO!1. C",: In. M~lTIori~m!!! !.~. ~ • • • • • • • • • o'j .:. ~ ••.•• ! ';~'"".""! ~ . IX STEELE:, Capt .•. ~alTles.Cooper.of Bloomington & Clinton: Biography ••••••• III , " ..................... " I').:. " f,)Letter,lJ?65 •••• ,liXI '\ STEVENS, Mr~ .•. N.• P.•.:. M~lTIorj~s.Qf Q~antl;':ill !.s;Raid ............ !.:.•• ,•. "•.•.•.. XII STEVENS. N.T.: New Residence 1871 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• XI STOUPPE:, OJ he.: . In. MelTlorj am, .' • n , .' • ! ' ! • • .'" . . . . . . . . . . . . _• • • :.~ • • :.:-'C.,.:- •• e ....../ VII I STROUP:,; Isaac William:, Biography~~ ••••••••• ~ ••.••.• ~. ~ "~ ~ .'~ ... ,.,•• "••• :.. '"e!! .. 'VI Stull"KS (Se~.Kanwaka,TownsMp)· :' "I· . . . . . ~'·I';";, .!););'.I:~·::);-: .).'_ . STULL,:. Isaac: Golden Wedding......................................... VI SUTLI FF, Mr~ .• , ~" B.•.:. MelTlorj es. ,C?fr Quantri lJ IS. Raj d ...... ! r. ~~:OI~.:! ."~'e ! • • ';O.J XII ~{ ~ ~ r :] ~. .. " .~ . . :' {'~ ~ ~ . :~ .1 TAX RECORDS, .. , ................ , , ..... " , , ... ' I ,?,') I.;;)i) . I )().;, ,:' ',j., Delinquent. Tax. List: 1863.,.·.~,.~.' ••••••••• '. ':.';~.r. ~I~. e .•• ~ •• '.: •• ' ••• idV .. ·'Internal. Reyenue. Seryj ceo Records::; Jan~May'; 1867io •.• :~:. ~ .j~ .;.,~ . • • • • •, ' IX Taxpayers,:. Bl ue. Mound. School. Di stri ct. #29 ••••••' •• f.· •• \~ .I~ e.•• '. ) XU . ' ., ... ,Clinton. Twp • .,. 1900:-1901~ .d,., •••• ,...... I~ • •: . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . IX ~ ~ Eudora. Twp •.,. 1900~1901 •••• ~~~ ;'•••• ;• .-.; •.• • \~,.r.:........ IX ........ Grant. Twp.".1900:-1901. 0 .... '~,; .'..... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX , ...... ' Kanwaka. Jwp •.,. 1900:-1901.. ........ ," •.-•.• ,••• :~ ~ .I~ e' •••• :. •••• ,IX Lecompton Twp., 1900-1901 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• IX , .... \ ·Marion Jwp., l:~.00':"1901.~·.r.~.,•• :.~·.•••• t.~ • • • ·.•• '• •:., • • • • • ·.i',~JX Palmyra Twp., 1900-1901 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IX s'. 4 1 3 3 3 2 4 3 4 1 4 H I •• 0 IJ ,. • .. , •• , .. • • • , • f ....... ., • , • , •••• .;, ..... 'J ) • 2 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 • • ;. & • • •• 1; • _" : : '\ 11' i ' (' . . . . . . . . . . . ',.. ,i "I. I'~ ~ t, • 184 44 140 106 107 45 159 112 201 2 184 6 142 1 23 H • •PAGE :. ~ ... ~ , -; ~ "oj" '.. l" -2.: 60 165 103 185 186 140 142 97 147 99 ..'. .' t THOREN, Johann. Henri ch. Ludwi g: and Catharina,: Sophi a Beckmei r: Book Review ••.• •~•••••••• '•.•• :. ..... ;, •.~~! .I~ . • • • . • • '.:~ • • • • • • e'. ••••••••••••• •••••• X , TOMERLIN, Fountajn. C•. of. Wj ]Jow. Springs. Twp.:': Testimony~ •• 1. "t~ ........ VI II ., t TWIN .' ~ ... ~ ¥ ....... :t • • • • • ;.: : ~ t~:; MOUND~. K~!See. aJso-~arion 4 - ) ~ i I ,; ~. i ~ . II ) ; • •,' Township) Cemetery..( see, Cemete.ri es L ; :;;;, . ::-' " ;. i .• ) , " :IJ', . ~ , r .;; '. .' Historical excerpts from "Soil of Our Souls" •••••••••••••••••• XII , School .(see, Schop] s) .... , . . I \., ULRICH, Jacob • 1 t., i 1 4 199 • -( -.I ~ .. . " .:' - - !~ ~ , -:: ~ :. .~' j : ' .. ; ~ ::] ! .. "': t J: J \' .. ::, '1 ; o~ Wj]lp~ Springs.Jwp~;.Affjdayjt.o~ Death. and. Hejrship ~ t • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i : i ; ~j .: : ~ . '; I I " '. ') d . . j 110 , .' ...... ••••••• t • I I . : : •• 4 173 . , ) .Valley~.Chape.1".KS.,(See.C.linton·Townshjp)· ;: ;.: 4 208 VII I' .1:';";',1 ;",;,~)~ ;)1.11., .,;,' 3 144 3 69 4 1 18 2 54 4 164 2 85 .. VANCIL, Dan.iel '. of CUntoni-Townshi,p: ~state l Sale; B:i lL;, '.• ~ .... ~ ••••'.'.:~ t: VII VAN HOESEN" Capt.• , .Isaa~ Newton of Lawrence: Biography................ II • • • I I' '_ ~:: •• : .. . . I~l\.:·· ;'1.1' : ',:~ . ... : : ' 'ti"Ll ~f.~ ~. Col; \ .~.')! II -; ~ VAN LOENEN.,. Gail ,Garrett:·"Ahnelitafel. ................................ VII VAUGHN, Dona.1d,:. Ahnentafel •••• ~,~i~ ~l.~~ •• i. ~ .... ~;~ ., •• '•• '" ~"~' •. " .;.: •• :.<•.•. ~ ••·ef.r VII I VAUSBAUGH,. Henry.:. Death.1882.~ •• ~'l~.................................. IX VEATCH, Vienna. and. A.l.len. Leeper: .. Biographical Sketch................... , X .~ ~ .. , . . . . • , .. · .. i ".! : ... ,; : t ~ ,,,', , ' ! " i .• .···~:.,·~r. r ,'f , i . ,', I~J; I:;:, i ',(" VINLAND', KS..(See. a.1so. Pa.lmyra. Jownsh,ip.).,. i 'J.: ,~.~ . . . ,': )':"" 1 I Xi , L' Newspaper Items, 1883 ....•......•.......•...•................. VIII Post. Off.i .ce.,. H.i story. 1868:-19~7,. ,. ,. ,•.•. School Re~ords) . .r.. :. . u ••• ,. ,. ,•.• , ••• :.' .• \ 1 Schoo.ls..(See. · t. ' , ) •• 4 • •• • ~ •• ~ . . . . . , .... '" • , Ja ... ~ • ~ •••• , c ,q~Jr~ ~~ '.'~ ~'.:~' ~ ," ',) ".~" . . . : • • '., ••• ' . ;!,:j'1:',)(: J ; \':'." : . 45 43 :.r', ,:.,'.; f~.t I ! )'.': ~ ,;." ~ "jl .. VITAL ,RECORD.S, ..... ~" ~ ~ ~ ~ :.I!: : ~~ I,.,: '::1', J: ~.' ;./ :.: . Births.:. From. Lawrence. Newspapers.,,186h1863.~ .••.• r... ~~"'L~ .. ·•· ••••,,· lX~.; i 4.. 159 '. Deaths..(See. a.l so. Cemetery.,. Court.,. &. Mortuary: Records,: ·ObaiJaries.L,:. t ........ " ... ................. •• .. ' .' I ,;.I8 ; l �I :, -:PIONEER, ,INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) I ' \ '. t ~ . ' ; ' .!i.), I " (;,,;' ;".) : . Dea~~~ ;P.Q~gl ~~ ~q nMor;',ta 1 i ~~.:~<;h,e~ule !:"H~~O •.•.••;~.:.,. ~.• ~;.;'; ·J:!·i IV F~ \ ·4.~:165 Notices in Newspap,ers, Jan,1861~,OctJ~6~:(.,A-l:.l.'i""";"';i'}_~r~ j'. ,:' M- Z,) :;" . . . X". 2 ,. 563 j. :,1 : '.1 ~ .' ! ., .- _'. . \. l r' l '. 1/ • • • • • • • • • • , . , .... J •••••••••• \, ~ , • I J ..... , 0 ••• ................ •• It •• ...... - ' ~ t ~ ". .' '~' ·t·. • • . •( ~: 11,'" .• ",', i·;~,·· ~· j~~'~ It ,~~~:~~~~~~~·i~J·)~l··I·j··,~;·, ,,"J • I .. , ... , f • _ 'oX 1 . \ . ••• ......... I .... ~ • ~:" i' ;. ; ~. I) t :.., f .. t 'oJ J I • 'frid~x;,',Il(e,c~~~t,~~ ~~~1tJr~II,~~!8~5.':·: :y.If:·.'I·:~,lt)48 '(ecompton 'Vita1'SiatisHcs: .. :, , • • \' •• ,j,!~'j .137 Quantrill's Ra,id".N~me.s~)'(,P;~op'l~.!<~Jl~~~·'~'·I·.·)·~·i·~·)·:.\Lu XII. .?l. 1 747 •: t·., . I.· • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~~1,!,q~t:'~ 1v ., ,! :' ~ V9L.jJNQ •.'~PAGE .;.,; I From Newspapers, 1888-1890 •••••••• VBI 1 43 ,M~r~1~~~~,-t'tqq4gl)as Co •. C~ur~ .H.ous,e .~e~~r:~s· 1?6~-}~~5·~·,·~,·i·~:·j·· .IIII.II'" "3~" 8283 . , ............ 1861 ~~66",:,1,8~7'~t' . I 12 ., 60 . ~ ~ 1868 ~,~i •. • ~ ';.' ~:') V .tl\. ••• ,,~ .. ~ ....... t " ' •• , • • • ," . • ~;:·;';~~rl ,JJi-:- ~ j-,f~',~,~.·,i_~~.;.J ,I . ; . , ., . . - ,1869., ...... ~ 43 127 j"', L,·I· VV I 108 . 187,0 •••••.••••• .;. e', • ,. i ~ t~) • • •. "" ;. -,) ~~' ~ 1871 ••••••••••••••• VII 1 19 1872 •• 'J' ,',' '1' '.~".' ".' •. :Y.I:I : .,~ 68 .. /.,',:) ')~'" l8?~~,.J.~.~~.• ~:;.~ .•J.~ V~II 3 108 I )', : .1874·; ..:·,·~~.~··.:·,.·:·,·i.,V~.I1 4 164 ' ..... : 1~75~~~~.~~~~~~.,~~)VIII 2 76 (i , .......... , ................ ·;;ll ... ..:.L·· .1876···,··.·, .. ··;·····";I~ljII 3 110 1877 ••••••••••••••• IX 1 7 1878............... IX 2 64 J\ .' 1879............... IX 3 121 ., 188Q •.••••• ' .• ,' ~ • ~ .' .,, r ;IX 4 . .............. , ... • .............. " . , .. '1881 . I, . ., ·X 1 172 15 " •• '" , 11 •• p . . . . . . . . . f ........... , • • ......... , • • • t ... " 11 ......... ..... f t t •••••• • 110 ,. • l • I, ) ..... ••••••• , '; - e.... ..... • I .,..) 1. l .'. ..' I ,I , ' • .. •• I ~ I"~ I. ... ; .' ~ '. 1I1 1\ l 'I.'J j , .J ' I. \ I "p·"·f·f! • • • • . . • • • • • . • • • • • • , . , • • • • • ' . • • , • : •• .' ................,... ',.II r i· . . <I • .. • , • .. " , '. ';'" ','," ~ : ': 1":- i; i' " ) ~""~ • ")," ""'j,";;O ~ .(.,'.•. - -,... -) •• ·1,-j·. '1882 " -."• -' "J ~ .'. '. ,I·.X ~ '. • • • i J ~; J ! -~!'j I, • I' , ·18~3 •• '~J ~ ~ ~ .. ' l' ~ ~ - • " . '). 1 " I I , :. '. ' :.; I' ': '. I.. ~, ,I'..,,;..~ ••• I e;.1 __ J .. I 4 156 2 1 60 3 116 , .~I XI ~~.,.~~,.,:i'XX.·II 1 4 161 : ~ , 10 '. I ' '" I I • • • • • 'l f. '." # ,I !., ,. .' Vo~irig . Records (See •Election Records) 1 ••• • • • • .. J ,,! I., • ) .,1 " . j... • ; "". .• i I ' ,-, ' '" f "" , . ;.1. ;.1 .Y . WAKARUSA :TO~JNSflIP' (See'alSo . lawrence),· ..... f'" .', .. I.,. I":;' :., , . • . I' I ". ···G··.·······~7· . 87 ... ····'\·· 1, .. 1'.1 ·1,'.) If. I , I. ' 0 ' , . ·X·' 45 . ,B~rker range No. ~ : 1 ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• : ••••• I 1 'Cemeteries (See Cemetery Records) "', " • .......... _. _. . .", 18~ 7 '.•.'J .,'.; • ~, '1 " • ~ ~ •• ~, X~ I :,.>.-. .>: . ,' . ".' •• •. I 1888 •••••••••••••••' XII -. 4 . 189 lMarriages ~. Douglas ·Co:' 'Newspaper~:' 1854~1~60.'-::. ~~", :,;~. ~":.:; ~.'. ,~~. '1'1" 15 ................... , .......... J an '18'61-0 ct'1863,,,J ~. ••' .• •.... ,•. _• • • 'IX . '4 ~ 160 J\ J t' :~ Marnages, Frlends Monthly Meetjl'!g ~871:-~897 •••; ••••• ~.,~ •••••;.... V;~, 3 .. 132 "Marriage' Records in' Ai'ea '1854':18~~t} .:~~~. ~:,,: ~ f' .:.' ~,~;,~,.' ,;VI!J; ~ .. 155 . I . \. '-I - "1884:~·.,:; ....J~:.f:::.: r,'" .~ ~} • •} -'.'.!.'!-.'.J ..••.. .j - :. .......................... ,., .............. \118888.65~:; •.•J~~~ :,' " ~~ .. ·.··~ ·f\~.'I~·I.,.:.·· ... ·Ct~ ••• '" .. ' .. _ ' '.," f\: ' : I I ;" p. ,.~C~u~c~es.(~~~.Ch~rch.~~c~~~~~ " .r;,; ',.'::. ' . . J : ..,";ff- \ :,'.Jii" Flrst Flour Mlll (See also W,lley, J.W.}...................... X 2 94 .f:ranklin Early 'rHi story ••.•.•.• .;, •.•.••.•.•.•.•.•.•.••••••' ...................... ,Vllr : '.4.,· .198 Halloween Party 1915 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IX 1 46 History and Residents •••••.•• • VII 1 49 I L1 terary Soclety of Frankl 1 n, KS ••••••••••••••••••••• "........ • X 3 151 Schools: Franklin, Lakeview, Lawrence, Wakarusa':Model~ Walnut Grove (See School Records)'" .. , . " t .. • .. , . ':'.',: . :Town~hip,:Offic~rs, 18~l:.:. ':'" .; ••;•••:.; •.••.••••:•.•.•,•.••.•••.••••••.• i· . . . . . . IX·r • ,1~· 3 (.': •• ,f.'(, ' • • '. ;. ~ '. I. • ' ., r• • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~, • _' I ,t , ) I .,' I I 1 • I WAKEFtELD, John A. of Kanwaka Twp.: Will and Obituary •••••••••••••••• VII WALKER, S.N. of Baldwin City: IIA Burglary in Baldwin City - 187211.... XI WARD, iGeorge W.: Claim Before the 36th U.S. Congress ••••••••••••••••• XII 19 ... 1.. :\ I 4 3 4 201 130 186 �. " ·':PIONEER, INDEX TO CONTENTS (continued) WATTLES ~ .IAugustus ·o~ '€lil'!ton Townsh1 p:' '{asses; frorrj:'Invas i on ~ -'1856: : •• :VII WATTS, ·.John '€rimp-of' Wakarusa 'Twp',;':' Biagraphi'cal ;Sketch~ ••:•• VIII .- We~ver;j KS· (See 'Eudora Township) '.... WE~BER/\Autograph jBook.; ~ .1 •...'. ~ .• ". a_e • • • ' . ~ ;~ • • • • • • • • • ~................... VI \ WEIMER~ .James 'H~ 'of 'Marion 1twp. : :Si'o'graphi cal :Sketch.~:; 1L ...~ .. .i.' .1 ••••• VII I WHITE, George W.: Life History ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IV WHITMAN, Herman Delos: Obituary •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• XI ., Wi chi ~a 'County Census' (See' Celn.~u!s~ 'R~cords) .:: .. '. ' "'.' i .',1 , ' " . i ' 4 198 3 144 L"'.' ..... I' ., 3 140 4 196 2 51 1 37 1 . t!.; " •• '#:>...... . -' .. ,1 1') : WIGGINS~.,James·B; 'of.:Wakarus:a Twp~';:' Recollection's an'd BioghlPhY ..... ~:·VII WI~GINS, Jane: -Ahnentafel.: ..)~........................................ IV , WILLEY~ J.W:: 'Family-," Pioneer Millers •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• VIII \: . \ ., 'First'Flour, Mill of Wakarusa Twp....................... X WILLIAMS, Patricia·Jolene :SaOm: Ahnentafel........................... X I ," I t ... , • P ... ,. , , .' !I I 2 98. 58 4 154 2 94 1 30 2 \, WILLOW'SPRINGS'TOWNSHIP' "\ ~ Cemeteri es: 'St ~ . Jo~ri IS (See Cemetery Records) "Churches: 'St: 'Johnlls"United Church of Christ Worden United ~1ethodist :1;(See·ehurch'Recor~s) , 1 Columbia'literarY'Society: 1894-1897 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• IX IX 2 IX 3 ~ ~ I. IX 4 :Co 1umbi a; . Newspaper 'I;tems. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • X 3 ~Hi story and' Res; dents' •...••.•....•.••.•.••......••••••••.•.••. VI I 1 ~Pleasant·Grove;·News~aper Clippings 1913 •••••••••••••••••••••• VII 2 'Schools: 'eolumbiaj"High Prairie, Pleasant Grove, Union, Willow Springs . .:', (See'School'Records) ~Township·Officers; 1897 •••••••.•.•••.•.••.•.•••.••••..•.•..•..... IX , " .. , .. " I ....... , \10 .... .. , , II I , , .. .. .. I .. • " II , \ 48 103 154 198 152 50 99 :", \ to ; I~ " ............ , ... to 1 3 .. , Wi11s,{~states;·and·Probafes (See Court Records) 'WINCHELL; Mr::'Saved'bY'Women During Quantrill IS Raid •••••••••••••••• XII WOOD, Samuel 'N~:' Letter'from 'Ka'nsas 1854.i •••' ••:•• '.'. ~.:. '~:. ~ ~'. ~~':~': l :"lV WOODARD~ Maude-of·taw~ence~ 'Ciipp1ngS from herScrapbook ••• ~ •••••• ~~~. X WOODWARD, Lucy' Wi 1der .of 'lawrence: "Bi ography.' ... ~ ••••••.~ •••' :.'.: •• ~ • ~ ;: ~. j,~ IX Worden;'KS'(See'Willow'Springs'Township) ,.... , I.· •.. , ' , 1 , · . , 4 48 93 1 11 1 '.< .• 3 132 ',f" YARNOLD, Dr. Thomas: Family Bible ••••••••••••:.i .....; •• ::~ ••• ~ •• ~;l..·::.:.'X'II i , Obituary ••••••••••••••••••••••~ •• ~~ ••••••••.••,•••• XI~, YOUNG, C.B.: Maple Hill Farm Journal, 1897. .. ~i~. ! ... :! .~'; .... ~ ..,; ._.I~.': ••:e •. ' XU" . ' • ., .. ., .. ' , ..... ,. , .. " ... " .. ~'.,:."J' ',:;': J .• I" .:. ,;.~'.; ' , - : I~. ' 'XII 4J.1 166 4, 168 2": 57 3 129 ZIMMERMAN, Will i am: German Death Certi fi cate ~ .... ~' ~" •• .- ~ : ••.~ .,. ~;: ~ • '.- ~'. ~'~ VI' II 2 Cover , .. .. .. .. II .. I , " .. , • • .. t • .... . ! ',' It : ~ :' ; ~ :0. . ',', ~ ~). I # .,', '" \ *********************************************************************************** ..... " " " ft>t'.~ I~ •• •• I. ""' •• I"J.;.~t> ... , ~ •••••• ~ ~;l·}t·i. I ... , .. , .... Doug'l as' County' Gene~1 og.1 ca·l'. S~c'i ety- .,' .~ , , .... : ... P;O;.Box.3664 ..... '." ..... ,.11 '., .•.• : ' j . ", :' I Lawrence; '.!KS . '66046-0664! . ..::) ,. I:j ,j,! ~".) ,;': I'~ ~ ~h"·i·. ,. '; , 1 :.J ..:.} *************************************************~*********************~*********** t II : '.' , ., •• " •• * . ~ ••• .. <t ': 1": I ....... , ~ ' ',: : \, .. j ~ f. I '::",'!.'!I·. ) , 20 : ""., . I I; ~. '~.' .. I "I J '. ; :/! \ I : 1 I f ...: .. ~. '1 ; }:; I " � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) -- Genealogy Douglas County (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of the publications of the Douglas County Genealogical Society, including issues of The Pioneer (the quarterly newsletter of the Society) as well as directories, various indexes compiled by members of the Society, and other resources of interest to genealogists and researchers studying the history of Lawrence and Douglas County, Kansas. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society (Lawrence, Kan.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 - 2013 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Index to Pioneer Contents, Volume 1 through Volume 12 Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) -- Genealogy Douglas County (Kan.) -- History Douglas County Genealogical Society (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource An index of the contents of Volumes 1 through 12 of The Pioneer, the quarterly newsletter of the Douglas County Genealogical Society in Douglas County, Kansas. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Douglas County Genealogical Society (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright, Douglas County Genealogical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PIONEER_CONTENTINDEX_VOLS1THRU12_1977-1989 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) 1977 - 1989 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/ef5b4216ef4eabbb914096b43fd9381c.pdf 48680971ddb12ff63479b53c70d0a59b PDF Text Text ~, �., THE PIONEER CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIII (Fall 1989 - Summer 1990) AKIN, Dorothy G., In Memoriam •...•....•......•.... ··· •• ···•···•·•· No. ,3, 100 BAILEY, Frank A., and Hattie A., Family Bible of ...••...••.....••. No. ,4, 161 3 BATDORF, John Walborn, Diary of •.•••..•••...•••••...•••••. ••••••· .No. '1, Births (See Vital Records) CARD, William J., Claim of ••..•••..••...••.....•.•.••••..• •··••·•• No. '3, 110 CHURCHES Fairview Methodist Episcopal, Death Records, Women's Foreign Missionary Society ••...•••..•••.••....••..........• · ••. ····• .No. 4, 188 First Christian Church of Lawrence, History ••......••..•••..•.• NO. 3, 101 Members to 1903, 1904 A-HENDERSON •. No. 3, 103 HANSON-Z ..•.. No. 4, 181 Ministers •••...••••••••.••••••••.•. No • .3, 102 111 CLARK, E., Historian, Notice of Appointment ••..........•••••••.••• No • .·3, , Deaths (See Vital Records) DIGGS, Hon. B.F., Obituary of ••••..••..••....•••••.•••••.••.•••.•. No. 1, 16 DOUGLAS COUNTRY GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY Address corrections .•...••..•••...••..•....•••...•• Each issue, contents p. Library, Hours and location •.•••...••...•.......... Each issue, front cover Meetings, Regular times and location ••....•........ Each issue, front cover Membership, Dues and fiscal year ...........•....... Each issue, front cover Membership, Names and address of, November 1989 .•.....•..••.••. NO.?, 58 Officers and Chairmen •...•....•..•••.............•• Each issue, front cover Pioneer, Articles for ....•....•...•....•........... Each issue, ,contents p. , Index of Names ..••...•••••••••••.....•.... Each issue, {back. EVANS, W. R. "..of the Evans-Metca1 f Company ..•........•••............ No . 2, 64 FAIRVIEW Death Records of Women's Foreign Missionary Society, ME Church.No. 4, 188 8 FITCH Family Letters Available at Watkins Community Museum •.••..•. No. 1, FLUKE, Bob, A Fish Story about .......•••...•...........••.••...... No. 1, 16 66 HART, George W., Claims of Citizens of Kansas .......•.•.....•..•.. No. 2, 65 HARTs, A Brief and Incomplete Account of in Douglas County, KS .•.. No. 2, HOADLEY, Clarence,' A Fish Story about •...••...•••••••••........... No. 1, 16 Kansas Farmer & Mail & Breeze Directory, 1920, L-MATNEY .•..••...•. No. 1, 36 McKINZIE correction. No. 2, 62 MATNEY-OTT ..••••.••. No. 2, 75 OTT-SCHEHRER ...••••. No. 3, 125 SCHELLACK-STROBEL ..• No. 4, 189 LAWRENCE Excerpts from the Lawrence Daily Journal, February 24, 1892 ..•. No. 3, 124 First Christian Church, History, Ministers, Members to 1903 •... No. 3, 101 Members 1904, A-HENDERSON ........•..•.• No. 3 , 103 HANSON-Z ..........•.••.•. No. 4', 181 Important Dates in the History of Lawrence .••...•...••••.••.... No. 2~ 87 Lawrence High School Class of 1911 ..•...•..••••.•••••.•.••.•... No. 2~ 67 Old Residents of Lawrence Pass On, 1909 ...•................•.•. No. 4 t 162 Photos of U.S. Postal Workers, Lawrence, KS, Around 1900 ....•.. No. 3; 139 LECOMPT9N Births, Marriages, and Deaths, 1900 •....•............•...•..•.• No. 1, 17 Draft Registrations, 1917 . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 1,' 18 LUTZ, Mrs. Eugene, Obituary •..••..••...•...••••.........•••..••.•• No. 4',, 187 1 �MARKS, Alex of Marks Jewelers ..••......•.........•......•.•...••.. No . Marriages (See Vital Records) McFARLAND, Edna D., Marriage Certificate ...•...••.........•...••.. No. McKINZIE, Correction to Farmer's Mail and Breeze Directory •••..••. NO. METCALFE, J.C. of the Evans-Metcalf Company .....•.......••••..••.. No. METCALFE, Martha (BOYD) of Lawrence, A Genealogy of •••••.•..••..•• No. MILITARY RECORDS Lecompton Draft Registrations, 1917 •...•.•.•...•••••••.•••.•••. No. Obituaries (See Vital Records, name of subject of obituary) PATTERSON, William A., Marriage Certificate ..••..•........•••.••.. No. PROBATE RECORDS Wills Recorded in Douglas County 1872-1890 .•••........••...••.. No. RESEARCH AIDS Some Tips for Writing Queries ..••...•...•....•••.....•.•...••.. No. Understanding Dates in the Old Style Calendar Before 1752 •...•• No. SCHOOLS Lawrence High School Class of 1911. ....••....••••...•••••.•••.• No. SHELDON, Evelyn M., In Memoriam ••......•...••..••••••..••••••.•.•. No. SIMON Families of Douglas Co., KS ...•......••...•••••..••••.•.••.• No. SMITH Family that Lived Near Twin Mound .........•••..•..••...••..• No. VITAL RECORDS Death Notices from Grand Lodge of Masons of Kansas, 1860-1935 .. No. Death Notices from Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 1873-1970.No. Death Notices from Rebekah Assembly .IOOF 1891-1953 ...•.....•.•• No. Deaths, Women's Foreign Missionary Soc., Fairview ME Church •... No. Douglas Co., KS Marriage Records, 1889 ...•........•.•...••..••. No. 1892 •..•.......•.......••.... No. Excerpts from the Lawrence Daily Journal, February 24, 1892 •..• No. Lecompton Births, Marriages, and Deaths, 1900 ••••......••..•••• No. Old Residents of Lawrence Pass On, 1909 •...••••..•.....•••••••. No. Recent Obituaries of Residents Born Before 1900 ......•..•••.... No. of Early Douglas County Residents .....•••.••. No. No. WATTLES, Augustus, Genealogy of ..•...•.....................•...... No. Correction ...••...........••.......••••.....••. No. Wills (See Probate Records) WOOD, John N.O.P., In the Matter of the Petition of ••.••••..•••.•. No. 2 2, 62 4, 160 2, . 62 2 , ' 64 2, 63 1, . 18 4, :160 4, 177 2, 1, 90 21 2, 67 3, :100 1, " 19 3, i,lll 4, 3, 2, 4, 1, 3, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, :163 133 81 '188 23 ,112 ,124 17 162 86 136 175 107 188 1, 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) -- Genealogy Douglas County (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of the publications of the Douglas County Genealogical Society, including issues of The Pioneer (the quarterly newsletter of the Society) as well as directories, various indexes compiled by members of the Society, and other resources of interest to genealogists and researchers studying the history of Lawrence and Douglas County, Kansas. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society (Lawrence, Kan.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 - 2013 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Index to Pioneer Contents, Volume 13 Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) -- Genealogy Douglas County (Kan.) -- History Douglas County Genealogical Society (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource An index of the contents of the Volume 13 issues of The Pioneer, the quarterly newsletter of the Douglas County Genealogical Society in Douglas County, Kansas. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Douglas County Genealogical Society (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright, Douglas County Genealogical Society Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PIONEER_CONTENTINDEX_VOL13_1989-1990 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) Fall 1989 - Summer 1990 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/8536143ba4dcf221c9df21352cfeb30a.pdf 25eb9decb39bf2ebdb9ad1b6a2263818 PDF Text Text e, 1 ,'I~ ~. ,J -, "' -/ �INDEX TO RURAL SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLHOUSES OF DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS BY GOLDIE PIPER DANIELS PUBLISHED BY THE DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY BOX 3664 LAVVRENCE,KS 66046-3664 �INDEX TO RURAL SHOOlS AND SCHOOLHOUSES Of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS By Goldie Piper Daniels PREPARED fOR THE DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY -BY- EDNA WELLING DONALD VAUGHN COPYRIGHT DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY 1989 �INDEX TO RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Adams, Calvin 144,145 Adams,Catherine 145 Adams,Clyde 32,33 Adams,Colin 145 Adams,Elvira 33 Adams,Eva 26 Adams,Geneva B. 33 Adams,Howard 145 Adams,John 145 Adams,Martin 144 Addison,Don 102 Addison,Leslie 102 Adeline Dist 6 51 Adler, 52 Adolph,H. 54 Adriance,Wm131 Ady,Jessie4,39,67 Agnes, W.M.158 Ahlstrom, Cora109 Ahlstrom,Cora B.39 Akers,Alice155 Akers, John120 Akers,Sadie87 Akin,Tom44 Albaugh, Frank120 Albaugh,Martha8 Albert,Frances80,132 Alberts,Florence130 Albery,Richard25 Albin,Michae154 Albright,B.27 Albright,C. M.87 Albright,Charles48,49 Albright,Clarence87 Albright,John52 Albright,Mabe187 Albright,Raymond87 Alexander,Claude160 Alexander,J.B.21 Alexander,Ray160 Alford,Don69 Alford,Fred C.44 Alford,Mrs. Don79 AlgaierN.54 Allen,Amanda36,54 A11 en, Berni ce87 Allen,Bertha55 Allen,Charlie55 Allen, Fred120 Allen,Hannah L.56 Allen,Harold C.42 Allen,Hattie152 Allen,Hugh 4 Allen,Hugh W. Jr.87 Alle1r,J.1~· ..lj Allen,John152 Allen,Marguerite76 Allen,Mary Frances63 Allen,Maud55 Allen,Nettie152 Allen, R.L58 Allen, R.L.132 Allen, Robert11,144 Allen, Samuel R.151,152 Allis,Mamie78,139 Allis, Verna120 Allison,B.F.15,69 Allison,B.G.82 Allison,Bertha15 Allison, C.Y.137 Allison,Chas. Y.36 Allison,Clara92 Allison,Erma Rumsey83 Allison,J.M.33 Allison,W.N.69,139 Alt,Lizzie65 Altenbernd, 113 Altenbernd,Carll12 Altenbernd,Fekal12 Altenbernd,Louisel12 Altenbernd,Maffie112 Altenbernd,Will.ie111 Amick,Albia69 Amos,Nora30 Anderson,?39,55 Anderson,A.16 Anderson,A.P.25 Anderson, Allie125 Anderson,Booker125 Anderson,Clifford160 Anderson, D.H.105 Anderson,Eban105 Anderson,Edwin39 Anderson,Ellen39 Anderson,Elnora8,118 Anderson,Elnora 1.21 Anderson,Ester M.76 Anderson,Ethe156 Anderson,Florence18 Anderson,Frankl05 Anderson, G.H.I06 Anderson, Gene122 Anderson, Geo.105 Anderson, Geo. Jr.122 Anderson,Gertie20 Anderson,Gustav54,56 Anderson,James54 Anderson,Jane4 Anderson,Jas. W.4 Armstrong,Jennie94,99,150 Anderson,Joan A.13 Armstrong,Roy90 Anderson,Joe20 Arndt, Marcella126 Arnold, Clinton156 Anderson,John125 Arthur, C.F.117 Anderson,Joseph54 Anderson,Laura60 Ashby, James C.131 Anderson,Lottie61,97 Ashby,James H.131 Anderson,Lottie F.4,50 Ashby, Mollie125 Ashby,Norcissor131 Anderson, Lottie M.110 Anderson,Lucy Dunkley37 Ashby,Sylvia E.54 Ashel,lrene154 Anderson,Lula125 Anderson,Luther125 Atchinson,Wm149 Attorney Gen.85 Anderson,M.16 Atwood,G.H.36 Anderson,Mabel A.61 Atwood,James36 Anderson,Maggie105 Anderson,Mary18,108,137 Atwood,John36 Atwood,Vaux36 Anderson,Mary H.106 Aufdemberger, Esther M. Anderson,Nina94 Mrs110 Anderson,Olda33 Austin,Joan79 Anderson,Ruth Mrs.2 Anderson, Theresa C.122 Averill,Loree61 Axe, Marjorie120 Anderson,Theresa G. Axline, Mrs156 Mrs106 . Ayer,Anna78 Anderson, W.H.122 Anderson,Williel05 Ayer, El roy77, 78 Ayer, Este 11 a78 Andes,Alma69 Andreas Hist of Kans 1883 Ayer,Omar77 ·Babcock,Frances102 111,26,81 Andrews,57 Bachelor,Chas.149 Bachelor,Grace149 Andrews,E.B.16 Bachelor, J.H.14~ Andrews,H.16 Bachelor,J.T.148 Andrews,Stillman34 Badger,Marjoure Mrs102 Angel,Ada158 Badsky,Orviella102,103 Angel,Andrew158 Badsky, Orville137 Angel,lma158 Baecker,Margaret134 Angel,Lloyd158 Bahnmaier,Andrew H.107,158 Angel,Mary158 Bahnmaier,Cloyd158 Angel,Myrtle158 Bahnmaier.Eda158 Angel,Pear1158 Bahnmaier,Elmerl07,158 Anthony,Ruth L.71 Bahnmaier,Ina18,26,79,82,158 Anthony,Wm87 Bahnmaier,Max25 Anton,Annie150 Bahnmaier,Pete.107 Anton,Frank150 Bahnmaier,Vesta90 Anton,James150 Bahnmair. Ina132 Anton,John150 Bailey,Arthur69,138 Anto~.Ulysses150 Bailey,Bonnie67,76 Anton,Willie150 Bailey,Cora161 Apple Pie # 273,4,118 Bailey.Ear169 Apple Pie Sch.109 Bailey,Ernest138 Armstrong,A.W.94 Armstromg, Ai 67 Bailey,Frances98 Armstrong, Alma 36 Bailey, Frances E.139 Armstrong, Effie 109 Ba il ey, Ida138 Bailey,Jasper,138 Armstrong, Frank 69 Bailey,Lawrence20 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS #3 Bliesner,C.A.144 Bertle, Geo.134 Bloody 6665 Bertschinger, Ruth149 Bloomington Dt.3l56,3l,33 Beuerman,Henry67 Blough,Darris13 Beurman,Albertl14 Blue Mound37,35 Beurman,J.C.114,115 Blue MoundDist # 2934 Beurman,L.A.1l4 Board of Educ.144 Beyer,Sussie71 Boardman, W.C.115 Bieber,Anna Mae158 Boase,James G.90 Bieber,Lucy85 Boaz,Marian25 Big Springs88,93 Boener,Julian H.44 Big SpringsUnionIII Bohnmaier, Pete158 Big Springs #7221 Bohnmaier, Vesta 158 Biglow, 011ie105 Boicourt,Geo.M.160 Biglow,Roy105 Bolden,Mary20 Bigsby,39 Bolles, Effie118 Bigsby, Guy109 Bond117 Bigsby,Phebe81 Bigsby,Phebe L.40,81,106 Bond,A.6 Bond,Alva87 Binns, Willard139 Bond,Alvin149 Birkhead,J.B. Mrs.15 Bond,Bert87 Bishop,Florence150 Bond,D.E.6 Bishop,Grace39 Bond,Edna M.53 Bismark # 7925,44,130 Bond,Elva87 Bismark Grove128 Bond, Gladys134 Bixby,Chesterl02 Bond,Lillie4 Bixby,Mablel02 Bixler,Clara58,98 Bond,Marion149 Bixler,Emanuel18,29,30,36, Bond,Maud149 52,125 Bond, Murray E.118 Bixler,Wm P~29 Bond,Nathan86 Bond, P.C.118 Black,Albert4 Black,Chas.98 Bond,Porter55 Bond, Thos .116 Black,Dora24,85 Bonsock,August99 Black, Emma29,125 Bonsock,Dan99 Black,Frank M.24,56 Black,Gertrude76,98,100,l2Bonsock,Eddie99 Bonsock,Emma99 5,139 Black,Jack30 Bonsock.Herman99 Bonsock,John99 Black,John29 Booferding,Wm5 Black,Lois21,46 Booth,Arden58 Black,Loy S.98 Booth,Catherine79 Black,MildredlOl.l37 Booth,Eliza140 Black,Miss1l2. Booth,Helen79 Black,Wilber98 Booth,John A.140 Black Jack #926 Black Schoo148 Borg, Jessie1l5 Blackburn,Wm JR.42 Bosserman, Candrace E.151 Bosserman,Emma J.15l Blaine,Mattie Mrs69 Blakeman, Carriel34 Bourke,Emma6 Bourke,Leota6 Blakeman,Lee2 Bouton,L.H.54 Blanche,Leora69 Bowan,C.0.13l Bleakeman, Carrie158 Bowe 1,Mil dred85 Bleakley, Joe129 Bleske,Gracel06 Bowen,Be~sie120 Bowen,Beverlyl22 Bowen, Bobby122 Bowen,Charles120 Bowen,Jackiel20 Bowen,Mildred18,120 Bower,Soloman101 Bowman,C.OIV,36,78 Bowman. C.0.l39 Bowman, Charles133 Bowman,Charley29 Bowman.Clair55 Bowman,Donald133 Bowman,Geo.39 Bowman,Henry36 Bowman,John36 Bowman,Linda133 Bowman,Mabe136 Bowman, Mr145 Boyce,Hugh63 Boyd,Clarence55 Boyd,Edna30 Boyd,FrankII Boyd,Margaret54 Boyer.Artie98 Boyer,Bessie98 Boyer,Henry98 Brackett,39 BrackettDist.# 5437 Brackett,George38 Bradford,Helen89 Bradford,Jessie89 Brammel,Milton G.118 Brand,Catherine4 Brand, Johnl07 Brann. John153 Branson,G.W.65 Brass,Ell ie105 Brass,Eunicel06 Brass,H.B.78 Brass,J.F.l06 Brass,Jamesl05 Brass,Katherine50,87,130 Brass, Minniel09 Brass,W.F.105 Brass,Williel05 Brass,Wml05 Brass,Wm F.I04 Brass School106 Brauning,Henry26 Brauning,Minnie26 Brauning,Rosie25 Brauning,Willie26 Brazil,Arbel Mrsl50 Brazil ,Charl i e150 Brazil, Gertrudel32,148 Brazil,Stella72,81,134,150,15 I Brecheisen,52 Brecheisen,Aaron134 Brecheisen,Almal34 Brecheisen,Anna30,99 Brecheisen, ·Anna151 Brecheisen,Benjamin134 Brecheisen,Ceci142 Brecheisen,Cecil Mrs42 Brecheisen,Emmal34 Brecheisen,Esther94,99,112 Brecheisen,Geo.134 Brecheisen,Gertrude134 Brecheisen,H.D.2 Brecheisen,Harryl34 Brecheisen,Johnl34 Brecheisen,Johnnie Mrs42 Brecheisen,Katharyn52 Brecheisen.Katherin94 Brecheisen,LaVern2 Brecheisen,Lenal1,94,99,113,l 34 Brecheisen,Mae134 Brecheisen,Mary2,99 Brecheisen,Phillip134 Brecheisen,Ramona95 Brecheisen,Rosel34 Brecheisen,Sarah99 Brecheisen,Sophia99,158 Brecheisen,Ted Teddiel34 Brecheisen,Walter99 Brecheisen,Wm52,l34 Breckenridge,Ada82 Breckenridge,Elmer82 Breeder. Lewisl58 Breeze,Thomas98 Breeze, Thos.117 Breithaupt, Blanchel34 Breithaupt,Danl53 Breithaupt,Frederick50 Breithaupt,Gideon52 Breithaupt,H. Mrs52 Breithaupt,Helen156 Breithaupt,Helen4l Breithaupt,Henry S.49 Breithaupt,Ida141 Breithaupt,J.W.49,50 Breithaupt,Martinl34 Breithaupt,Minnie134 Breithaupt,Minnie4l,42 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES Ca1vin,L.J. 143 Ca1vin,Leo 143 Ca1vin,Maude 143 Ca1vin,Roy 143 Ca1vin,Susie 143 Cameron,Hugh 144 Cameron,Noah 144,145 Camp be 11, 57 Campbe11,E1aine 30,141 Campbe11,G.W. 26 Campbell, Geo. 129 Campbell, Gracie 131 Campbe11,John 25 Campbe11,Leone B. 101,125 Campbe11,W.0. 2 Campbe11,Zurie 36 Cancer DressingSoc. 95 Caniff ,H.J. 95 Cann,Mamie Coffman 65 Canniff,H.J. Dr. IV,137,13B Cannon,Haro1d 133 Cannon,Richard 133 Cantre11,C.L. 71 Cappis,Ernest 43 Cappis,Geroge 43 Cappis,Minnie 43 Cappis,Reka 43 Captains Creek 130,51 Cargy College 45 Cargy Dist.#52 44 Carhahan,Mary 87 Car1son,Christopher4 Car1son,C1ara 45 Car1son,C1arence45 Car1son,Dar1a Fay 4 Car1son,Henry 45 Carlson,Lena 45 Carlson, Samuel 112 Car1ton,C.H. 6,29 Carl ton,E.D. 29 Car1ton,Pau1 C. 29 Car1ton,Ruth L. 29 Car1ton,S.E. 29 Carnahan, Mary 152 Carnahan, Miss 122 Carpenter, Earl 138 Carpenter,G1adis 102 Carpenter,Go1die 63 Carpenter,Nadine 76,77 Carpenter,Wil1ie 138 Carr, 136 Carr,A1va 120 Carrell, N.W. Mrs 109 Carruth,J.H. 60 Carson,Ame1ia 36 Carson,Bessie 36 Carson,John 36 Carson,Sam 18 Carter, 113 Carter, Jared 34 Carter,Mi1dred 147 Carter, Roger I. 111 Cartwright,Maud 55,65,152 Cartwright,Miss 152 Carver,L.F. 99 Casebier,Mabe 187 Cassidy,J.P. 78 Catherman,M. 60 Catlett, 113 Cat1in,Emma 69 Cat1in,Mattie A. 24 Caveness,A.A.B. 28 Cavin,Silas 86 Cavin's Corner86 Caviness,Irene80 Cay1or,I.C.54 Cayot,Louis156 Centennial Dist# 85 Jt.46 Center, Etta143 Centers,Rory41 Centra164 Central #6448 Central ProtectAssoc (CPA)129 Chambers,Mabe182 Chambers, Nina143 Chambers,Norman145 Chamney,H.M.69 Champman,Minnie71 Chand1er,Hattie30 Chand1er,Mildred26,l10,l13 Chand1er,Mi1dred Springer37 Channe1,John142 Channe1,Roy142 Channe1,Teddy142 Chapman,57 Chapman, Eunice137 Chappell, P.125 Char1es,G1adys44 Charles, Hazel120 Char1es,J.M.80 Charles,J.M. Mrs.80 Char1es,James80 Charlton, John125 Chartrand,Louis40 of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Cheney, Frank 151 Chesnay,Hetty 85 Chester,E.P. 17 Cheyenne 74 Chicken Creek 115 Chicken Creek 117 Chilcot,.V. 54 Chilcote, Chilcote, Ruby 122 Chi1cote,Vienna 17,117 Childs, Charlie 118 Chi1ds,F1oyd 118 Chi1ds,J.H. 118 Chi1ds,Marion 118 Chi1ds,Ne11ie 118 Christenson,Chris 84 Christian,Anna 20 Christian,De11a 20 Christian,Effie 20 Christian,Fred2 0 Christian,John 89 Christian,Va1ney89 Christopher Publishing House 124 Christy,C1ara 29 Christy, Lucy 151 Christy,Vio1et L. 96,97 Church, Harry 127 Church,T.A. III Churchbaugh,F.L.Mrs. 97 Churchbaugh,Gertrude 6 Churchbaugh,L.T. 97 Churchbaugh,Vina 61 Churchbaugh,W. 61 Civil War 82 Clapham,Eunice65, 74,98 Clapham, Eunice 132 Clapham,Ruby 98 C1ark,A.P. 27 Clark,Alice 41 C1ark,Beatrice 47,63 Clark~Car 176 C1ark,Ce1este 21 Clark,Charles 28,78 C1ark,C1eve1and 41 Clark,E.S. 46 Clark, Edna 137 C1ark,Ernest 8,63 C1ark,Georgia Neese 65 Clark,Grace 131 C1ark,J.C. 24,46 Clark,Kate 41 C1ark,Kate C. 63 Clark,Katie41, 85 # 5 Clark,Louise 90 Clark,Mamie 63 Clark,Marcelene 46 Clark, Mary 143 Clark,Maud 63 Clark,May 26 C1ark,Nora 18 Clark,Ray 63 C1ark,Rea 100,125 Clark,Ruth6, 41,47,143 C1ark,Sadie 41 C1ark,Samue1 L. 131 C1ark,Sarah 41 C1ark,Sidney 11 C1ark,Teddy 41 C1ark,Tom 96 Clark,Viva 42,47 Clark,Viva Runyan 143 C1arke,Adna G.Mrs 136 C1arry,Ethe 176 Claxton, Florence 120 C1ay,Ethe1 125 C1ay,Homer 125 Clay,Roy 125 C1ayton,Laren 31 Clayton,Linda 31 Clayton, Peggy 151 Clayton,Ross H. Mrs. 69 Clearfield Dist# 58,50,52,134 C1eve1and,Nannie 61 Cline,Charles 76 C1 ine,Ear 18 CHne,Edgar 8 C1ine,E1sie 8 C1ine,Hershel 18 C1ine,Sam 76 C1inger,Anna 4 Clinton, 32,120,133 C1intonTwnsp. 152 Clinton Dam 154 Clinton Dist.# 25 53 Clinton TwnspCo. 53 Cloepfi1, 106,107 Clough, Barbara 122 Clough, J.M. 122 Coal Creek, 57 Coal Creek #39 56,58 83 Coates,B.A. Coates, Omar 150 Coburn,Glen T. 97 Cochran,Argel Mrs. 8,92 Cochran,Ferne 41 Cochran,Ferne L. 97,141 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Curtes,Annie 100 54 Curtis,Clara 56 Curtis,Cline 100 Curtis,James Curtis,Thomas 100 24 Custard,T.J. Cutter,Martha 35,36 Czaplinski, C. 153 DFrank P. 32 dFred M. 20 dLa fayette 77 DLouis 32 Dallas, Walter 131 Damm,John Sr. 70 Damm,Sophia Miss 23 Damrosch,Wa1ter 69 Daneke,Jean 46 Daniel, Ruth Mrs 109 Daniels, 27 Daniels,Belle 11 Daniels,C.E. 40 Daniels,George 11 Daniels,Goldie Piper I, II I Daniels,Ruth Mrs. 26 Dark, Sam 158 Darnold,Minnie 55 Darnold,Stella 55 Dauberman,Mamie 99 Dauberman, Mayme 129 Davenport,Leroy 25 Davidson,Bennie 139 Davidson,Darnda 99 Davidson,H.E. 138 Davidson,June 118 Davidson,M.A. 54 Davidson,Millie 94,99 Davidson,Norman 34 Davidson,Pau 185 Davidson,Sam 99 Davidson, u.S. 143 Davidson,Viola 139 Davis, 39 Davi s, 136 Davis,Ada F. 15,40 Davis,Ada mrs 147 Davis,Chas. 82 Davis,Clara 80 Davis,Eleanor 33 Davis,Elisa D. 37, 38 Davis,Ellen 38 Davis,Etta 33 Davis,G. H. 39 Davis,Henry 25 Davis,Henry T. 37,38 Davis,Jeff 74 Davis,Joe 80 Davis,Karl 149 Davis,Lena 94 Davis, Lydia M. 139 Davis,Mildred 94 Davis,Pearson 15 Davis,Ralph80, 81 Davis, Rhoda 143 Davis,Roy 25 Davis,Ruth 46 Davis,S.H. 94 Davis, Theodore 118 Davis,W.H. 69 Davis, W,H, 125 Davis,W.R. Rev. IV Davis,William 92 Davis Cemetery 38 Davisson,B.M. 139 Dawson,Ruth 4 Day,Annie 69 Day,Bert 69 Day,Clara 69 Day,Ethel 58 Day,Gertie 58 Day,J.M. 89 Day,Mabel R. 24 Day,Mildred Commons 37 Day,Mildred M. 58,9l Day,Minnie 67 Day,Oliver 94 DaY,Velma 65 Day, Wil fred 69 De Forest,Margaret 13 De Hek,Nellie 4,47,49 De Hek,Nellie 149 De LaughderWilma 40 De Mar, Mr. 57 De Vault,Anna 141 De Vault,Leslie 141 De Vault,T.S. 141 De Witt,Estella Lubarger36 Dean,A.B. 18 Dean,Adelia 20,55 Dean,Clarence 20 Dean,Helen55 Dean,J.H.20 Dean,James54 Dean,R.A.19 Dean,Robbie20 Dean,Thomas25 Deardorff,Henry61 Deardorff,Walter61 Dearth,Bessie 43 Dearth,Lucille 43 Dearth, Lucille 132 Deay, Arthur 150 Deay,Claud 96 Deay,Clyde 53 Deay,E.J. 132 132 Deay, Ed Deay,E11a 91 Deay,Ethel 44,125,153 Deay, Ethel 141 Deay,Fay Hagerman 92 Deay,Faye 79,103 Deay,Flory 91 Deay,Fred 52 Deay,Freddie 150 149 Deay, Geo. Deay, Gertie 139 Deay,Howard 90,92 Deay,Howard 132 Deay,Howard O. 100 Deay,lrwin 150 92 Deay,J.A. Deay ,Jas. L. 92 Deay,Jimmie 91 96 Deay,John 96 Deay,Maud Deay,Pearl 96 Deay,Russell 150 Deay,Teressa 91 Deay, Thelma Haverty151 Deay,Velma 50 Deay,W.J. 150 Deckwa,Edward Mrs. 81 Deckwa,Lorene 81 Deckwa,Wesley 53 Dedrin Mill 27 Deer Creek #48 70,107,133 Deering, Ada 147 Deering, Adah 114 Defenbaugh,Grace 76 Demeritt,Florence Mrs. 21,26,72 Demeritt,Leslie J. 21 Demeritt,Martha 24 Demeritt,Martha 137 Demerritt,W. A. 18 Deming,J. E. 72 Deming,Maggie 54 Denewiler,Amelia 122 Denewiler, Frank 122 Denham,David 79 Denham,Edith Hammond 37 Denison,Alice 16 #7 Dennis,Bessie 4 Dennis, Charles 160 Dennis,Elder 8 Denny,Dorothy 2 Densmore,F.F. IV 120 Derby, G.F. Dershem,L. 155 DeShazo,Frank 153 Deskin,Edith 11 Deskin,Lillie 11 DeSoto151, 149 Desque,C.L. 133 Desque, Charlie 74 Desque, Chester 133 Desque, Clifford 75 Desque, H.M. 75 Desque, Henry 74 Desque, John 74 74 Desque, Louisa Desque, Mary 74 Detwiler, C.W. 125 Detwiler,Jerold H. 125 DeVae, JoseRhine 118 Devereux,Clifton 102 Devore,Aleda Mrs 160 Dews,D>W> 71 Dews ,Emma 26,61 Dews, Emma 153 Dews, Emma 109 Dews ,G.A. 109 Dews,Mary M. 8 Dews,Rose 24 Dexter,J.W. 90 Dexter,Lulu 90 Dick,Bros. 33 Dick,Mattie 43 Dicker,Alice 20,26 Dicker, Myron 115 Dickinson,lda 36 Dickinson,Samuel 36 Dickson,Nettie 78 Dietz, Rudolh 118 Di 11 ,Georgia 78 Dillon, Jack 133 Di 11 on, Letha 149 Di11on,Linda 133 Dinsmoor, F.F 146 Dinsmore,WmA. 149 Diocese Of Kansas 138 Disbrow,Clara 54 Disbrow,E. 54 Disbrow,W.B. 54 Disque,Chas. 76 Dist.# 94 56 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS #9 Dunn,Julia 35 Dunn, McMaster 122 Dunn,Perry 91 Dunning,Arthur 36 Dunning,May 36 Durkee,Ruth 2 DurstMary E. 98 Dutton, 136 Dutton, Asa 135 Dwyer, Edna 134 Dwyer,Ella 2 Dwyer, Gerald D. 130 Dwyer,Harry134 Dwyer,Katy134 Dwyer,Marzella2,63 Dwyer,Mazie 2 Dwyer,Willie 134 Dyer 124 Dyer,.Albert 76 Dyer,Charlie 126 Dyer, .J.E. 76 Dyer, .J.W. 76 Dyer, .Jim 76 Dyer,Joseph 125 Dyer,.Josie 87 Dyer, Katie 125 76 Dyer,.Leo Dyer, Rosa 125 Dyer, Thos. 125 Dyer,.Virgie 69 Dyer,.Walter 76 Eagleson,Corrinae 33 East Hopewell#68 99 Eastman,Bernice 40,82 Eastman, Bernice 129 Eastman,Cora 26 Eastman,E.S. 40 Eastman, E.S. 129 Eaton, 39 Eaton,Bessie 39 Eaton,John 27 Eaton,Robt. 27 Eberhard,Georgiana 160 Eberhart,Chas. 71 Eberhart,I.F. 78 Eberhart, Isiah F. 125 Eberhart,Mr. 71 Eberhart,Peter Sr. 70 Eberhart,Rosa 161 Eberwein,Dora 44, 103 Eberwein, Dora 132 Eberwein,Edna 98 Eberwein, Edna 120 Eberwein,Leona 13 Eberwein, Leona 147 Eckerman,Bernice 30,100 Eckerman,Cora 92 Eckerson,Bernice 2 53 Eckman,Esther Eckman,Esther McTaggart 37 Eddy,El i 34 Edelbrock,Minnie 103 Edmonds, Emma 114 Edmonds,Fannie 114 Edmonds, Mae H. Mrs 129 Edwards,Beverly III Edwards,C.L. IV, 34 Edwards, Ira 139 Edwards, J.E. 144 Eiler,Carey 2 Eiler,Charles 2 Eiler,Freddie 2 Eiler,Mary 2 Eisele,Henryl 30 Eisele,W.K. 82,83 Eiselle, Alfred 130 Eisle,Will 130 Elam, 57 Elam,E.W. 27 Elder,Allie 67 Eldridge,David 34 Eller,Salome 24 Elliott,Ella 120 Elliott,Jennie 120 Elliott,M.C. 110 Elliott, Cora •• 94,99 Ellsworth,Bertha 71 Ellsworth, Eleanor III Ellsworth,Eleanor,Mrs.75 Elm,Charley 49 Elm,Charley 143 Elm,Eddie 49 Elm,Emma 49 Elm,Ida 49 Elm,Nettie 49 Elm,Theodore 49 Else,Patricia 6 Elsworth,Bertha 49,94 Elwell,Chas. 36 Elwell, Laura 139 Emery,Chas. 10 Emick,Lois 13 Emmett, E.M. 36 Emmett,Eva 76 Emmett, Evelyn 65 Emmett,Miss 114 Emmett, •••• R.E.Miss 80 Emory,Bertha 58 Endler, Carrie 118 Endly,Harry 122 Endly,Ollie 122 Endly,Sirrilda 122 Endly, Willie 122 Engle,Jessie 46 Engle,Maggie 6 English,Lottie 45 English,Millie 45 English,Roy AS Eno, T.J. 6 Eno,T.J. Mrs. 6 Enslow,E.E. 47 Enterprise #18 65,72,74 Epley,Hattie 24,71 Epley, Myrtle 120 Ericsson,Theodore 25 Ernst,Dorothy 6 Ervin,8enjamin 43 Ervin,Cora 43 Ervin,Edith 43 Ervin,Johnny 43 Ervin,Lillie 43 Ervin,Mabe 143 Ervin,Nelson 60 Ervin,Richard 43 Ervin,Samuel 43 Ervin,Sarah 43 Erwin,Viola 43 Eudora 95,151,131 Eudora #28 80,151 Eudora #89 15 Evans, Bert 109 Evans, Emma 152 Evans, Fee 139 Evans, Fern 112 Evans,H.P. 94 Evans,Henry 78 Evans,Lillie 152 Evans,Rella Mrs. 6,56,65 112 Evans,Ruth Evans, Thomas E. 131 Evans,Thomas S. 76 Evenger,Leonard 91 Everhart,H.S. 60 Everhart, Rebecca 159 Everley,Flossie 67 Everley,Margaret 2,58 Ewers,Jimmie 69 Ewers,Lloyd ,69 Ewing, A.J. 144 Exceline 64,77 Excelsior Sch.#77 76,123 Excesior #77, 77,143 Exline #91 143 Fairbanks,Edna 102 Fairchilds,J.J. 143 Fairdella,Martin 67 Fairview 37,133 FairviewMethodist Ch.79 Fairview #21 '77,94 Faith, 113 Faloon,Maggie 100 Faringer,Dora 118 Faringer, Eddie 118 Faringer,H.W. 67 Faringer,Norris 118 FarleyTheron 102 Farmland #71 79,113,141 Faust,Bertha 91 Faust,C. J. 91 Faust,Teressa 91 Fawcett,Ella 28 Fawl, C.J. 6 Fawl, Edna 6, 75 Fawl, F.E. 75 Fawl, G.T. 6 Fawl, George F. 6 Fawl. Maud 149 Fawl, Patrick 6 Featherston,L.H. 86,87 Featherston,L.H. Mrs. 87 Felch,B.D. 34 Fenstemaker, Billy 137 Fenstenmaker, Stanley F. 111 Fenton,Jessie King 58 Ferguson, Levi 144 158 Ferris, Alice 10 Figgs,Everett 97 Finch,Ruby 89 Findley,Jennie 89 Findley,Julia 115 Fine, ,J.Marvin 13 Fink,James E. 105 Finley, A. Finley, Rhoda 2 First BapistChurch 138 Fishburn,Beatrice Mrs. 42 Fishburn,Dorothy Mrs. 4 4 Fishburn,Frank 40,41 Fishburn,H.H. 42 Fishburn,Harry 45,46 Fishburn,J.W. 46 Fishburn,John Fishburn,Mabel C. 4 Fishburn,Marlie 75 41 Fishburn,Ora �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Galbaith,Clovis 102 Galbaith,Orval 102 Gale,Chas. 101 Gale,James H. 76,100 Gale,Matthew 99,100 27 Galetty,C. Gall ,Maud Mrs 149 Gallagher,Eliz. 95 Gallagher,John 95 Gallion,Wm 60 Gamet,Florence 46 Gamet,Florence Mrs 50 Gamet,Pauline 103 Gammp,Ernest 131 Ganbhart, Crystle 115 Gant,Minnie 8 Garber,Arthur 41 Garber,M. 41 Gardner,Penelope 93 Gardtafer,C.J. 48 Garratt,Kathryn 94 Garrett, Andrea Lee 130 Garrett, Clarence 147 Garrett,Irene 147 Garrett,J.M. 41 Garrett, J.R. 137 Garrett. Mr. 122 Garrett,V.W. 137 Garrett,Veron 137 Garrett,Violetta 147 Garrett Co.Maryland 131 Garst,Isaac 46 Garvin, 113 Garvin,A.W. 44 Gaskill,Minnie 76 Gaston,A.M. 104 Gaston,Mr. 104 Gaston,S.M. IV Gastrock,C. Jr. 76 Gauck, 106,1~7 Gauck,Bertha 147 Gauck,Emma 147 Gauck, Geo. Gauck,Rosa 147 Gaumer,Harry 147 Gaumer,John 147 Geary, Solomon B. 7 89 Geelan,Bertha Geelan,Carrie 89,91 Geelan,Charles 89 Geelan,J.W. 90 Geelan,Justus 89 Geelan,Nora 89 Geelan,Norah 71 #11 Gill ,Helen 91 Geelan,Norah 143 Glenn,J. 29 Gill,Katie E. 35 Geelan,Patrick Glenn,J.T. 85 Gill,Mary 87,160 21,22,65,88 Glenn,Jennie 24,43 Gill, Mary 137 Geelan,Wm 90 Mrs 71,72,85 Glenn,Jessie Gill ,R.G. 34 Gehret,Nettie 49 85 Glenn,Joen Gill,Wm H. 34,35 Geiger,Laura 60 Glenn,Josephine 84 78 Gillhorn,Mr. Geiger,Maud 60 Glenn,Katie 85 Gilliland,Arthur 125 Geisle,Oscar 87 Glenn,Rose 85 Gilliland, Boston 125 Geisle,Paul 87 Glenn, Ruth 106 Gilliland,Charles 76 Geisle,Willie 87 Glenn, Ruth 147 Gilliland,Fern 76 Gentry,Allen 10 Glenn,S.L. 65 Gilliland,Fred 76 Gentry, Allen 144 Glenn,Sarah Margaret 83 Gilliland, Hallie 125 Gentry, Allen 145 Glenn,Starr Mr. 85 Gilliland,Mabel 42Gentry, Alvin 160 Glenn,Viola Mrs 106 Gilliland,Mabel 6 Gentry,Flossie 11 Glenn, Viva McKenzie 137 Gilliland,T.L. 76 Gentry, Isaac 114 Glenn,Wm 89 Gillispie,Albert C. 7 Gentry,Josephine 37 Glenn #33 83,84 Gillispie, Be 118 Gentry, S.O. 148 Glidden, T.P. 142 Gillispie,Dan 118 Gentry, Seymour 147 Globe #23 6,85 Gillispie,David L. 7 Gentry,Walter 11 Globe #76 Gillispie,Edith 118 George,Chauncey 58 Globe Sch.#97 88 Gillispie,Katie 7 Georgey, Wm 158 Godding, Susie Platts 109 Gillispie,Lawrence 118 Georgii,Mary 160 Godfrey, Ella 158 Gillispie,Sam 118 Georgii,Willie 160 Godfrey, John 157 Gillispie,Tom 118 German Evang. Church 52 Godfrey, John A. 158 Gilluli,Miss 125 Gerry,S.B. 7 Goff,Gary 4 150 Gilmore,J. L. 129,128 Gerstenberger,Carl Goff ,O.M. 90 128 Gerstenberger,Elsie Dolby Gilmore, WmJ. Goff,Ralph 4 Girley, Mabel Brown 33 37 Goff,Roger 4 133 Gerstenberger,Fred 150 Gish, Gary Goodin 124 133 Gerstenberger,Godfrey 15 Gish,Judy Goodin, C.W. 123 Gerstenberger,Homer 150 Glass, Maud 129 Goodin,Charles Wellington 124 1 Gerstenberger,Homer 151 Glazer,Adam 124 Goodin,J.K. Gerstenberger,Homer H. 151 Glazer,Mr. 51 Gorbutt, C.Fay 63 Gerstenberger,Martha 150 Gleason,Alice 20 Gordon, Maude 125 Gerstenberger,Walter 150 Gleaion, Alice D. 96 Gordon,Pearl 56 Gibb,J.Gordon 102 Gleason,C.T. 96 Gormont,John 63 Gibbens,Arthur 89 Gleason,Charles 95 Gormont,Marie 100 Gibbens,Clarks 89 Gleason,Charlie 96 Gormont,Melanie 63 Gibbens,Clyde 89 Gleason,Chas. J. 96 Gibbens,Dora 89 Gormont,Melissie 100 Gleason,Frank A. 97 Gibbens,Flora 89 Gormund,Donna 2 Gleason,Frank Dr. 95 Gibbens,Maggie 89 Gorrill,Barr 11 Gleason,James 95 Gibler,Beth 63 13 Gleason,James Holton 95 Gorrill,S.B. Gibson,Frieda 100 Gleason,Salem Mr & Mrs 95 Gottstein,Clarence 91 Gibson, H.O. 143 Gottstein,Effie 91 Glenn, A.G. 84 Gibson,Homer 143 Glenn, Alpha 85 Gottstein,Floy 91 Gibson, Marguerite 158 Gottstein, Fred Mrs 160 Glenn, Bertha L. 122 Gibson,Stella 143 92 Glenn,Bertha Lee 18,56,85 Gottstein,J. Giffee,Bernice 15 Gourd,Violet F. Mrs IV 89 Glenn,Bessie Gilbert, Eliz. 68 Glenn,Clela E. Mrs. 102 Gowans, J.W. 118 Gilbert,Goerge 68 Glenn,Cyrus 84 Gowans, S.W. 144 Gilges,F. 49 Grady,Gwyne Glenn,Edith 85 137 Gilges,Fremont 96 Glenn,Eliz. 84 Graeber,Bros 33 Gilges,Gilbert 50 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS # 13 Hanson,Hattie 51,91 Hanson,Rosie 51 Harbeson,Carr1e 98 Harbison, Carrie 125 Harbison,Viola 103 Harbour, Ernest 143 Harbour,Walter 143 Harbour, Wm 142 Harding,Alvin 74 Harding,Claud 69 Harding,Clyde 69 Harding,Elva 86,117 Harding,Gladys Mrs 24,115 Harding,J.C. 74 Harding,M.T. 74 Harding,Mary 86 Harding,Maud 69 Harding,Walter 69 Hardtafer,Chas. 49 Hardtafer,J.E. 75 Hargett,Lois Berniece 140 Harland,Lulu 160 Harland,Mary 160 2 Harley,F. Harmon, Julia 117 98 Harmon,Silas 90 Harmony #57 Harper,Anna Miss 5 Harper, Stephanie 137 Harper,Stephanis 111 H_arrell, 3 Harrell ,Bell 55 4 Ha rre 11 ,0. B• Harrell ,Grace 4 Harrell ,Lottie Jane 92 55 Harrell ,Myra 56 Harrell,R.J. 56 Harrell,R.M. 55 Harrell ,Roy Harrell ,Russell 4 4 Harrell,W.R. Harrell,Walter 4 Harrington, Ernest 106 Harrington,Jennie Mrs 20 Harrington,R.L. 33 Harris,Charles 91 76 Harris,David Harris,Delbert 75 Harris,Douglas 80 85 Harris,Dwight 76 Harris,Ellen Harris,Eugene 91 Harris,Flossie 76 Hatch,Lizzie Mrs. 151 Harris,Galen 75 Heckman ,Perry 49 149 Hatcher, Oral Harris,George 91 Hecox. L.H. 116 Hatcher,· Russell 149 Harris,Hattie 76 Hecox,Lyons 3 Hatden,Eddie 33 Harris,Hazel Mrs 94 Hedley.James 29 Hatfield,W.W. 26 Harris,Jennie 91 Heffner,Anna 49 Hatten,Ralph 91 Harris,Leroy 92 Heffner,Arlie 87 Hatter,cora 100 Harris,Lottie 91 Heffner,Doris 50 43 Hauge,Daisy Harris,Mattie 91 Heffner,Floyd 63 34 Hauge,Job W. Harris,Millie 8 Heffner,Joseph 87 74 Haus,Mamie Harris,Miss 29 Heffner,Olin 63 52 Hausman,Geo.Sr. Harris,Netta 75 Hegema n•Co il a 103 Havekotte,Florence 8 Harris,Nettie 91 Hegeman ,Coil a Mrs 113 155 Havermole,A.P. 91 Harris,Ole Heim,Fred 49 Havermole,Alice 155 Harris,Richard 8 Heim,Sophia 49 Haversole,A.M. 36 92 Harris,Ruth Heim,Wm. 49 Haverty, Thelma 115 Harris, Ruth 151 Heinen,Oscar 87 Haverty,Thelma D. Mrs 44 Heins,H. Harris,Sadie 91 19 Havery, Thelma Deay 151 Heise,Rose Hill 84 Harri s, Samue 1 90 Hawley,C.R. IV,20,56 Hellstrom. Trace 118 Harris,Thomas 8 Hawley, C.R. 118 Helm,Grace 4 Harris,Vernon 103 Hawley, C.R. 125 Helman,Patr1cia 40 Harris,W.W. 91 Hayden,Edith 33 Helstrom,Elva 4 Harris,Willie 76 Hayden, Evelyn 112 Hemphill ,Anne E. Kelley37 Harrison,? 27 Hayden,J.F. 33 Hemphill ,Fred 160 Harrison,J.M. 11 Hemphill,Gladys 115 Harrison,Joseph 11,144,145 Hayden,Luley 33 Hemphill,Herschel 160 Harshberger,Gary Reed III Hayden,Weakey 33 Hemphill ,Ida 160 Harshman,Effie 76 Hayden,Will H. 130 131 Hemphill ,Isaac 159,160 Hartley, Emma 122,129 Hayden, WmB. Hayes,Edna Mae Steele 72 Hemphill. James125.160 Hartman,Anna 82 27 ·Hemphill,Orvall E.160 Hays,A.E. Hartman,Edna 82 Hays,Bessie 29 Henderson,Dorothy75 Hartman,F.M. 46 Hay~.Grace 29 Hendry.Jas. M.W. 7 Hartman,F.W. 73 Henley,Mary 80,94 Hays,Grace N. 27 Hartman,Gus 24 Hays,J.M. 27 Hennessy,Andrew 89 Hartman,Olive 82 Hays,Martin 27 Hennessy,Frank 89 Hartman,Willis 82 Hays,Robt. 29 Hennessy,Jessie 89 Hartup,Florence 105 Hayter,Thelma 33 Henon, Emfle 125 Harvey,Ed 35 Headley,Hatta 65 Henri,Geo. 160 Harvey,Ed S. 36 Henri ,Maud Heaston,Ed S. 96 160 Harvey, James M. 156 Heath,Erastus 107 160 Henri ,Pearl Harvey,Tracey 33 Heath. Helen Dr. 108 21 Henry,Dwight Harwood,Ernest Mrs 24 Heath,Melvin 1 Henry, Gertrude H. 158 Hase,Albert 65 . Heavner,Ina 33 24 Henry,Howard Mrs Hase,Ella80, 102 Heavner,Verla 33 24 Henry,J.D. Hase,Letha 76 Heber Institute 138 Henry,Myrtle Mrs 89,90 Hase,Wilma87 Heck,Alfred 26 Henry,W.M. 84 Hasford,C.B. Mrs 103 Heck,Arthur 26 Henry,W.P. 71 Hasford,Eliz. Mrs. 103 Heck, Emil Jr. 44 Henry,Wm Jr. 70,72 Hashay.Ruth 47 43 Heck,Freddie Henshaw,Nathan 144 Haskin, A.J. 148 79 Heckel ,Anna 75 Hepner, James Haskins.Luella 18 Heckman,Bessie 49 Hepner,Ruth 75 Haskins,Vernie 26 49 Heckman,Ethyl Herlan,Inez 63 Hastie,Albert 120 Heckman,Homer 49 Herming,Rebecca 65 Hastie, Anna 120 49 82 Heckman,John Hernel,Wllis Hastie. Clarence 120 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS # 15 Horner. J.W. 128 Hornsby. Elmira 114 Horrel.Frank 76 Horrell.Frank 132 Horrell.Fran 137 Horrell.W.H. 92 Horrill.Wm 2 69 Horton.Elsie Horton.S.S. 54 Horvell, Chas. 125 Horvell,Dora 125 Horvell.James 125 Hosford, Ella 154 Hoskins,Elsie 82 Hoskinson,H.H. 92 Hoskinson,Ray 91 Hoskinson,W.E. 92 Hotz,Clarence 20 Houdyshel.Rella 82 Houdyshell,Allen 39 Houdyshell.Rella 61 Houdyshell,Royal 39 Houdyshell,Sadie 39 Houdyshell,Stella 39 Hough,Louise 103 Houk, Clara 109 Houk. Darrell 122 Houk , Emma 109 Houk,Fanny 109 Houk, Frank 107 Houk,Frank W. 110 Houk,Geo. 109 Houk. H.P. 122 Houk,Harry 109 Houk. Harvey 122 Houk,James 109 Houk,John 109 Houk,Marvin 18 House,Ellsworth 33 House,Ralph 33 Howard,Bell 91 Howard.Belle 67,94,147 Howard,Harry 91 Howard,J.W. 37 Howard,L.D. 78 Howard,L.D. 36 Howard,Norris Louise 21 Howard,Wm 98 Howe, Bell 152 Howe,Lora C. 83 Howell ,Darlene 137 Howell ,Joyce 137 Howell, Louis Sr. 136 Howell ,Margie 98 Hoyle,Nannie 155 Hoyt,A.E. 27 Hoyt,Ray 102 Hoyt,Velly 102 Hubbard,Anna E. Mrs 37 Hubbard.Chas. E. 6 Hubbard,Dr. 20 Huddleston,Early 102 Huddleston,Verner 102 Hugenot.J.B. 27 Hughes, Bennie 147 Hughes,Ellen J. 111 Hughes,Frances G. 113 Hughes,Frankie Miss 2 141 Hughes, Jean Hughes.Joe 69 Hughes,Langston 11 Hughes,Wm 111 Hughs,I.G. 113 Hughson,Elias 10 Hull,Ann 24 Hull.W.S. 34 Hultz,J. 19 Humphrey,W.H. 18 Humphrey.Will 17.18 Humphry,H.B. 18 Humrickhouse,Ina 76 Humrickhouse,Oscar 76 Hunsinger,Carrie 44 HunsingerCarrie M. 26 Hunsinger,Clare 43 Hunsinger,G.W. 79 Hunsinger,George 43 Hunt,August Miss 108 Hunt, Augusta Miss 128 Hunt,Ferne 98 Hunter. Hilda Jane 115 Hupp,Margaret 46 Hupps,Lt.Co. 32 Hurd,Anna Mae 71 Hurd. Henry 107 Hurd, Mr 145 Hurley,Margaret III,IV Hurley,Margaret 56.121 ,58,62,85,107,110,151 Hurley, Margaret 160 Huss,Elnora Maria 71 Huss, Ida 131 Husted,C.G. 44 HustedElmer 115 Husted,G.G. 43 Husted, G.W. 147 Husted,H.R. 101 Husted,Marie 13 Huston,E.M. 47 Ingram,Vera 33 Hutchinson.Cyrus 43 Ireland 88 Hutchinson,Henry 43 Irvin,J.A. 36 Hutchinson,J.B. 27 Irvin,Jacquetta E.Reed 37 Hutchinson,John 28 Irvin,John 36 Hutchinson,Lena 43 Irvin,Robt. 34 Hwy 10 130 Irvin,Roy 36 Hwy #56 99 Irwin,Elmer 8,36 Hwy 59 123,132,74, Irwin,Emmis 8 61,80 Hyatt,Alice Iserman.Henry 11 Hyde ,Emma 86 Ishmeal,Arvon 76 Hyde ,Emma 154 Ishmeal,Christina 100 Hyde ,George 103,104 Ishmeal,Lillie 100 Hyer. 137 Ishmeal,Lydia 100 Hyland, Ann Reece 137 Iwicks,Sarah 76 Hyland.Anna 87 Jackman,R.C. 21 Hyland, Anna 139 Jackson, 18 Hyland,Nellie 15 Jackson, Douglas 149 Hyland,Nellie 99 Jackson.Helen 49 Hyland, Nellie 132 Jackson,Mildred Mrs. 14 Hyland,T.B. 49 Jackson,Millard 123 Ice, Charlie 152 Jackson, Millard B. 125 Ice,Ella 122 Jackson. Millard Mrs 123 Ice,Emery Jackson,Ruth 67 33 Ice.Fred Jackson,Walter 149 Ice.Geo. 152 54 Jacobs. J.H. Ice,George 33 Jaedicke. J.W. 120 Ice, Ira 122 JamesEddie 98 Ice,M.F. 24 James,Patricia 18 Ice,Mary 152 Jameson,Leonard 98 Ice,Raymond VI Jameson,Ralph 98,160 Ice,Rena 122 Jameson.Roy 98,160 Ice,Susan 33 Jamison,Mary 13 Ice,Virginia 152 Jamison,Myrtle Stevenson 37 Ice, W.T. 122 Janes, Lena 120 Ice. Wm T.122 Janicke.Milton 4,15 IkenberrY,Delta47 Janicke,Milton 118 Ikenberry,O.E.47 Jarboe.Floyd 6 Ikenberry,Reba Jarbae42 Jarboe,Reba 6 Illiam,Etta E. Schaa137 Jarboe.Reba Ikenberry 42 III ion, Ed137 Jardon,A.W. 100 IndependenceDist 7699,123 Jardon.Bourke Mr & Mrs 154 IndiaI,133 Jardon, Catherine 149 India #5~01 Jardon, Donald Mr & Mrs 156 Indiana81,92 Jardon, Frank 156 Ingle, Anna M.149 Jardon,Frank Mrs 156 Ingle,8lanche100 Jardon,Leona 41 Ingle,C.W.46 Jardon, Leona125 Ingle,Helen43,45,46,49 Jardon,Lola100 Ingle,O.E.46 Jardon.M.F.100 Ingle,Oscar100 Jardon,Marcella139 Ingle,Ralph45 Jardon,Rob156 Ingraham, Harry A.114 Jardon,V.S.Mrs 155 Ingram,Myrtle4 Jay,Alice 55 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Kelley,Martha C. 57 Kellog,Ben 88 Kellogg,B.O. 90 Kellogg,Grace 90 Kelly,Anthony 40 Kelly,George E. 58 Kelly,J.H. 86 Kelly,James 86 Kelly, Mildred V. 153 Kelly, •• Samuel 34 Kelsall,Chas. A. 26 Kelsall ,Kathleen 97,15 12 Kelso, Kenaston, Emma A. 116 98 Kendall,A.C. 99 Kendall ,Clark 99 Kendall,Dafne Kendall, Marguerite 139 122 Kennedy, Belle 122,136 Kennedy,C.F. 122 Kennedy, Charles 136 Kennedy,E.M. 2 Kennedy,E.N. Kennedy,Earl 122 Kennedy,Effie 122 78 Kennedy,Ella Kennedy,F.H. 126 Kennedy,Flora 78 Kennedy, Flora 117 Kennedy, Francis 126 Kennedy,Grace 122 Kennedy, Grace Creel 137 Kennedy, H.L. Mrs 120 Kennedy,Harry 122 137 Kennedy,Harry Kennedy,Jennie 160 Kennedy,Linnie 60,102 Kennedy, Linnie 132 Kennedy,Linnie 137 2 Kennedy,Lola 122 Kennedy, M.L. Kennedy, Margaret Ralston135 Kennedy,Maudie 102 Kennedy,May 78 Kennedy,Minnie 61,78 Kennedy, Minnie 120 Kennedy,Opa1 56,69,102 Kennedy,Oscar 78 Kennedy, Roy 122 KennedyValley 137 Kennedy, X.J. 122 Kennison, Mae Turner 137 Kenzie,W.A. 4 Kepple,Alfaretta 98 Kerhner,Ida 141 Kerkman,Thelma 90 Kerns, D. 154 Kerns, Frank 156 Kerns,Lizzie 60 Kerns,W.D. 155 Kerrschner,Ida 102 Kersley, Betty 156 Kester,Joel A. 87 Kettering,Nora 24 Key, Josephine Mrs 115 Key,May 69 Kidd,Sadie 41 'Kidder,Marian Miss 63 Kidder,Marion C. 94 Kiefer, Cecile 112 Kiefer, Cecile Schaake 137 Kiefer,E.E. 39 69 Kiefer,Grace Kimble,Bertha 41 Ki nba 11 ,Susan 136 Kindred, 113 Kindred,Agnes 63 63 Kindred,Edna Kindred,Ethel 15,63,67,99 Kindred,Grace 63 63 Kindred,Lena 63 Kindred,Nora Kindred,Seth 63 King,A.H. IV,29,87,91,2 89 King,Dora King,Fred 89 King,G.E. 87,143 89 King,Henry King,Homer 6,45 King,Homer 156 King,Irving C. 103 King,Jessie 58 King,John 89 King,Maxie 89 King,Olive 13 King,Wesley 89 Kingery,E.W. 87 Kingery,E.W.Mrs 87 Kingery,Ruby 87 Kingston,Orva 174 Kinkade,Edie 96 Kinkade,Jessie 96 Kinkade,Noah 96 Kinkade,Stella 96 Kinne,Frank 29 Kirby,Agnes 2 Kirby,A1an 38,40 Kirby,Amy 2 Kirby,Arthur 2 Kirby,Clara 2,87 Kirby,Clara E. 49 Kirby,Daniel 38,40 Kirby,Donald 100 Kirby,Genevieve 69 Kirby,George 2 Kirby,Harry 2 Kirby,Ida 43 Kirby,Osbourn 2 Kirchner,Charles B. 76 Kirchner,Clarah 76 Kirchner,Freddie 76 Kirchner,George 76 Kirchner,Henry 76 Kirk,Alexander 23 Kirk,Dorothy 153 Kirk, Dorothy M. 133 Kiser,D.P. 32,33 33 Kiser,Frank Kitt,Roy 40 Kitzmil1er,Perry 83 Klass,Harry 82 Klaxton,Florence 20 Klein, Grace 105 Kling,Adam 60 Kluss,W.W. 82 KLWN 58 Knabe,A1vena 81,133 99 Knabe,Mae 129 Knight, Chas. 129 Knight,Curtis 6 Knis1ey,Daisy 40 Knoase,Betty Knop, Esther 115 Knopp,Louise 81 Knott,Alma Mrs. 15 Koch,Esther 4 Koehler,A.J. 94 Koehler, Henry 148 Koehler, J.E. 122 Koehler,Louise W. 76 Koehler, Lydia 134 Koehler,P. 153 Koehler,Paul 79 Koehring,Martha 82 Koehring, WmK. 127 Koerner,Lizzie 2 Koff, Richard 118 Kohler,Belle 109 Kohler, Cecil 123 Koontz, Mary Jane 118 Kraft,Roland I. 72 # 17 Kramer,Barnhardt 57,52 Kramer,Benny 31 Kramer, Harry 141 Kramer,Kay 31 Kramer,Marion 31 Kramer,Mattie 141 Kramer,Maud141 Kramer,Minnie141 Krause,Earnest65 Krause,Lucy65 Kretsinger, Beverly 142 Kretsinger, Chloa 141 Kretsinger,Ethel 141 Kretsinger,Gorg Elvin,Sr. 1 Kretsinger,O.O. 141 Kretsinger,Ocia Mrs 141 Kretsinger,Paul 141 Kretsinger Sch 1 Kring, Deanna 133 Kring,J.M. 77 Kring,Lynn 133 Kring,Milton 76,77 Kring, Ruth 134 Kring,Troyla 133 Kropf,Louise (Mrs.) 72 Kuhn,Clyde 155 Kuhn,Miss 2 Kuhn, O.E. 131 Kupper, August 122 Kupper,Bar1ow 122 Kupper,Lizzie 122 Kupper,Tillie 122 Kupper,Willie 122 LaBarior,Paul 78 Lackey, Ellen 106 Lacy, Henry 144 LaHue, Mildred 158 LaHueMildred 158 Lake, A. 138 Lakeview 113,147,115 Lamb. D,C, Mrs 149 Lambert,Maud 69 LaMont,Margaret90 Lancaster,Wm.90 Land,Alice13 Landis,Alice43 Landis, Larry 137 43 Landis,Mabel 91 Landon,C1aud 34 Landon,E.A. 35 Landon,E.H. Landon,Henry 34,35,91 103 Landon ,Mary 12,15,26 Lane,Alpha �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS II 19 53,134 Lytle,Margaret 34 Maberly,A.W. 27 Macinson,T.T. 27 Maconson, 33 Macy,Alma 33 Macy,Bert 33 Macy,Clarence 33 Macy,Ernest 33 Macy,Fred 33 Macy,John 33 Macy,Mina 33 Macy,Nora 4 Madaus,Regina 69 Madden, Leona C. 141 Madel, Marian 141 Madel ,Mary 141 Madel ,Tillie 141 Madl,Albert 141 Madl,Alois 141 Madl,Francis 141 Madl,J.F. 141 Madl,Joe 141 Madl,Joseph 141 Madl,Josie Madl,Marian 15,79,133 Madl,Marian J. 139,160 Maffett,Lizzie K. 144 Magliaria,Kathryn 67 Mahaffy, Jean 125 106 Mahoney, I rene Maichel,Camilla 21,75 72 Maichel,George Dr. 74 Maichel,Joe 75 Maichel,Ralph Mrs Malone, Thelma 129 Maloney, J.C. 137 ,Maloney,Mildred 56,69 Maloney, Mildred Schmidt 137 Maloney, Mildres 158 Man, Ruth 125 Maness,Patricia Ann 67 Manis, Myrtle 143 Manley,Hubert· 102 80 Mann,Howard 125 Mann, Howard 125 Mann, Ruth 56,69 Mann,Thelma 20 Manning,Etha 6,65,75 Mannix,Doll ie Mannix,Edna 6 6 Mannix,John L. 6 Mannix,Katie Mannix,Noda 6 Mansfield, Jessie 120 Mansfield,Mattie 120 Man~er, Eunice 120 Manwaring,Charlie 38,39 Manwaring,Henry 38 Manwaring,John 38 Maple, Emmett 118 Maple,Francis 141 Maple,Mary 118 Maple,Rob 118 Maranville,Maude Mrs 76 March,Ethel 81 Marckle,Eliz. 74 Marckle,Ella 74 Marckle,Lily 74 Marckle,Lizzie 63 Marckley,James 60 Marckley,Walter Mrs 96 Marion Springsll100 III Marion Springs 11101 50,64,77,88,143 20 Markle,W. 60 Markley,Dora 61 Markley,Etta 61 Markley,G.W. 60 Markley,Geo. W. 61 Markley,J.E. 61 Markley,Jessie 61 Markley,Oscar 61 Markley,Robert 61,62 Markley,S.J. 61 Markley,Solon 33 Markwell,Catla Markwell ,Lucile 36 Marquardt,Anna 98,156 30 Marquardt,Geo. Mrs Marshall ,Earl 36 Marshall & Ewait 29 Marshall ,Fay 36 Marshall,Lillie 78 Marshall ,Paul 55 Marshall, Samuel A. 138 Marshall,T.L. 40 Martin, 39 120 Martin, A.E. Martin,A.H. . 46 76 Martin,C.A. Martin,Carol 82 Martin,Charley 33 Martin, Clara 158 Martin,Emma 25,36 Martin,Ethel Miss 83 Martin, Fred 152 Martin,Ida 67,149 Ma rt in, Ida E. 120 83 Martin,J.A. 82 Martin,J. Edw. 120 MartinJames Martin, James D. 151 29 Martin,John 39 Martin,Lawrence 39 Martin,Levi 39 Martin,Mabel 46 Martin,Mary A. Martin, Mary Jo Ann 156 . Martin, Mildred 139 45 Martin,Scott Martin,Snowdie 79 Martin,W.S. 46,47,74 Martin,Will 39 Martin, Wilson 153 Martin,Wm 40 Marvel, Alma 109,141 Marvel ,Anna 29 Marvel,Cena 49 Marvel, Cena E. 138 Marvel ,Esther 102 Marvel,Sena 43 Marvel,Sena C. 94 Mason,J.J. 34 Massey, Mary 147 Masterson,Alma 85 Masterson,Dean 85 Masterson,Jay 85 Masterson,Ollie 85 Masterson,Vandal 66,147 134 Mathia, Arthur Mathia,Earl 134 Mathia,Elsie 134 Mathias,Charlotte 49 Matney,Daisy 55 Matney,J.E. 85 Matney,Millie 55 Matthews,C.E. Lumber Co.33 Matthews,Hilda 69,149 Maxwell ,Isabelle 52 Maxwell ,Mary 40 Mayer,Jasper 4 McAllister,Daniel 4 McAllister,Dorothy 4 McAllister,Lucy 4 47 . McArdle,Cecil McCabria,Esther 113 McCabria, Eugene 113 McCaffrey,Geo. 37 McCaffrey, Julia 21,78,90,102 McCaffrey, Kathryn 120,122 McCain,Alice 46 McCall ,Bennie 85 85 McCall,Chas. llO McCall, Esther McCall ,Gertrude 67 McCa 11 ,Gretchen 149 18 McCall,J.Daryl 149 McCall ,Lorraine McCall ,Mabel 85 97,132 McCall ,Madge McCall ,Maggie 85 McCall ,Ray 85 24,90 McCall ,Roy McCall,Tena 85 McCarty,Esther 46 McClannahan,Bertha 85 McClannahan,Eddie 85 McClannahan, Eliz. 106 McClannahan,Elmer 85 McClannahan,Ethyl 89 McClannahan,Fred 89 McClannahan,Mary 89 McClannahan,Minnie 89 McClannahan,W.S. 89 McClelland,Mae 40 McClintock,George 36 McClintock,Julia 36 McClintock,Katy 36 McClintock,Laura 36 McClintock,Willie 36 McCloud,Charlotte Mrs 24 McClure,Robt. 27 McCoin,Emma 39 McCoin,Lee 39 McCoin,Mae 39 McCoin,Web 39 McCollum, Maggie 89,105 McConn,Nila 122 McConnell, Clifford A. 46 McConnell, Florence 65 McCormick,Verba 30,141 McCoy,Joseph 54 McCracken,Helen 46 McCreath, D.H. 114,115 114 McCreath,David McCreath,Jennie 114 McCreath,Lucille 115 McCreath,Sarah 114,147 18 McCrerey,Dora McCullum, 18 McCullumMaggie 158 McCurdy.Annie H. 29 McDonald, Slyva 105 McDonald,Sylvia 158 McDonald, Thurell 158 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Mitchell, Alex 147 Mitchell,Barbara 37 Mitchell,Byron 1 Mitchell,Delores 37 Mitchell,Etta L. 13 Mitchell,lva B 33 Mitchell,James Mitchell,Jeanette 37 Mitchell,Jim 147 Mitchell,John 33 Mitchell,John D. 140 Mitchell, Miss 125 Mitchell,Myrtle Mrs 44 Mitchell, Owen 115 Mitchell,Patricia Ann 140 Mitchell,Walter 33 Mitchell,Will 33 Mixer, Phineas 145 Mize,Theda 43 Moak,Claudia 102 Model #83 119,121,137 Modern Woodmanof America 17 Mohler,Daisy 76 Mole,George Mrs III Mollier,Bennie 87 Mollier,Emma 87 Mollier,Otto 87 Monahan, E.P. 141 Mongar,D.A. 27 Monghan, Annie 152 Monghan,Lizzie 152 Monroe,Anna 20 Monroe, Geo. 130 Monroe,Mary 33 Monroe,Minnie 130 Monroe,Stella 130 Monroe,Tommy 130 Montfoort,Chas. 47 Montgomery,Minnie M. 36,117 Montgomery.W.A. 28 Moody,C.A. 24,81 Moon,Vera 87 Moore, B.R. 104 Moore,Della 43 Moore,Eleanor Trowe 103 Moore,Eliz. 1 Moore, Ella J. 125 85 Moore,Fred 109 Moore, G.S. 149 Moore, I ra Mrs 16,17 Moore,J.C. Moore,Jessie 65,106 1,18 Moore,John 96 Moore,Julia Ann Moore,Katie 85 Moore, L.S. 125 Moore,Mary Lee 103 Moore,S.J. 16 Moorman, Harry 137 Moran,Kathryn Mrs 85 Morgan,A. 96 Morgan, Albert 139 Morgan,Anna 87,128 139 Morgan,Arthur Morgan,Buena Vista 15,76,156 Morgan, G.H. 129 Morgan,Gertie 139 Morgan, Gilbert 128 Morgan, Hallie139,156 79 Morgan,Harry Morgan,Hollie 6,96 Morgan, J.F. 128,129 Morgan, J.F. Mrs 127 Morgan,John 128 Morgan,Myrtice Mrs 160 Morgan,Nellie 100,139 Morgan,Ruth Mrs 46 Morgan, W.H. 129 Morgans 128 Morris,Claira 85 Morris,Clarence 89 Morris,Edward 78 Morris,George 85 Morris,Jay 85 Morris,Joseph 78 Morris,Lewis 78 Morris,Nellie 89 Morris,Sadie 85 Morris,Warren 89 Morrison,Delbert 102 Morrison,Donald 102 Morrison,Mada 102 Morton,Abbie 79 Morton,Fred Mrs 159 Morton,W.A. 17 Moses,Edith 21,56,148 Moses, Edith Mrs 121 Moss,George 67 Moss, Homer 149 Moss,Maud 20 Moss,Sophia 7 Mosslander,Ruth F. 75 Mothers Club 95 Mound Dist #35 121 Mount Oread 127 Mount View 122 Mowldley, May 74 1/ 21 Mt Hope Landscp & Garden Neal, Carrie 120 Center 13 Neely, Lola 141 Muckey, Fred 156 Neese, Albert Mrs 65 Mud Creek 128 Neff,Geo.B. 143 Mueller,Harold L. 44 Neff,Sivola 160 Muller, Charles 78 Neider, Carl 118 Muller,Gustovas 78 Neider~Henrietta 118 Muller,Henry 78 Neider,Hugo 118 Mulvaney,lrene 160 Neider,Mabel 13,40 Mulvihill, Delia 105,122 Neider, Mabel 153 Murdock, Doris 141 Neider,Mabel Mrs 118 Murdock,Hardie 2 Neider,Minnie 118 Murdock, Helen 134 Neider,Will 118 Murdock,J.W. 141 Neis, Frank 130 Murdock,Maclaren 30,141 Neis,Fred 130 Murdock,Marion 141 Neis,Gideon 130 Murphy,Allan 75 Neis,Hedwig 130 Murphy,Carrie 74 Neis,lrene M. 94 Murphy,Clay 63 Neis, Irene M. 141 Murphy,Dale 75 Neis,Karl 130 Murphy,lda 105 Neis,Lillian 130 Murphy,J. E. 71 Nei s, Neoma 143 Murphy,J.P. 75 Neis,Oliver 30 Murphy,Jacob 59 Neis,Samuel 130 Murphy,Jennie 74 Nelson,Alma 46,56 Murphy,Jim 74 Nel son, Alma 120 Murphy,M.J. 18 Nelson,Bernard 69 Murphy,Stella 105 Nelson,Camilla 47,65 Murphy,Thomas 74 Nelson,Clara 143 Murphy, Tony 105 Nelson,F .H. 20 Murray,Alta 8 Nelson,George 84 Murray, Alta llO,120 Nelson, Iril 147 Murray, Alta 120 Nelson,Josephine 137 Murray, T.S. IV,15 Nelson,Susia 102 Music, Alice 150 Nelson, Vera 120,122,102,158 Music,Ephraina 150 Nemis, Grace llO Musician Protective Assc. Neuschafer,John 90 113 New #12 113 44 New Bel voi r #93 18 Musick,Cheryl Ann 139 15 New Century Musick,Edna 10 New Dist #14 121,135 Muzzy,J.H. 87 New Jersey 88 Myers ,Anna 87 New Kaw Valley #12 127 Myers,Katie 87 New Prairie City #87 131 Myers,Leora 42 New York Sch 126 Myers,Olive 155 Nadlehaffer,Curtis 93 Newby, Anna B. 24,ll1 Natl. Archives& Rec. Sere Newby,Bessie Newell,Josephine R.Mrs 79 III 61 Newland, Rose Marie . 133 Nay.Julia 61 Newman ,Anni e Mrs 98 Nay,Lester 61 Newton,Lela C. 79 Nay,Priscilla 61 Newton, Telitha A. Nay, Till i e 61 63,81,ll5 Nay,Viola 150 61 Ni cho 1, Euna Neal, �RURAL SCHOOLS Pearson, Maurice 112 Pearson,R.H. 29,28,27 30 Pearson,R.S. Pearson, Ruth 87,125 160 Pearson, .Ruth 26 Pearson,Wm. 39 Pease, 152 Peck, Edward 80 Peebles, D.E. 80 Peebles,Jennie 80 Peebles,Robt. 57 Peer, 60 Peer,Dora E. 160 Peer, Estella 134 Peer, Glenn Mrs 160 Peer,Roy 42 Pekeg, Peter 96 Pence, Evert 49,96 Pence,Mabel 147 Pence, Mabelle 78,96 Pence, Pearl 96 Pence,Verda Penn,Cordelia 76 Pennington, Winfield Scott 23 Perkins,C.C. 81 Perkins, Carl 112 Perkins, Carl C. 80 Perkins, Caroline 79 Perkins" Carolyn 82 Perkins, David S. 115 Perkins,Delbert 112 Perkins,E. 80 Perkins,J.B. 80 Perkins,Lola 112 Perkins, Marguerite 137 Perkins,Nellie D. Mrs 81,83 Perkins,Pearl 112 Perkins,W.E. 80,81,181 58,125 Perry, J.E. 153 Perry, Ruth 118 Perryman, LLoyd 47 Perryman,Mayfield 152 Petefish, Alva Petefish,Christy 70 Petefish, Emma 121 Petefish, Emma Ulrich 118,136 152 Petefish,G.W. Petefish, Kate A. 151 Petefish,L.H. 153 Petefish,Maggie C. 151 Petefish,Wm 54 Peterson, Albert 147 ~nd SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS 36,152 133 Piper,Jennie Peterson, C.A. 154 75 Piper, Lucy E. Peterson,Charles Peterson,Fred 147 Piper, Mary 158 Peterson, Fred O. 147,148 Piper,Nelson 152 Peterson, Gail Mrs III Pipes, Emmett 80 Peterson,Geo. 147 Pipes,Irwin 80 Peterson, Gladys 42,81 Pipes,Lula 80 Peterson, John 146 Pippert,Bennie 49 Peterson, Oliver 8 Pippert,Charles 142 Peterson,P.J. 147 Pippert, Irwin 49 Peterson, Robert Mrs 8 Pippert, J. 48 Peterson, S.A. 33 Pittsburg NY 95 Peterson , Stephen 75 Place, E.N. 58 Petrie, Mildred 120 Plake, Myrtle 41 Pettingaills Nursery 26 Plaskett,Eldah 39 Pettingill,E.D. 28,29,27 Platt,Blanche 143 Pettit, 137 Platz,Croy 33 Pfleger,Esther 160 Platz,Lula 33 Pfleger, Ethel 15,94 Platz,Mary 33 Pfleger, Helena 98 Platz, Orval R. 72 125 83 Pleasaito, Surah Pfleger,Louise Pfleger,Louise A. Mrs 160 Pleasant Valley #14 58.78.92 121.137 Phelps,J.W. 131 139 Pleasant Grove#38 Phelps, J.W. Phillips,Alta 43,82 Pleasant Grove Hill 132 Phillips. Lester 26 Pleasant HourClub 39 Phillips,Mary 26 Pleasant Oak#45 134 Phillips. Mary Ellen 153 Pleasant Valley 137 Phillips. Nettie 80 Plumb.John 147 Phillips.Veldie 26 Poehler.Alma 102 Phoenicia.Daniel 130 Poehler. Laura 102 Phoenicia,Maria 130 Pogue.Pearl 75 Pickens, Abba 23 Pohl.Dorothy 72 Pierce, Allen 99 Pohl.Henry W. 76 Pierce,David Clyde 88 Pohl. Louise 77 Pierce. Margaret Mrs 103 Pohl,Walter Mrs 76 Pierce, P.H. Piano Co. 33 Pollock, Edith 115,147 Pierce, Piano Co. 139 Pollock, Irena Mrs 13 Pierson, Thomas 8 Pontius, Brook 11 Pilcher. Blanche 15 Pontius, C.H. Mrs 97,133 26 Pontius, Clayton 109 Pine, Agnes Pine, Clara 122 Pontius, Ernest Mr & Mrs Pine, Emma 76,98,132,147 130 11 39 Pontius,Ethel Piper, 26 Pontius,Ina 109 Piper, Aimee 147 Pontius,Lois 133 Piper, Aimee 36 Pontius, Mabel R. Mrs Piper. Albert 152 109,111 Piper,Ben Piper,Carrie 36,152 Pontius,Olla 109 Piper,Charles 36 Pontius,Winter 11 Piper,F.M. 36 Poole, H.H. 133 Piper,Fred 36,152 Porter, Anderson 139 Piper,George 36 Porter,Arthur 139 Piper,Goldi~ 39,147,153 Porter, Augusta 67 Porter, Dollie 55 # 23 55 Porter,Effie 60 Porter,J.D. 55 Porter,Marvin 55 Porter,Maud 139 Porter,Mertie Porter,Ray 55 139 Porter,Rhodes Porter, Tommy 109 55 Porter,Viola Porter,Virgie 55 Postma, Arthur 4 4 Postma,Bert 4 Postma,Dessie 4 Postma,Ida 4 Postma,Liddie Postma,Lizzie 74,148 149 Postma, Lizzie Postma ,Mamie 4 Postma,Miss 148 Postma,R.A. 20,24 Potter, James K. 90 Powar, Emit M. 89 Powar,Lettice M. 89 Powar,Lettie 89 Powell,A.J. 47 Powell ,Arlie 47 Powell,B.H. 63 Powell, Clara 125 Powell, Dorothy 137 Powell, E.L. 141 41,46 Powell, Earl Powell, Earl 100 Powell, John 90 Powell ,Judith 137 Powell, M.C. Miss 54 Powell,O.A. 47 Powell,W.S. 40 Powers, Anna 112 Powers, Fred 47 Powers, Rob. 131 Praire CityIII, 96,125 Prairie City, 134,140,138 Prairie city#87 134,140 Pratt,Caleb S. 34 Pratt, Doris50, 118 PrenticeThaddeus 96 Prentis, S.B.Mrs 108,109 Presbyterians 96 President Pierce 145 Preston, A.E. 156 Preston, Ada 41,49 76 Preston,Ada Preston, Blanche O'Neil 37 Preston, Grace 2,156 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS II 25 Rhodes. Wilma 156 Rice.Columbus 78 Rice. Cora 29 Rice.Edgar 29 Rice.Edwin 29 Rice.Frank 78 Rice.Marida 78 Rice.Mary 78 Rice.Mary V. 147 Rice. William 60 Rice.Wm. Sr. Mrs 60 Richards.C.A. 11.13 Richards.Ernest 11 Richards.Mary Miller Richards.W.L. 25.24 Richardson. 113 Richardson. Arthur 109 Richardson.Bessie 8.149.109 Richardson.Edna 4 Richardson.Ethel 109 Richardson.Fred 109 Richardson.Harry Jr. 121 Richardson. I. T. 87 Richardson.Mabel 78.106.129 Richardson.May 106 Richardson.Paul 106.111 Richardson.Rev. 129 Richardson.Sara 106 Richardson. T.C. 137 Richardson.Walter 106 Ridley. Essie 39 Ridley.Robert 39 Ridley,Warren 40 Riggs #81 143 Riley.A.P 90 Riley. Charlie 43 Riley,Dan 43 Riley, Francis 24 Riley, O.P. 90 Riling,John 49 Riling,Katie 49 Riling.Leo 49 Riling,Maggie 49 Rinehart. Daniel 87 Rinehart,Pearl 87 Rings. Robt. Mrs 97 Rinley, W.M. 29 Rinley,Wm. 26.27 Ripley. Melissa 151 Risley. Alice 69 Rison. Amelia 76 Rittenho~.Arlie 41 Rittenhouse.Dessie41 Rittenhouse.Stella 41 Riverside Literary Soc. 147 Riverside II 1 40.115.144.147 ~iverside 1153 115 Roady. R.C. 65 Roark. Betty 90 Robb. Martha III Robbins. Florence 143 Robbins. Lillian 62 Roberts.A.S. 43 Roberts. C.R. 90 Robertson. George 26 Robertson. Harland 137 Robertson.Judy 137 Robertson,Lucy 43 Robertson. M.H. 148 Robertson. Nellie Mrs 130 RObertson.T.E. Mr& Mrs 14 Robertson.Willie 26 Robinson. 64.129 Robinson.Charles Gov.127.128.129 Robinson. Charlie 86 Robinson, Davey 64 Robinson. Emily 128 Robinson.School 128 Robinson. V.L.Mrs 153 Robison. Bell 65 65 Robison,Bertha Robison. David 64.65 56 Robison.Emma Mrs Robison.Ina 65 Robison.LLoyd 65 Roby. John 54 Rock Creek 5.74.149 Rock Creek #13 148.149 Rockhold. Edna 98.160 Rockhold, John 58 Rocklund. Emily Stauffer 36 Rocky MountainSch 60 Rodehamel.Art 6 Rodewald. 51 Rodewald.Albert 52 Rodewald.Mary Mrs III Rodewald.Sarah 52 57 Rodgers. 57 Roe. 80,114 Roe. Alta 160 Roe. E.A. 160 Roe.Harold Roe. Mary Chapman Mrs 56 56 Roe.Wm 113 Roe. Wm A. Roehm. Hattie Mrs 18 Roelofsz. Josie 5.6 Rogan.Ann Mrs 40 Rogers. L;H. 67 Rogers.Riley 100 Rohe.Belle 151 Rohe.Emma 141 Rohe.Geo. 141 Rohe. Henry 52 Rohe.Martin Jr. 141 Rohe.Martin Sr. 141 Rohe. Robert K. 142 Rohe.Russell 141 Rohe.Ruth 141 Rohe. Ruth Mrs 30 Roher. Emma 69 Rohler.A.C. 89 Rohler, Louise 25 Roland, Mary M. Mrs 79 Roller.A.C. 67 Roller.Carrie 122 Roller. Geo. 105.122 Roller, Grover 122 Roller.H!f. 67 Roller. Michael 122 Romans, Natalie 85 Roney. Cecile F. 83,103 Roney. Ronald E. 115 Root.Leonard 150 Roper. Margaret 149 Rork. C.L. 58 Roscoe 1144 149 Rose. Billy Robert 40 Rose, Hattie 11 Rose. Miss 87 Rose, Nora 67 Rose,S. 13 Rose.Sigle 13 Rosebaugh. Adda 136 Rosebaugh.Ellen 26 Rosebaugh.R.H. 27 Rosebaugh.T. 27 Rosebaugh.Thos. 28 Ross. F.E. Mrs 8 Ross.Harlow 38 Ross.Mary A. 75 Ross. Mary Adelia 149 Ross. Mildred 120.156 Ross.Mildred S. 101.121 Rosseau,Jbseph 78 Rosseau.Laura 78 Rosseau.Louis 78 Rosseaw.John 78 Rothchild.Freida 62 Rothchild. Freida Mrs 106 Rothrock. Faye 132 Rothrock. Ira 96.132 Rothrock.Ray 49 Roudebush.Bertha Mrs 56 Roudebush,Richard G. 56 Round CornerDrug St 114 Roy. Fred 87 Roy, Walter 6 Royal Neighbors 17 Rubottom. E.W. 90 Rucker. Wm 152 Rudiger,Aimee 39 Rudiger.Paul T. 40 Rudisill, Stella 12 Rudolph, Erna 114 Rukes.Elsie 46 Rukes, Georgie 18 Rumsey.Erma 13.40 -Rumsey,Erma Shank 37 Rumsey. Red C. 98 47 Rundle,A.M. 47 Rundle,Hattie 49 Rundle, Nelli 47 Rundle.Walter F. 143 Runyan. Geo. 143 Runyan.Monroe 143 Runyan.Viva 102 Rush. Margaret 63 Rusking. Irene 69 Russell,Arthur 133 Russell. Carl E. 69 Russell.Ernest Russell. Flora Mae 103 134 Russell. Mabel 96 Rutchy. Calli e 139 Rutherford,I.N. 76 Ruyan. Geo. 76 Ruyan.Morrow 76 Ruyan.Viva 156 Ryan.Bessie 8,149 Ryan. Ollie 6 Sa il e. Ca theri ne 102 Saile. Charley 5 Saile.Charl ie 82 Saile, Kathryn 6 Saile. T.J. 92 Sail e, Vera 13 Salisbury.Lou Ella 6 Salmond.Jessie 139 Sarmner, Geo. 79 Sample,Edwin C. 67,122 Samson. Mary 15 Sanborn,A.C. �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS 29 Sheppard.Guy Sheppard. Malta 15.160 136 Sheppard. Mary 41 Sherfy. E.F. 4 Sherfy. Ethel 41 Sherman. Mary Shiar. Alice Cooper 36 18 Shields. 67 Shields. Arthur 67 Shields.David 67 Shields.J.A. Shields. Vivian Mrs 148 Shields. Vivian White 44 Shirar. Hazel 92 Shirck. Louis J. 15 Shirley. Elmer 90 Shirley. F.P. 85 Shirley. Louisa 83.84 Shirley. Ray 74 Shirley.Wilburn 83 Shirley.Wm 83 Shitz. Bertha 143 Shockey. Clara 100 Shockey.Laura 100 Shoemaker. Florence 46 Shoemaker. Fred 45 Shoemaker.Jessie 45 Shoemaker.Mabel 61 Shoemaker.Maggie 61 Shoemaker.Roy 45 Shoemaker. Samuel 61 Shoot. Wm 90 Shopper. 52 Short. H.S. 154 Shotterburg. 52 Shotwell. Clarence 96 Shotwell. D.M. 97 Shotwell.D.W. 96 Shotwell.Harry 96 Shotwell.Jennie 96 Showalter.Cora 155 Showalter.Grace 74.98 Showalter.Grace. 112.143 Shriener. Ammie 6 Shriener.Caroline 6 Shriener.Maggie 6 Shriener.Peter 6 Shuck. 22 Shuck.David IV Shuck. Mr 112 Shuffleton. Gertrude 27 Shuler. Alice 63 Shuler.Ethie 63 Shuler.Geo. 63 Shuler. Geo.Mrs 50.153 Shuler.Minnie 63 63 Shuler.Roy Shuler.Sylvia 62.97 Shultz.Don 40 Shultz. James Donald Jr. 40 130 Shultz. O.R. Shuster. Edna M .56 137 Shuster.Helen 158 Shutz .Mary 36 Sibley. J.T. 54 Sicks.Carson Siegrist. Harold III 153 Sigel 147 Siler.E.H. 160 Siles.Nora 57 Simmons. 143 Simmons. Anna Simmons. Arthur 46 6 Simmons. August Simmons.Caroline 6 Simmons.Carrie 143 6 Simmons .Charl ie Simmons. Dr.J.W. 56 143 Simmons.Edith 57 Simmons.Eliz. Simmons.Everett 46.47.87 Simmons. Geo. L. 149 Simmons. Geo. Mrs 90 Simmons.lva 143 Simmons.John 57 Simmons.Katie 6 Simmons.Murtel 6 Simmons.Myrtle 6.47 Simmons.Nellie 25 Simmons. P.A. 72 Simmons.Rhoda Davis 143 Simmons.Robt. 6 Simmons.Roy 6 Simmons Hill 56 Simon. Robert 44 Simon. W.A. 6 44 Simons.Alfred Simpson. C.H. 147 Simpson. Joseph 33 Simpson.Leevis 33 Simpson.Louisa B. 42 Simpson.Wm.A. 42 Sinc 1air. Belle 65 Sinclair.Crawford 65 Sinclair. Dora 4 Sinclair.Lonnie 65 Sinclair.Lulu 65 Sinclair.M.B. 65 Sinclair.Siclair 65 Sinclair.Willie 65 Slndt. Doris 110 Sink.Cora 87 Sink.James 87 Sink.Luster 87 Sink.Nellie 87 Sink.Nettie 87 Sink.Tecie 87 Siteler.Judith 137 Sitzler.lda 125 Sitzler. Rosa 125 Sizer.Daniel 20 Sizer.G.C. 20 Sizer.George 20 Sizer.Grace 20 Skaggs. 13 Skaggs.James 76 Skaggs. W.S. 46 Skinner. Blanche 98.139.149 Skinner. Chester 115 Skinner.Earl 115 Skinner.Eva 69 Skinner. Fred 69 Skinner. Harry 109 Skinner.Henry 69 Skinner.J.T. 115 Skinner.Lottie 69 Skinner. M.A. 100 Skinner. Marrie Mrs 111 Skinner.N.A. 125.156 Skinner. Phillip 41 Skinner.Ralph 69 Skinner. Ruth P. 37 Slatz. Frank 158 Slavens. Irene 90 Slavens.Maybelle 90 Slavens.Sara R. 90 Slavens. Sarah 122 Slavens. Vesta 158 Sleeper.H. 155 Sloan. Frank 27 Slusser. C.B. 72.122 Slusser. Edward 8 Slusser.W.O. 71 Slusser.Willie 8 Slutz.Eliz 158 Slutz. J.W. 157 Smiley. Verna 24 Smith. 39 Smith. A.W. 56 Smith. Abraham 86 # 27 Smith.Al Mrs 109 Smith. Albert 67 Smith.Alice 26 Smith. Amelia 121 Smith. Bessie C. 39 Smith.Bonnylin 39 Smith.Chas. 10 Smith. Cynthia Ann 128 Smith.D.F. 61.71.46.118 Smith.E.G. 61.71 Smith.Edna 6.134 Smith. Eliza 87 Smith.Florence 42.100 Smith.H.H. 160 Smith.Harold J. 58 Smith. Harold J. Mrs 58 Smith. Herman 58 Smith.Howard 160 Smith. Ida Evans 109 Smith. Ina 43 Smith. J.J. 102 Smith. James 102 Smith. Jarold J. 94 Smith.Jennie 118 Smith. Jimmy 137 Smith. John 46 Smith. Laura M. 40 Smith.Lena 6 Smith. Leora 94 Smith. M.E. 60 Smith.Mary 8 Smith. Mr. 19 Smith.Orley M. 39 Smith.Orville 42 Smith. Pearl 79 Smith.Phistley 102 Smith. Richard 82 Smith.Rosa 130 Smith.Sarah L. 71 Smith. T.B. 34.35.36.37 Smith. Thos. 36 Smith. Ula 158 Smith. Vera 33.158 Smith. Verna 137 Smith.W.H. 41 Smith. Waneta 122 Sneegas. 107 Sneegas. Carl Mrs 103 Snodgrass. Mary Alice III Snow. Tom 160 Snyder. Bonnie 98 Snyder.Georgianna 99 Snyder. John W. 46 Snyder.L.B. 96.98 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Strong, Kathleen K.Mrs83 Sutton,James 100 Strong,Ste11a 20 Sutton,Jerry 139 Strudy, 57 Sutton ,Jesse 148 Stuart, Fannie 54 Sutton,Jessie 20 Stuart, Fannie F.Miss 151 Sutton,Lydia 20 Stuart, Stella 1~7 Sutton,Maggie 139 Stella K.Bumgartnr 36. Sutton,Mattie 100 Stubbs, Fred Mrs 158 Sutton,Olive 139 Stubbs,John 136 Sutton,Russe1 120 Stubbs"Mary Alice 158 Sutton,Sena 58,113 Studebaker,Harry 63 Sutton, Sena 122 Studebaker, Jesse 63 Sutton,Vo11ie 100 Studebaker,Maud 63 Sutton,Wi11ie 20 Studebaker,Myrt1e 63 Sutton,Wm. 20 Studebaker, Stephen 59,60 Sutton,Ze11a 20 Studebaker, Susannah 58 Swadley, Emery 122 Stull 70,121 Swadley, H.O. 103 Stu11,Ida 160 Swadley, H.E. 122 Stull, Sylvester 71 Swadley, H.W. 72 Stumbo, Louise 133 Swad1ey,Susan 122 Stump, Marjie 125 Swaim,Mack 147 Stump, Mysie 30 Swaim,Ona 147 Sturdy, E1 iz 58,63 Swain, Delia 87 Sturdy, Geo. 58 Swanson, 11,39 Sturdy, Helen 140 Swanson, Esther 114 Sturdy,Samue1 58 Swanson, Lewis 57,90 52 Swartz,Wm 87 Sturm, 2 Swayze,Minnie E. 102 Sturm, Dan Sturm, John 52 Swayze,Pau1 85,90 24 Suiter,. 113 Swecker,G.W. Suiter, Myrtle 90 Sweezer, G. 10 Suiter~Myrt1e 158 Swender, Arlie L. 139 144 Sullivan, Wm 65 Tab1or,John Sullivant, Mary Ann 156 Ta1he1m,Byron 118,132 Su1tzer,Wm 158 Ta11ey,C1arence 87 Su1zen,Ado1ph 84 Talley, Helen 100 47 Su1zen, Fred 158 Talley, Lona 86 Su1zen,J.T. 158 Talley, Wm 36 Su1zen, T.J. 158 Tarpy, Delia 56 Summers,Ar1oa 153 Tarpy,M.C. 36 Summers, Harold 85 Tarpy,Martin 36 Sunflower Ord.Works 151 Tarpy,Norah 28 Supple, Marie 106 Tate, L.E. 107 Tate, Maurice Mr & Mrs 116 Surber, 147 Tate, Maurice R. 118 Surcat,S.S. 101 63 Tau1, B.L. Sur1es,Bessie 140 Tau1, Hibbard 50 Surrat, Charlene 76 139 Tauy Creek Surrat,Charles 131 Tay1or,Bessie 4,105,122 Sutters, Rob. 120 139 Taylor, CaSSie Sutton, Clara 122 76,100 Taylor, Effie Sutton,D.C. 147 100 Taylor, J.S. Sutton,Dockie 144 139 Tay1or,J.W. Sutton, Edna 20 Taylor, Roy C. 140 Sutton,Harry Tegart,J.H. 54 Te1mas,Mr. 122 Ten Broeck, Nettie 155 Terrell, Lena 87,147 Terrell, Lillian 50,75 Thacher, Mr 114 Thacher, S.O. 113 Thalman, L.H. 69 Theil, Theda Mae 122 Thomas, David 7 Thomas, Fay R.Mrs 83 Thomas,John 116 Thomas, Lloyd 99 Thomas, Michael 99 Thomas,O.D. 8 Thomas,Saul Sergeant 32 Thompson, Earl 63 Thompson, ,Eddie 152 Thompson, F.P. 98 Thompson, Harry 85 Thompson, Jake 74 Thompson,Joe 74 Thompson,John 63 Thompson,Lizzie ~3 Thompson,Olive J. 23 Thompson,Pear1 21,20 Thompson,Wi11ie 63 Thompson.Winnie 65 Thoren,Ed 92 Thoren, Lelia 150 Thoren,Lena 94 Thorton, Clifford 55 Thorton,Henry 55 Thorton,Joseph . 55 Thorton, Olive 11 Thralls, Frank 112 Thuber,Ray 21 Thuber,Roy 20 Thuber,Stuart 21 Thurber, Brent 4 20 Thurber, Carl Thurber,Coi1a L.A. 113 Thurber,Do1lie 20 Thurber,Elmer 20 Thurber,George 20 Thurber,Harry 20 Thurber, Lottie 54 Thurber,Lottie F. 61 Thurber,O.E. 20 Tietjens,Estella 63,87 Timmens, Bertha 89 Timmens,Lainard 89 Timmermyer,George 69 Titford, C.C. 133 # 29 Titterington,Everett 12 Titterington,Lawrence 12 Titterington,M. 10 Titterington,May 12 Tobler, J.J. 120 Todd,Judy 102 Todd,Maud 102 Todd, Sammie 150 Todd, Susan 102 Todd,Willie 150 Tomberline, Fowntain C. 123 Topeka 129,135 Topping, Charlie 109 Topping,Clarence 109 Topping,Mary A. 109 Torneden,Fred 56 TorrenceEunice 94 Tosh, L.D~L. 36 Towles, Theo. 120 Townsend, Uriah 92 Townsend, W.B. 78 Toyne, F.B. 34 Tracy, Minnie 8,122 69 Tracy,Sa1lie Mrs Traders Lodge 115 Transmier, Leroy 119 Tregemba,Marjorie 87 Trendle, Ethyl 87 Trendle, Loretta 106 Trotter,E1mer 98 Trowbridge, Nadine 24,25,72 Troy NY 93 Trueblood, 113 Trueblood, Ethel 112 Trueblood,Harry 112 Trusheim, Vincent 30 Trusine, Con. 27 Tryon,Mickey 137 Tryon,Tommy 137 Tuckel, Felix 49,133 Tuckel,Judy 133 Tuckel, Russell 13 133 Tuckel,Steve Tucker, Albert 96 20 Tucker, Clyde 78 Tucker, Dorcas 152 Tucker,Ella 159 Tucker, Fannie 20 Tucker,Grace 151 Tucker, Harace 98 Tucker, Jessie Tucker,John 54 98 Tucker,Josie Tucker, Lewis 96,98 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS • Walters. August 70 Walters. Edna 112 Walters. F.D. 26 Walters.Frank 112 Walters.Myrtle 112 Walters.Olive 112 Walters.Roy 112.113 Walton. J.C. 151 Waner. Clara 81 Waner. Grace 81,118 137 Ward. Brutus 61 Ward. Dollye E. Ward. Emma F. 18.122 8 Ward.Ethel 47 Ward. Ina Ward. Jessie 137 Ward. Lois P. 110.111 Ward. Lulu 137 Ward.Maggie 6 Ward.Miss 143 Ward. Velma 47 62 Ward. Vera 145 Warden.L.J. 75 Ware. Charlene 155 Ware.Maud 43 Ware. 101.101. Warne. Thomas 59.60 46 Warner, El iz. 95 Warner.Grace E. Warner. Harper 139 76 Warner. J.W. 49 lola rner. Mil ton 18 Warnoch. Mary 30 Warnock. Lloyd 143 Warnr.Velma 143 Warnr.Will Warnr.Wm 143 Warren. Betty 6.75.149 Warren. E.C. 150 Warren.Sherry 6 Warren. Thos. W. 149 Washington. Albert 33 Washington Creek 117 Washington.Mary 33 Wasson. Jennie 26 Waters. 27 Waters. Gladys 30 Waters.Gladys 29,149 Waters. S.B. 27 Waterson. Gladys C. 100.118.125 Waterson.Jack 160 Waterson.W.A. 160 Watkins. Mae 82 Watkins Nat.Bank 33 Watson. Alma 2.94.99 Watson.Herbert 94 Watson. Lotta 43 Watson.Rose 110 Watson. Sarah 89 Watson. Silas J. 89 Watt. 101m 147 Watterson. Genie 36 Watts. J.S. 143 Watts.John 143 Watts. Laura 61.63.149 Watts. Lizzie Mrs 149 ~~tt$~ M.S. 143 Watts.: Margery 61 ~atts,Max l49 149 Watts. Payton Watts. Rache 1 61 Watts Sch. 146 Waukarusa River 15 Wear. Nan 109 Wear. Nan Colman 111 Webber. Fred 148 Wedel.Oarda 79 Weed. Scott 129 Weeks. A.F. 37 Weeks.P.H. 26 Weeks. Peter H. 58 Weese. Lena 89 Weese.Wm 89 Weesmer. Everet 76 Weesmer,May 76 43 Weible. Cora 43 Weible.Emma 43 Weible.Fred 43 Weible.John Weible.Robert 43 Weichman, Dorothy ~4,l.5a 40 Weideman. Clara Weidman. Bertha 122 Weiler.Anna 141 Weil er. Bertha 91 Weiler.Cora 141 Weil er .Geo. A. 141 W,,,il er .Mi ss 91 Weimer. Ear.l 46,47, Weimer. Earl 74.87.118 Weimer.Guy 74 Weimer.Jay 74 Weimer.Lutie 74 Weimer, Mabel 20.74 Weimer .M,lbe 1 A. 87 Welch. Anna Louise 53 Welch. H. 16 Weldon. Emma 153.156 Wells.Carlos 139 Wells. Chas. 132 Wells. Effie 20 Wells. Floyd 61 Wells.Geo. 17 Wells. Gertrude 125 Wells.Gertrude L. 13 Wells. Helen 56 Wells. Lois Mrs 106 Wells. Nellie 139 Wells. S.Pitt 78 Welter.Belle F. 63,90 Welty. John 40 Welty.Louis 40 Werts. Bessie 150 Werts.Harry 150.151 West.Belle Mrs 144 West. J.A. 15,144 West Fairview #59 18 Westergreen. Arnold 2 Westerhouse.Anna 99 Westerhouse.Inez 99 Westerhouse. Inez E. 30 Westhefer.Don 80.81 Weybright. J.C. 131 Whalely. Geo. 15 Whalely.Geo. W. 14 Whal ey. Emma 35 Whaley. Harry 14 Whaley. Howard 81 Whaley. Paul 137 Wheadon.Earl 39 Wheadon.Maud 39 Whedon. Eliz.H. Tuttle 37 Wheeler. Edith 69 Wheeler. Holland 61 Wheeler. Josie R. 36 Wheeler.Lillie 69 Wheeler. Mabel R. Mrs 15 Wheeler.Ruth 69 Whirlow. 57 White. Agnes M. 122 White. Annie 102 White. Arthur 125 White, Cleo 102 White.Daniel 125 White.Earl 98 White.Elenor 125 White, Ella 61 White. Harold 127 White, Margaret 94 White, Martia 102 White. Mary D. 17 # 31 White,Masie 125 White.Pearl 102 White. Robert G. 82 White. Siman 114 White.Simon 147 White. Vivian 44 White Dist.# 61 44.130 Whitman. A.D. 102 Whitman. E.E. 118 Whi tney. Ethel 82 Whitney.Eva 82 Whitney,Jessie 82 Whitney.Myrtle 82 Whitney.Nora 82 Whitney.Perry 82 Whittier. John Greenleaf VI Whittingbon. Ann 24 Wible.Daris 62 Wical.G. 76 Wical.Nettie 76 Wichman. Albert 81 Wicks. C. 54 Wicks. Elsie 55 Wicks.Lloyd 55 Wicks. Miss 20 Wiggins. Geo. 39 Wiggins. J.B. 115 Wiggins.Sherman 39 Wiggins.Willie 39 Wiglesworth, Myrtle 18.26 40.69.130.153 139 Wilber. W.H. Wilbur. Lola 15 Wilcox. Lela Mae 67 Wilcox. Nancey 63 Wilder.Abraham 145 Wiley, Edith 65 Wiley. Eliza 43 Wiley.Maggie 43 Wiley.Samuel 43 Wiley.Theodore 43 Wilkerson. Judith Elaine 88 Wilkerson.Linda Kay 88 Willaims. Hazel Mrs 107 Willard. Grace 102 Willard. Louise 182 Willey. J~N. Sr. 34 Willey. J.W. 35 Willey.J.W. Sr. 34 Williams.Ada Mrs 98 Williams.Ann 44 Williams.Ann D. 113 Williams.Bella Miss 2 Williams.Florence 76 �INDEX TO RURAL SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLHOUSES OF DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS BY GOLDIE PIPER DANIELS PUBLISHED . BY THE DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY BOX 3664 LAVVRENCE,KS 66046-3664 �INDEX TO RURAL SHOOlS AND SCHOOLHOUSES Of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS By Goldie Piper Daniels PREPARED FOR THE DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY -BY- EDNA WELLING DONALD VAUGHN COPYRIGHT DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY 1989 �INDEX TO· RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Adams, Calvin 144,145 Adams,Catherine 145 Adams,C1yde 32,33 Adams,Co1in 145 Adams,E1vira 33 Adams,Eva 26 Adams,Geneva B. 33 Adams,Howard 145 Adams,John 145 Adams,Martin 144 Addison,Don 102 Addison,Les1ie 102 Adeline Dist 6 51 Adler, 52 Ado1ph,H. 54 Adriance,Wm131 Ady,Jessie4,39,67 Agnes, W.M.158 Ahlstrom, Cora109 Ah1strom,Cora B.39 Akers,A1ice155 Akers, John120 Akers,Sadie87 Akin,Tom44 Albaugh, Frank120 A1baugh,Martha8 A1bert,Frances80,132 A1berts,F1orence130 A1bery,Richard25 Albin,Michae154 A1bright,B.27 A1bright,C. M.87 A1bright,Char1es48,49 A1bright,Clarence87 A1bright,John52 Albright,Mabe187 A1bright,Raymond87 A1exander,C1aude160 Alexander,J.B.21 Alexander,Ray160 A1ford,Don69 Alford,Fred C.44 A1ford,Mrs. Don79 AlgaierN.54 Allen,Amanda36,54 A11en,Bernice87 Allen,Bertha55 A11en,Char1ie55 Allen, Fred120 A1len,Hannah L.56 A11en,Haroid C.42 Al1en,Hattie152 Allen,Hugh 4 Al1en,Hugh W. Jr.87 All~,J.1t ..ij Anderson,Jas. W.4 Armstrong,Jennie94,99,150 Allen,John152 Anderson,Joan A.13 Armstrong,Roy90 Allen,Marguerite76 Anderson,Joe20 Arndt, Marcella126 Arnold, Clinton156 All en ,Mary Frances63 : Anderson ,John125 Arthur, C.F.117 Al1en,Maud55 Anderson,Joseph54 Ashby, James C.131 Allen,Nettie152 Anderson,Laura60 , Anderson,Lottie61,97 Allen, R.L58 Ashby,James H.13l Allen, R.L.132 Anderson,Lottie F.4,50 Ashby, Moll ie125 Ashby,Norcissor13l Allen, Robert11,144 Anderson, Lottie M.1l0 Allen, Samuel R.151,152: Anderson,Lucy Dunkley37 Ashby,Sylvia E.54 Allis,Mamie78,139 Anderson,Lula125 Ashel,lrene154 Allis, Verna120 Anderson,Luther125 Atchinson,Wm149 A1lison,B.F.15,69 Anderson,M.16 Attorney Gen.85 Anderson,Mabe1 A.6l Allison,B.G.82 Atwood,G.H.36 Allison,Bertha15 Atwood,James36 'Anderson,Maggie105 Allison, C.Y.137 Anderson,Mary18,108,137 Atwood,John36 A1lison,Chas. Y.36 Atwood,Vaux36 Anderson,Mary H.106 Allison,Clara92 Aufdemberger, Esther M. Anderson,Nina94 Allison,Erma Rumsey83 Mrs110 AndersoniOl da33 Allison,J.M.33 Austin,Joan79 Anderson,Ruth Mrs.2 A11ison,W.N.69,139 Averill,Loree6l Anderson, Theresa C.122 Alt,Lizzie65 Axe, Marjorie120 Anderson,Theresa G. A1tenbernd, 113 Mrs156 Axline, Mrsl06 Altenbernd,Carl112 Anderson, W.H.122 . Ayer,Anna78 Altenbernd,Feka112 Anderson,Willie105 Ayer,E1roy77,78 Altenbernd,LouisellZ Ayer,Este11a78 Andes,Alma69 A1tenbernd,Maffie11l Andreas Hist of Kans 1883 Ayer,Omar77 , Altenbernd, Wi 11 i e 11-2: 111,26,81 ·Babcock,Frances102 Amick,Albia69 Andrews,57 Bachelor,Chas.149 Amos,Nora30 Andrews,E.B.16 Bachelor,Grace149 Anderson,?39,55 Andrews,H.16 Bachelor, J.H.14~ Anderson,A.16 Bachelor,J.T.148 Andrews,Stillman34 Anderson,A.P.25 Badger,Marjoure Mrsl02 Ange1,Ada158 Anderson, Allie125 Angel,Andrew158 Badsky,Orviellal02,103 Anderson,Booker125 Angel,lma158 Badsky, Orville137 Anderson,Clifford160 Angel,Lloyd158 Baecker,Margaret134 Anderson, D.H.105 Ange1,Mary158 Bahnmaier,Andrew H.107,158 Anderson,Eban105 Angel,Myrtle158 Bahnmaier,Cloyd158 .Anderson,Edwin39 Ange1,Pear1158 Bahnmaier,Eda158 Anderson,Ellen39 Anthony,Ruth L.7l Bahnmaier,Elmer107,158 Anderson,Elnora8,118 Anthony,Wm87 Bahnmaier,lna18,26,79,82,158 Anderson,Elnora 1.21 Anton,Annie150 Bahnmaier,Max25 Anderson,Ester M.76 Bahnmaier,Pete,107 Anton,Frank150 Anderson,Ethe156 Bahnmaier,Vesta90 Anton,James150 Anderson,Florence18 Anton,John150 Bahnmair, Ina132 Anderson,Frankl05 Anton,Ulysses150 Bai1ey,Arthur69,138 Anderson,G.H.106 Bailey,Bonnie67,76 Anton,Willie150 Anderson, Gene122 Apple Pie # 273,4,118 Bailey,Cora16l Anderson, Geo.105 Apple Pie Sch.109 Ba il e~, Ear169 Anderson, Geo. Jr.122 Armstrong,A.W.94 Ba i1 ey, Ernest138 Anderson,Gertie20 Armstromg, Ai 67 Ba i1 ey, Frances98 Anderson,Gustav54,56 Armstrong, Alma 36 Bailey, Frances E.139 Anderson,James54 Armstrong, Effie 109 Ba il ey, 1da138 Anderson,Jane4 Armstrong, Frank 69 Bailey,Jasper,138 Bai1ey,Lawrence20 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS # 2 Bailey,Minna69 Bailey,Wm 69,161 Bails,Charles 76 Bails,Lizzie 76 Bails,Samson 76 Baker,Bennie40 Baker,Bernice87 Baker,Charles C.100 Baker,Clara6 Baker,Eddie40 Baker,Edith36 Baker,Geneva75 Baker,Grace Preston41 Baker, Guy152 Baker,James6 Baker,John36,41 Baker,John N.42 Baker,L.C.lOO Baker,LelandlOO Baker,Margaret Mrs100 Baker,Minnie6 Baker,Mr144 Baker,O. N.42 Baker,Orva140,41 Baker,Roy40 Baker,Russe140 Baker,Walter36 Baker School100 Baker Univ.96,98,124 Bal~win124,125,140,151,99 Baldwin,A.S.19 Bald~in,Alta46 Baldwin, Ann Eliza109 Baldwin,Bi11y5 Baldwin,Carll09 Baldwin,David103 Baldwin, Deacon108 Baldwin, Eben114 Baldwin,Helenl14 Baldwin,Henry L.108,109 Baldwin,J.H.74 Baldwin,Jim87 Baldwin,Joe74,75 Baldwin,Ray71 Baldwin,Tom109 Baldwin # 1730 Baldwin #415,88 Baldwin CityDist 92 ,2,111,58,134,140 Baldwin Junct.123 Baldwin Lake154 BalesOrin R.69 Balkey,Edith99 Balkey,Ellen99 Balkey,Mary99 Balkey,Penina99 Ball, Emily129 Ballard, Joicy147 Bamford,Gertrude129 BankerFlorence82 BankerJ.B.72 BankerJ.P.74 Banks,Elaine67 Banks,Erma Elaine67 Banks,Rebecca67 Banks, Wi 11118 Banning, Chas. E.120 Banning,Hetty J.89 Banning,John89 Banta,57 Banta,Bert39 Banta,Car139 Banta,J.C.IV,38 Banta,Lindley39 Banta,Maud39 Banta,Ray39 Banta,Wi1l39 Bapists96 Barben,John152 Barber,Chas. 0.35 Barber,Harry105 Barber ,Mary105 Barber, Mr.125 Barber,Robert8 Barber,Thomas W.8 Barber #827 Bardell,John C.25 Bardell, Myrtle109 Bare,Rhoda138 Barger,Bessie138 Barger,Lizzie138 Barger,Willie138 Baricklow, Miss125 Barker,25 Barker,Dr.8 Barker,Eliz.4,10 Barker,EJlen10 Barker,Francis Dr.10 Barker,Rose112 Barker, Rose E.105 Barker #29,147 Barker Band147 Barkley, Fred156 Barkley, H.S.125 Barkley, T.W.139 Barkley, V.W.131 Barley,Charles43 Barley,I.N.43 Barley,P.N.43 Barlow,Margaret Mrs103 Barnes,Ada F. ,Barnes,Charles E.44 Barnett,Bertha Mrs71 Barnhard,Alicel12 Barnhart,Clifford75 Barnhart,Laverne75 Barrel, Fred125 Barrell,Fred4 Barrett,Eva80 Barrow,James42 Barthalomew, Alcenia136 Bartlett,Ella94 Bartlett,N.B.IV Barton,Harry4 Barton,Janie84 Barton, Lem125 Barton,Luella20,63 Barton,Minnie84 Barton,W.H.55 Bartz,Amelia130 Bartz,Harman130 Bartz,Henry130 Bartz,Mary130 Bartz,Ruth81 Bartz,Wm130 Bashare ,Archi e11 Bashare, Verdi e11 Basserman,Guy55 Bassett, Jennie128 Batdorf,Mildred2, Bateman,Geo.160 Bates,Eva30,36,61,71,85,12 9,153,160 Baxter, Birdie136 Bayles,O.89 Bayles,O.A.47,71 Beach,Mark24 Beal,George39 Beal,Harry39 Beal,Laura39 Beal,Ralph39 Beam,John53 Beard,Annie41 Beard,Clair41 Beard,Cora6 Beard, Cyrus142 Beard,Grace26 Beard, Haze1141 Beard,Jerry41 Beard,Nora 41 Beard,Omer41 Beard,Zoe26 Beatty,Vernon85 Beck,A.60 Beck, Henry E.120 Beck,Winifred8 Beckerdyke,Mother84 Beckett,Anna8 Beckwith, Flora125 Behrens,Alma149 Behrens,Herman149 Behrens,Minnie Erna149 Behrns,Wm47 Beisecker,Margaret20 Bell, Bennie141 Bell,Bertha29 Bell,Fred,141 Bell,Gertrude56,150 Bell,Henry30 Bell,Herbert29 Bell,J.27 Bell,J.0.141 Bell,John141 Bell,Kenneth142 Bell,Susan (Flory)49 Belles,Charlie55 Be 11 es ,George55 Belles,Ormer55 Bel1es,Rebecca55 Bel1eview37,I Belleview #5013 Belvoir,Lata150 Belvoir #8420,17,123 Benander,Florence18 Benedict, Smith129 Benefie1d,Arthur112 Benefie1d,C1aral12 Benefie1d,Fannie112 Benjamin 0.0.105 Benjamin,Dite45 Benjamin,Minnie45 Bennett, Julia Mrs125 Benson,Anna87 Benson,Arthur39 Benson,Cora39 Benson, Geo.136 Benson, Mary129,136 Benton,Grace Mrs.103 Benton, Lill i e39 Benton,Osker39 Berg,EmmaIII,IV,42,69,98,99,l 58,122,127,133,137 Berg, Emma153 Berger,Rosie49 Ber1in,E1i78 Bernitz, Mary E.130 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS #3 Bowen,Bessie120 B1iesner,C.~.144 Bert1e, Geo.134 Bloody 6665 Bowen,Bever1y122 Bertschinger, Ruth149 Bloomington Dt.3l56,3l,33 Bowen, Bobby122 Beuerman,Henry67 B1ough,Darris13 Bowen,Char1es120 Beurman,A1bertl14 Blue Mound37,35 Bowen,Jackie120 Beurman,J.C.114,l15 Blue MoundDist # 2934 Bowen,Mi1dred18,120 Beurman,L.A.114 Board of Educ.144 Bower,SolomanlOl Beyer,Sussie71 Boardman, W.C.115 Bowman,C.OIV,36,78 Bieber,Anna Mae158 Boase,James G.90 Bowman, C.O.139 Bieber,Lucy85 Boaz,Marian25 Bowman, Char1es133 Big Springs88,93 Boener,Ju1ian H.44 Bowman,Char1ey29 Big SpringsUnionIII Bohnmaier, Pete158 Bowman,C1air55 Big Springs #7221 Bohnmaier, Vesta 158 Bowman,Dona1d133 Biglow, 011iel05 Boicourt,Geo.M.160 Bowman,Geo.39 Big1ow,Royl05 Bo1den,Mary20 Bowman,Henry36 Bigsby,39 Bolles, Effiel18 Bowman,John36 Bigsby, Guyl09 Bond117 Bowman,Linda133 Bigsby,Phebe8l Bowman,Mabe136 Bigsby,Phebe L.40,8l,106 Bond,A.6 Bond,A1va87 Bowman, Mr145 Binns, Wi11ard139 Bond,A1vin149 Birkhead,J.B. Mrs.15 Boyce,Hugh63 Bond,Bert87 Boyd,C1arence55 Bishop,F1orence150 Bond,D.E.6 Boyd,Edna30 Bishop,Grace39 Bond,Edna M.53 Bismark # 7925,44,130 8oyd,FrankII Bond,E1va87 Bismark Grove128 Boyd,Margaret54 Bond, G1adys134 Boyer,Artie98 Bixby,Chesterl02 Bixby,Mablel02 Bond,Lillie4 Boyer,Bessie98 Bix1er,C1ara58,98 Bond,Marion149 Boyer,Henry98 Bix1er,Emanuel18,29,30,36, Bond,Maud149 Brackett,39 52,125 Bond, Murray E.118 BrackettDist.# 5437 Bix1er,Wm P.29 Bond,Nathan86 Brackett,George38 Bond, P.C.118 B1ack,A1bert4 Bradford,He1en89 Bond,Porter55 Bradford,Jessie89 Black, Chas. 98 Bond, Thos .116 B1ack,Dora24,85 Bramme1,Mi1ton G.118 Bonsock,August99 Black, Emma29,125 Brand,Catherine4 Bonsock,Dan99 B1ack,Frank M.24,56 Brand, John 107 B1ack,Gertrude76,98,lOO,12Bonsock,Eddie99 Brann, John153 Bonsock,Emma99 5,139 Branson,G.W.65 Bonsock,Herman99 B1ack,Jack30 Brass,E11iel05 Bonsock,John99 B1ack,John29 Brass,Eunicel06 Booferding,Wm5 Black,Lois21,46 Brass,H.B.78 Booth,Arden58 B1ack,Loy S.98 Brass,J.F.I06 B1ack,Mi1dred101,137 Booth,Catherine79 .Brass,Jamesl05 B1 ack ,Mi ss112 Booth,E1iza140 Brass,Katherine50,87,130 Booth,He1en79 Black, Wil ber98 Brass, Minniel09 Black Jack #926 Booth,John A.140 Brass,W.F.I05 Black Schoo148 Borg, Jessie1l5 Brass,Wi11iel05 B1ackburn,Wm JR.42 Bosserman, Candrace E.15l Brass,Wml05 Bosserman,Emma J.151 B1aine,Mattie Mrs69 Brass,Wm F.I04 Blakeman, Carrie134 Bourke,Emma6 Brass Schoo1l06 Bourke,Leota6 Blakeman,Lee2 Brauning,Henry26 Bouton,L.H.54 B1anche,Leora69 Brauning,Minnie26 Bowan,C.O.13l B1eakeman, Carrie158 Brauning,Rosie25 Bowe 1 ,Mil dred85 Bleakley, Joe129 Brauning,Wi11ie26 B1eske,Grace106 Brazi1,Arbe1 Mrs150 Brazi1,Char1ie150 Brazil, Gertrude132,148 Brazi1,Ste11a72,8l,134,150,15 1 Brecheisen,52 Brecheisen,Aaron134 Brecheisen,A1ma134 Brecheisen,Anna30,99 Brecheisen, Anna15l Brecheisen,Benjamin134 Brecheisen,Ceci142 Brecheisen,Ceci1 Mrs42 Brecheisen,Emma134 Brecheisen,Esther94,99,ll2 Brecheisen,Geo.134 Brecheisen,Gertrude134 Brecheisen,H.D.2 Brecheisen,Harry134 Brecheisen,John134 Brecheisen,Johnnie Mrs42 Brecheisen,Katharyn52 Brecheisen,Katherin94 Brecheisen,LaVern2 Brecheisen,Lena7l,94,99,l13,l 34 Brecheisen,Mae134 Brecheisen,Mary2,99 Brecheisen,Phi11ip134 Brecheisen,Ramona95 Brecheisen,Rose134 Brecheisen,Sarah99 Brecheisen,Sophia99,158 Brecheisen,Ted Teddie134 Brecheisen,Wa1ter99 Brecheisen,Wm52,134 Breckenridge,Ada82 Breckenridge,E1mer82 Breeder, Lewis158 Breeze,Thomas98 Breeze, Thos.1l7 Breithaupt, B1anche134 Breithaupt,Dan153 Breithaupt,Frederick50 Breithaupt,Gideon52 Breithaupt,H. Mrs52 Breithaupt,He1en156 Breithaupt,He1en4l Breithaupt,Henry S.49 Breithaupt,Ida14l Breithaupt,J.W.49,50 Breithaupt,Martin134 Breithaupt,Minnie134 Breithaupt,Minnie41,42 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Brown,Helen 102 Breithaupt,Pauline 52 Brown, Helen Ilene 113 Breithaupt,Roy 51,52,53 Brown,He1en Isabe 118 Breithaupt,Stella 52,92 Brown, Jack i e 11 Breithaupt,Vera 52,151 Brown,John F. 85 Bretz, W.H. 122 Brown,John S. IV Brewer,James C. 100 Brown,Joie 84 Brewster,Clara L. 102 Brown,Katie 69 Brewster,Clara Mrs 132 Brown,Li11ian Mrs. 69 Brick,Mrs. 28 Brown,Lorena 69 Bridwell,Arthur 61 Brown,Margaret 86 Bri ethaupt, 52 Brown,Mary 107 Briniman,Henry 5 Brown ,Ma tti e ,. 84 Briniman,S. 5 Brown,Mi1dred Mrs. 24,40 Brink,Gary Jarvisili. Brown,Mr. 70 Brink,W.J.111 Brown,Olive'A. 87 Brink, W.J.115 Brown,Oliv~ :A. 149 Brinkley,Thos.34 Brown,Rosle '102 Britton,C.0.56 Brown,Ruth Endacott IV Brizendine,Arthur160 Brown,Sarah A. IV Brizendine,Barnes160 Brown,W.0.85 Brizendine,C1iff160 Brown,Wm69 Brizendine,Ollie160 Brown Jug71,74 Brizindine,Maud160 Browning,Ada80 Broat,Lena24,102 Browning,Eve1ine84,85 Broat,Reta13 Browning,Gertrude80 Brockway,Bros.27 Browning,Jennie80 Brockway,H.N.27 Browning,Mary84,85 Brockway,H.W.& wife29 ·Browning,Minnie80 Broers,Fern Margaret53 Browning,Robert V.77 Broers,Pear1141 Brownlee,Esther78 Brohammer,A •• 61 Brownlee,M.B.78,79 Brohammer,Chas •• 61,62 Brubacker,Dora E.103 Brohammer,John Mrs.62 Brubacker,Harry 41 Brohammer,Rosa61 Brubacker,Kizzie47 Brooke,J.S.89 Brubacker,M.41 Brook1yn98 Brubaker# 4647,40 Brooklyn Tavern96 Brubakers,40 Brooks,Joseph42 Bruce,Chas.34 Brooks,.W. Russe11IV Brumet,Lennie138 Brown,Abbie54 Brumet,May138 Brown,Bert41 Brown,Bessie63,81,133,137 Brumet,Minnie138 Brumet, Sadi e138 Brown,Bessie M.4 Brumet,Willie138 Brown,Charlie84 Brune, Albert115 Brown,Chester69 Brune,Betty79 Brown,Clara69 Brune, Clara C.158 Brown,C1arencell Brune,Dan44 Brown,Elmer69 Brune, Danny114 Brown,Fay18,129,130 Brune,F.114 Brown,F1orence M.94 Brune,Frankl14,130 Brown ,Franci s69 Brune ,Gus 114 Brown, Fred M. 148 Brune,Lottie Brown,Gordon103 20,79,78,112,120,157 Brown,Grace84 Brune,Mary 114 Brune,Mayme 12,43,80,112 Brune,Pau 136 Brune,Pau1 W. 44 Bryant,Estate Dudley 54 Bryson,F1orida 36 Bryson,James 35· Bryson,Nancy 35 Bryson, Norri s 11 Buchheim,F.H. 106 Buchheim,Samue1 106 106 Buchheim,Wil1 Buck,He1en 96 Buck,R.F. 24 Buckheim,Edith 26 Buckheim,F.J. 152 Buckheim,F.J. Mrs. 72 Buckheim,G.A. 18 Buckheim,Mary 79 Buckheim,Samuel 105 Buford,Elmer91 Buford,Orion91 Buford,Wilma91 Bumgartner~Ste11a Stuart36 Bunce,Cora89 Bunce,Frank89 Bunce,Maud89 Bunce,Wi11ard89 Bunton,Eliz.8 Bunyan,J.C.102 Burdit,A.K.10 Burgert, Irma50 Burgin,Katie67 Burgtorf, Charles111 Burgtorf, Josephine125,160 Burke,Mabe182 Burkett,Edith138 Burkett,Geo.138 Burkett,Gracie138 Burkett,Laura138 Bur1ile,Blanche160 Burli1e,Maggie160 Bur1ile,Walter160 Burnett, Marcy1e134 Burnette,Rose85 ,105 Burnette # 6244,42,130 Burrough,Oscar78 Burt,George38 Burt,O.I.16 Burt,O.M.16 Burton,D.L.63 Burton,Go1die63 14 Burton,L.F. 40,41 Burton, Margaret Gregory 111 Burton,Robert Carl III Busch, Ann 105 Busch, Til da 105 Bush,A.J. 144 Bush,Henry 89 Bush,John 105 Bush,Wm 144 Bushong,Margaret 44 Butcher,H.S. 69 Bute11, A.D. 131,139,140 Bute11,C1arke 131 Butell,E.J. 131 Butell,Ernest 139 Bute11,Ethel A. III Bute11,Geo. 139 Bute11,George H. III Bute1l,Herman 131 Butell, Richard 123 Butler,Clide 15,56,85,132 Butler,Frazier Mrs. 5 But1er,George 6 But1er,Howard138 Butler,J.L.69 But1er,Laura96 But1er,Maud82,122 But1er,Maudie Mrs.6 But1er,Rosa139 Butler, Russe1l138 But1ock,J.W.54 Butterfield,C1ara56 Butterfield, Lenah149 Button,Li11ie.Mae47 Button, 01 i nll0 Butts,Emma91 Bybee,Cecil112 Bye,Char1es6 Byers,C1arine103 Byers, I sabe 11 e9 5 Byers, Marvin E.143 Caldwell, A1mal14 Caldwell, Betty137 Ca1dwell,Marie P.Mrs.26 Caldwe1l,Mattie71 Ca1dwell,Nettiel12 Ca1iforniaRoad38,81 Calkins, Cena Mae109 Calkins,Emma67 Callahan, Bessie113 Calvin, A1ma143 Calvin,Elmer143 Calvin, Harry143 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES Carruth.J.H. 60 Ca1vin.L.J. 143 Carson.Ame1ia 36 Ca1vin.Leo 143 Carson.Bessie 36 Ca1vin.Maude 143 Carson.John 36· Ca1vin.Roy 143 Carson. Sam 18 Ca1vin.Susie 143 Cameron.Hugh 144 Carter. 113 Cameron.Noah 144.145 Carter.Jared 34 Campbell. 57 Carter.Mi1dred 147 Campbe11.E1aine 30.141 Carter. Roger I. ·111 Campbe11.G.W. 26 Cartwright.Maud 55.65.152 Cartwright.Miss 152 Campbell. Geo. 129 Campbell. Gracie 131 Carver.L.F. 99 Campbe11.John 25 Casebier.Mabe 187 Campbe11.Leone B. 101.125 Cassidy.J.P. 78 Campbe11.W.0. 2 Catherman.M. 60 Campbe11.Zu~ie 36 Catlett. 113 Cancer DressingSoc. 95 Cat1in.Emma 69 . Caniff.H.J. 95 Cat1in.Mattie A. 24 Caveness.A.A.B. 28 Cann.Mamie Coffman 65 Cavin.Silas 86 Canniff.H.J. Dr. Cavin's Corner86 IV.137.138 Caviness.lrene80 Cannon.Haro1d 133 Cay1or.I.C.54 Cannon.Richard 133 Cayot.Louis156 Cantre11.C.l. 71 Centennial Dist# 85 Jt.46 Cappis.Ernest 43 Center. Etta143 Cappis.Geroge 43 Centers.Rory41 Cappis.Minnie 43 Centra164 Cappis.Reka 43 Central #6448 Captains Creek 130.51 Central ProtectAssoc Cargy College 45 (CPA)129 Cargy Dist.#52 44 Chambers.Mabe182 Carhahan.Mary 87 Chambers. Nina143 Car1son.Christopher4 Chambers.Norman145 Car1son.C1ara 45 Chamney.H.M.69 Car1son.C1arence45 ·Champman.Minnie71 Car1son.Dar1a Fay 4 Chand1er.Hattie30 Car1son.Henry 45 Chand1er.Mi1dred26.110.113 Car1son.Lena 45 Chand1er.Mi1dred Carlson. Sam~e1 112 Springer37 Car1ton.C.H. ·6.29 Channe1.John142 Car1ton.E.D. ·29. Channe1.Roy142 Car1ton.Pau1 C. 29 .Channel.Teddy142 Car1ton.Ruth L. 29 Chapman.57 Car1ton.S.E. 29 Carnahan. Mary 152 Chapman. Eunice137 Carnahan. Miss 122 .Chappe 11. P.125 Carpenter. Earl 138 Char1es.G1adys44 Carpenter.G1adis 102 Charles. Haze1120 Carpenter.Go1die 63 Char1es.J.M.80 Carpenter.Nadine,76.77 Char1es.J.M.'Mrs.80 Carpenter.Wi11ie 138 Char1es.James80 Carr. 136 Charlton. John125 Carr.A1va 120 Chartrand.Louis40 Carrell. N.W. Mrs 109 of DOUGLAS. COUNTY KANSAS Cheney. Frank 151 Chesnay.Hetty 85 Chester.E.P. 17 Cheyenne 74 Chicken Creek 115 Chicken Creek 117 Chilcot •• V.54 Chilcote. Chilcote. Ruby 122 Chi1cote.Vienna 17.117 Childs. Charlie 118 Chi1ds.F1oyd 118 Chi1ds.J.H. 118 Chi1ds.Marion 118 Chi1ds.Ne11ie 118 Christenson.Chris 84 Christian.Anna 20 Christian.De11a 20 Christian.Effie 20 Christian.Fred2 0 Christian.John 89 Christian.Valney89 Christopher Publishing House 124 Christy.C1ara 29 Christy. Lucy 151 Christy.Vio1et L. 96.97 Church. Harry 127 Church.T.A. III Churchbaugh.F.L.Mrs. 97 Churchbaugh.Gertrude 6 Churchbaugh.L.T. 97 Churchbaugh.Vina 61 Churchbaugh.W. 61 Civil War 82 C1apham.Eunice65. 74.98 Clapham. Eunice 132 C1apham.Ruby 98 C1ark.A.P. 27 C1ark.A1ice 41 C1ark.Beatrice 47.63 C1ark.Car 176 C1ark.Ce1este 21 C1ark.Char1es 28.78 C1ark.C1eve1and 41 C1ark.E.S. 46 Clark. Edna 137 C1ark.Ernest 8.63 C1ark.Georgia Neese 65 C1ark.Grace 131 C1ark.J.C. 24.46 C1ark.Kate 41 C1ark.Kate C. 63 C1ark.Katie41. 85 # 5 C1ark.Louise 90 C1ark.Mamie 63 C1ark.Marcelene 46 Clark. Mary 143 C1ark.Maud· 63 26 C1ark.May 18 C1ark.Nora 63 C1ark.Ray C1ark.Rea 100.125 C1ark.Ruth6. 41~47.143 C1ark.Sadie 41 C1ark.Samue1 L. 131 C1ark.Sarah 41 C1ark.Sidney 11 C1ark.Teddy 41 C1ark.Tom 96 C1ark.Viva 42.47 C1ark.Viva Runyan 143 C1arke.Adna G.Mrs 136 C1arry.Ethe 176 Claxton. Florence 120 C1ay.Ethe1 125 C1ay.Homer 125 C1ay.Roy 125 C1ayton.Laren 31 C1ayton.Linda 31 Clayton. Peggy 151 C1ayton.Ross H. Mrs. 69 Clearfield Dist# 58.50.52.134 C1eve1and.Nannie 61 C1ine.Char1es 76 C1ine.Ear 18 C1ine.Edgar B C1ine.E1sfe 8 C1ine.Hershe1 18 C1ine.Sam 76 C1inger.Anna 4 Clinton. 32.120.133 C1intonTwnsp. 152 Clinton Dam 154 Clinton Dist.# 25 53 Clinton TwnspCo. 53 C1oepfi1. 106.107 Clough. Barbara 122 Clough. J.M. 122 Coal Creek. 57 Coal Creek #39 56.58 83 Coates.B.A. Coates. Omar 150 Coburn.G1en T. 97 Cochran.Arge1 Mrs. 8.92 Cochran.Ferne 41 Cochran.Ferne L. 97.141 �#6 Cochran,Margaret 37 ' Cochrun, Margaret 137 Coepfert,Edna Mrs. 6 Coffman,Chas Mrs. 8 Coffman,Geo. 8 Coffman,Mamie Cann 65 Coffman, t-largaret 125 Coffman,Margaret Cochran37 Coffman,Miss 37 Coffman,Nettie B. 6 Coffman,Pery D. 75 Coffman, Wil son 118 Coker, Mildred 153 Co1bert,E. 27 Co1bert,G. 27 Co1burn,G1enn 6 Co1e,A.B. 67 Co1e,Edna85, 147 Co1eman,Cora 47 Co1eman,W. 152 Co1ins,Bertha 67 Co11amon,G.W. 34 Collins,Bates 67 Co11ins,B1anche 65 Collins,B1anche 75 Co11ins,Carrie 67 Co 11 ins, Cordei a 67 Co11ins,Henry 67 Co11ins,Jackson 67 74 ' Co11ins,Nora Co11ins,Susie 74 67 Collins,W.O. Collins,Wm 67 Colman, 108 Colman, Asa 109 Co1man,C1ara 78,102' Colman, Clara 153 Co1man,C1ara 109 Co1man,F1ora Richardson109 Co1man,Fred 109 Co1man,Nan Mrs. 26 Co1man,Nan W. 153 Colman, Nan Wear ?111 Co1man,O.A. 109 Co1man,Osgood 109 Co1man,Ra1ph 109' Co1man,Virginia 90 Colman Nan Wear 111 Coltrane, Mary 138 Coltrane, Ruth 139 Coltrane, Sue 139 Columbia #67 59,61 Colyer #42 62 Colyer #42 118 Comes,Peggy 103 Commons,Mi1dred Day Mrs. 34,37 Comrie,Margaret 69 Comstock, Jean 136 Conant, 39 Concord #66 64 Conger,James D. 50 Conger,Mary E. 35 Congregational Church 78 Conner,A.B. 15 Conno1e,M.D. 18 Conno1e,Sue Mrs 122 Connole, Thos. F. 122 Constant,J.L. 80 Constant,Johnny 25 Cook,Arthur 89 Cook,B1anche 65 ' Cook, Drueci11a, 156 Cook,Lizzie 78 Cook,Martha J. 35 Cook, Mattie 139,156 Cook,Maud 89 Cook,Maurice E. 100,139 Cook,Mi1dred F. 92 Coop. Farm Chemical Assoc. 26 Cooper,A1ice 8 Cooper,A1ice Shirar 36 Cooper,L.S. 65 Cooper,Lawrence 33 Cooper,Mabe 165 Cooper, Pear 165 Cooper,Ruth 65 Cooper,Wi11ie 65 Corbett,Josephine 58 Corcoran,Lanze1 161 Corel, Gladys 126 Corel, James H. 127 Core1,James P. 126 126 Core1,Susan A. Corkhi11,W.F. 138 Cory,A.M. 131 Coth1in,Carrie 8,12 155 Cotton,May 99 Couch,A.H. 141 Couch,Alta Couchman,A1ma 58 74 Courson,Della Courson,Myrt1e 74,75 128 Covey,Bill 128 Covey, Irena Covey, Ki 128 Covey,Linco1n 128 Cowens,Emma 33 Cowens,Sa11ie 33 Cowgill, Estella 141,150 Cowgill ,Margaret 47,102,141 Cow1es,A1berta Had 137 Cow1es,Bertha 36 Cow1es,E.C. 36 ' Cow1es,Ear1 36,37 Cow1es,Ethe1 26 Cow1es,Fred S. 36 Cow1es,Freda E. 37 Cow1es,May 36 Cox, 113 Cox,C.C. 98 Cox,Carrie 94,102,112 Cox,Char1es 112 Cox, Clifford 113,127 Cox,E.E. 113 Cox, E1iz 115 Cox,Grace 112 Cox, John E. 150 Cox, Lee 153 Cox,Lucille 153 Cox,Mae Nellie 42 Cox,O.L. 112 Cox,Richard 112 Cox, Vivian 149 Cradit, Cap 140 Crady,Da1e 92 Cragon,Bige 11 Cragon,De11a 11 Craig.C1arence 76.118,141,160,161 Craig,E1iz. 26 Craig,Johanna 161 Craig,L.E. 58 Craig,L.M. 125,160 Craig,Lester 160 Craig,Luci11e 49,139,161 Craig,Mary 161 Craig,Ne11ie 161 Craig,Ti11ie 160 Cramer,May 42 Cramer, V.J. 140 Crane, Joe 149 Cranston,Da1e Mr & Mrs37 Crater,Hi1dred 76 Crawford, Archie '112 Crawford,Char1ey 41 Crawford,Eddie 112 Crawford,E1iz. 4 Crawford, Emery 143 Crawford,Emmie 41 Crawford,Homer 42 Crawford,Ju1ia 112 Cree,G1enn 25 Cree, Nathan 107 Cree,T.W. 24 Cree1,Bessie 55 Cree1,Grace 63,78,122 ' Creel, Grace Kennedy 137 Cree1,Irene 61 ' Creel, J.H. 118 Cree1,Josie 55 Cree1,Lucy 55 Cree1,Nannie 96 Cree1,Sy1vester 55 Cressman, Stella 8,12.153 Crispin,A1bert 102 Crispin,Bert 102 Criss, Geo. 107,115 Crook, Thelma 125 Crothers.F1orence 16 Crouch.A.H. 91 Crouch,A1vin 91 Crouch. T.A. 89 Crowder.Bertha 18.153 Crowder.Capt. Thos.H. 67 Crowder.Frank 67 Crowder,J.M. 67 Crowder.Roma 67 Crowder.Thos.N. Mrs. 67 Crowder #69 66 Crumb.Lena 41 trumrine.H.S. 99 Crutchfield #6 68 Cummings,Arthur 55 Cummings,Char1es 55 Cummings,Dorothy B. 63 Cummings,E11a 158 Cummings,Is~be11a Stee1e89 Cummings, John 158 Cummings,Lettie 18 Cummings,Margaret 18 Cummings,Mattie '55 Cummings,Miss 18 Cummings,Myrtle 89 Cunningham,Prof IV 122 Curd. Densa Curd,Mi1dres 18 136 Curless, W.H'. Cur1ett,Henry 80 Cur1ett,Lizzie 80 Curry,Pau1ine 56 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY.KANSAS Curtes ,Anni.e 100 Davis,Jeff 74 54 Curtis,Clara Davis,Joe 80 56 Curtis,Cline Davis,Karl 149 100 Curtis,James Davis,Lena 94 Curtis,Thomas 100 Davis, Lydia M. 139 24 ·Custard,T.J. Davi s ,Mil dred 94 Cutter,Martha 35,36 15 Davis,Pearson Czaplinski, C. 153 Davis,Ralph80, 81 DFrank P. 32 . Davis, Rhoda 143 dFred M. 20 Davis,Roy 25 dLafayette 77 Davis,Ruth 46 DLouis 32 Davis,S.H. 94 Dallas, Walter 131 Davis, Theodore 118 Damm,John Sr. 70 Davis,W.H. 69 Damm,Sophia Miss 23 Davis, W,H, 125 Damr6sch,Walter 69 Davis,W.R. Rev. IV Daneke ,'Jean 46 Davis,William 92 Daniel, Ruth Mrs 109 Davis Cemetery 38 Daniels, 27 Davisson,B.M. 139 Daniels,Belle 11 Dawson,Ruth 4 Daniels,C.E. 40 Day,Annie 69 Daniels,George 11 Day,Bert 69 Daniels',Goldie Piper Day,Clara 69 I, III Day,Ethel 58 Daniels,Ruth Mrs~ 26 Day,Gertie 58 Dark. Sam ·158 Day,J.M. 89 Darnold,Minnie 55 Day,Mabel R. 24 Darnold,Stella 55 Day,Mildred Commons 37 Dauberman,Mamie 99 D~y,Mildred M. 58,9l Dauberman, Mayme 129 Day,Minnie 67 Davenport,Leroy 25 Day,Oliver 94 Davidson,Bennie 139 Day,Velma 65 Davidson,Darnda 99 Day, Wil fred 69 Davidson,H.E. 138 De Forest,Margaret 13 Davidson,June 118 De Hek,Nellie. ~,47,49 Davidson,M.A. 54 De Hek,Nellie 149· 'Davidson,Mi)lie 94,99 De LaughderWilma 40 Davidson,Norman 34 De Mar, Mr. 57 Davidson,Pau 185 De Vault,Anna 141 Davidson,Sam 99 De Vault,Leslie 141' Davidson, U.S. 143 De Vault,T.S. 141 Davidson,Viola 139 De Witt,Estella Lubarger36 Davis, 39 Dean,A.~. 18 Davis, 136 Dean,Adelia 20,55 Davis,Ada F. 15,40 Dean,Clarence 20 Davis,Ada mrs 147 Dean,Helen55 Davis,Chas.' 82 Dean,J.H.20 Davis,Clara 80 Dean,James54 Davis,Eleanor 33 Dean,R.A.19 Davis,Elisa D. 37, 38 Dean,Robbie20 Davis,Ellen 38 Dean,Thomas25 Davis,Etta 33 Deardorff,Henry61 Davis,G. H. 39 Deardorff,Walter61 Davis,Henry 25 Davis,Henry T. 37,38 #7 Dennis,Bessie 4 Dearth,Bessie 43 Dennis, Charles 160 Dearth ,Luci 11 e 43 Dennis,Elder 8 Dearth, Luci 11 e 132 Denny,Dorothy 2 150 Deay, Arthur Densmore,F.F. IV Deay,Claud 96 Derby, G.F. 120 Deay,Clyde 53 Dershem,L. 155 132 Deay,E.J. DeShazo,Frank 153 Deay, Ed 132 Deskin,Edith 11 Deay, Ell a 91 De ski n ,L ill i e 11 Deay,Ethel 44,125,153 149 DeSoto151, Deay, Ethel 141 Desque,C.L. 133 Deay,Fay Hagerman 92 Desque, Charlie 74 Deay,Faye 79,103 Desque, Chester 133 Deay,Flory91 Desque, Cl ifford 75 Deay,Fred 52 Desque, H.M. 75 Deay,Freddie 150 Desque, Henry 74 149 Deay, Geo. Desque, 74 John Deay, Gertie 139 Desque, Louisa 74 Deay,Howard 90,92 Desque, Mary 74 Deay,Howard 132 Detwiler, C.W. 125 Deay,Howard O. 100 Detwiler,Jerold H. 125 Deay,Irwin 150 DeVae, Jose~hine 118 Deay,J.A. 92 Devereux,Clifton 102 Deay,Jas. L. 92 Devore,Aleda Mrs 160 Deay,Jimmie 91 Dews,D>W> 71 Deay,John 96 Dews ,Emma 26,61 Deay,Maud 96 Dews, Emma 153 Deay, Pearl 96 Dews, Emma 109 Deay,Russell 150 Dews,G.A. 109 Deay,Teressa 91 Dews,Mary M. 8 Deay, Thelma Haverty151 Dews,Rose 24 Deay,Velma 50 Dexter,J.W. 90 Deay,W.J. 150 81 Dexter,Lulu 90 Deckwa,Edward Mrs. Dick,Bros. 33 Deckwa,Lorene 81 Dick,Mattie 43 Deckwa,Wesley 53 Dicker,Alice 20,26 Dedri n Mi 11 27 Deer Creek #48 70,107,133 Dicker, Myron 115 Deering; Ada 147 Dickinson,Ida 36 Deering, Adah 114 Dickinson,Samuel 36 Defenbaugh,Grace 76 Dickson,Nettie 78 Dietz, Rudolh 118 Dem~ritt,Florenc~ Mrs. Dill ,Georgia 78 21,26,72 'Dillon, Jack 133 Demeritt,Leslie J. 21 Dillon, Letha 149 Demeritt,Martha 24 Dillon,Linda 133 Demeri tt ,Marth,a 137 Dinsmoor, F.F 146 Demerritt,W. A. 18 Dinsmore,WmA., 149 Deming,J. E. 72 Diocese Of Kansas 138 . Deming,Maggie 54 Disbrow,Clara 54 Denewiler,Amelia 122 Disbrow,E. 54 Denewiler, Frank 122 Disbrow,W.B. 54 Denham,David 79 76 Denham,Edith Hammond 37 Disque,Chas. Dist.# 94 56 Denison,Alice 16 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of OOUGLl\S COUNTY KANSAS#8 Dist #1 114,138 Dist #10 123,125 Di st #11 III Di st #13 148 Dist #14 121,135 Dist #15 ,1.09 Dist #17 98 dist #17 1.01 Dist #1866,72 Dist #19 1.06 Dist #2 98 Dist #2.0 13,11 Dist. #24 51,89 Dist #26 107 Dist # 27 3,4 Dist #28 15,95 Dist #3 58 Dist #32 1.01,1492 Dist #33 83 Dist ~35 121 Dist #36 149 Dist #36 Lecomp 13,67,72,9.0 Dist #38 62,131 Dist #39 Shaw.Co 72 Dist #4 149 Dist 399 Dist #4.0 1.06,1.07,123 Dist #41 6,88 Dist #42 64 Dist #44 151 Dist #45 131,134 Dist #47 4,67,118 Dist #48 7.0,1.06,123 Dist #49 58 Dist #497 1.03 Dist 5 92 Dist #5.0 15,13 Dist #51 62 Dist #53 148,146 Dist #55 1.01 14.0 Dist #56 58,9.0,92 Dist #57 Dist. #58 51,98,1.01 121,133 Dist #6 144 Dist #6.0 Dist #65 2 66 Dist 66 Dist #67 59 Dist #7 1.01 Dist #7.0 11 Dist #71 8.0 Dist #72 21 Dist.#73 1.04,1.06,1.07 Dist #74 13.0,142 Dist #75 126 Dist #76 98,1.01,123 Dist #76 99 Di st #77 76 Dist #78 138 Dist #8 ,153,151 Dist #8.0 13.0 Dist #81 143 Dist #82 7 Dist #83 119 Dist #84 123 Dist #86 15 Dist #87 139 Dist #88 58,92,97 Dist #89 151 Dist #89 95 Dist.#9D 56,33 , Dist #92 99,1.01,126 Dist #94 21,56 Dist #97 6,88 Dist #98 137 Distr.#7 97' bittrich,Iva B.Mrs 113 Dixon,Daisy 1.02 Dixon,Dixon,Grace 1.02 Dixon,F10 41 Dixon,F10rence 39,41,49,125 , Di xon, Grace 125 Dixon,Mary 98,1.0.0 Dixon,Vera 67 Doak, John 138 , Dodder,Alan ,75 Dodder,Belle 74 Dodder,Charlie 74 Dodder,Cheta 75 Dodder,C1yde 74 Dodder,Elmer 74 Dodder,Elsie Mrs. 46~47 Dodder,Eva 74 Dodder,Go1die 74 Dodder,John 74 Dodder,Marion 46 Dodder,Dra 74 Dodder,Pear 174 Dodder,Roy 74 Dodds,E1i 2 Dodds,Ethe1mae 98, Dodds, Ethel mae 11-3 Dodds,F10yd 47 Dodds,J.G. 2 Dodge,Hazen D. 138 Dodridge, 136 Dodson,A1bert 8 Dodson,David 8 55 Dodson,Eddie Dodson,Edward 8 Dodson,Lucy 8 Dodson,Minnie 8 Dodson,Thomas 8 55 Dodson, Wa Her 89 Dog Holler 1.01 Doherty,Marie Do1bee, Carrie 118 Do1bee,Cora 118 Do1bee,Myrt1e 118 Do1bee, Peter 117 Dolby,Elsie Gerstenberge 37 Dolesha1,Annie 69 Doleshal,Christina 69 Doleshal,Joe, 69 Doleshal,Winsten 69 Donahue,Maida 3.0,43,8,2;94,1.02 Doolittle,R.K. 78 Doo1ittle,Randell 78 Dorman,Effie 8 Dorman,Frank 8 8 Dorman,George 3D Dorman,L ill ie 8 Dorman,M. Dorsey,lda 2~' 8.0,1.02 Dorsey,Sadie 39 Douglas, 142 Douglas Douglas,Andrew 78 Douglas,Clarence 4.0 Douglas,Doug1as 39 35 Douglas,Lizzie Douglas, Lizzie 125 39 ' Douglas,Paul Douglas,Rose Lee 24 ' Douglas, Rose Lee 113, 39 Douglas,Walter Douglas Co. 124,154,149 Douglas CoProbate 72 Dover,Jessie 151 Dow, Jonathan 16.0 Dowell ,Cora 75 Downing,C1ifford 4 152 Downs,Birdie Doy,John Dr. 144 Doy1e,E1iz, 69 Drake,Arthur 67 ,Drake,Josephine 25,4rr,72,1D3 Drake,Ra1ph' 1.03 Dr~per,E.N. 54 Draper,F.M. 54 Draper,Geo. 54 Draper, Ina 1.09 Dresseri Meme1 129 Dresser,Merri11 18 Du Mar,Emma 161 ' Du Mar,James 158 Du Mar,Joe 161 Du Mar,Laura 161 Dudgeon,M.S. 155 Dudgeon,Sadie R. 36 Duff,Ethe 176 Duff, Ethel ,16.0 Duff,Ethyl 161 Duffee,Lyman 151, Dumm,E1iz. 4,26 Dummer,Mary 85 Dummer ,Mill i e 85 Dummer,Ray 85 Dunbar,Hiram 34 Duncan,Arlie 82 Duncan,Billy 89 89 Duncan,Charles 89 Duncan,Eliza Duncan,Geo. W. 89 82 Duncan,Grace 82 Duncan,Nelson 82 Duncan,Nina Duncan,T.W> 82 Duncan,Willie 89 Duncanson,John 152 ,Duncanson, Pearl 152 Dunham,Homer 92 Dunigan,C.E. 69 Dunigan,C.E~ Mrs. 69 69 -Dunigan,C.T. Dunkley, Gladys Corel. 126 Dunk1ey,Lusy, E. Andersqn 37 Dunn, 57 Dunn,D.D. 138 Dunn,James M. 19 Dunn, John K. 138 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS #9 35 Dunn,Julia Dunn, McMaster 122 91 Dunn,Perry Dunning,Arthur 36 36 Dunning,May 2 Durkee,Ruth DurstMary E. 98 Dutton, 136 Dutton, Asa 135 Dwyer, Edna 134 Dwyer,Ella 2 Dwyer, Gerald D. 130 Dwyer,Harry134 Dwyer,Katy134 Dwyer,Marzella2,63 Dwyer,Mazie 2 Dwyer,Willie 134 Dyer 124 Dyer,.Albert 76 Dyer,Charlie 126 Dyer, .J.E. 76 Dyer, .J.W. 76 Dyer,.Jim 76 Dyer,Joseph 125 Dyer,.Josie 87 Dyer, Katie. 125 Dyer,.Leo 76 .Dyer, Rosa 125 Dyer, Thos. 125 Dyer,.Virgie 69 Dyer,. Wa lter 76 Eagleson,Corrinae 33 East Hopewell #68 99 Eastman,Bernice 40,82 Eastman, Bernice 129 Eastman,Cora 26 Eastman,E.S. 40 Eastman, E.S. 129 Eaton, 39 Eaton,Bessie 39 Eaton,John 27 Eaton,Robt. 27 Eberhard,Georgiana 160 Eberhart,Chas. 71 Eberhart,I.F. 78 Eberhart, Isiah F. 125 Eberhart,Mr. 71 Eberhart,Peter Sr. 70 Eberhart,Rosa 161 Eberwein,Dora 44, 103 Eberwein, Dora 132 Eberwein,Edna 98 Eberwein, Edna 120 Eberwein,Leona 13 Eberwein, Leona 147 Eckerman,Bernice 30,100 Eckerman,Cora 92 Eckerson,Bernice 2 Eckman,Esther 53 Eckman,Esther McTaggart 37 Eddy,El i 34 Edelbrock,Minnie 103 Edmonds, Emma 114 Edmonds,Fannie 114 Edmonds, Mae H. Mrs 129 Edwards,Beverly III Edwards,C.L. IV, 34 139 Edwa rds, Ira 144 Edwards, J.E. Eiler,Carey 2 2 Eil er ,Charl es 2 Eil er, Freddi e Eiler,Mary 2 Eisele,Henryl 30 82,83 Eisele,W.K. Eiselle, Alfred 130 130 Eisle,Will Elam, 57 Elam,E.W. 27 Elder,Allie 67 Eldridge,David 34 Eller,Salome 24 Elllott,Ella 120 Elliott,Jennie 120 Elliott,M.C. 110 Elliott, Cora •• 94,99 Ellsworth,Bertha 71 Ellsworth, Eleanor 1rf Ellsworth,Eleanor,Mrs.75 Elm,Charley 49 Elm,Charley 143 Elm,Eddie 49 Elm,Emma 49 Elm,lda 49 Elm,Nettie 49 Elm,Theodore 49 Else,Patricia 6 Elsworth,Bertha 49,94 36 Elwell,Chas. Elwell, Laura 139 Emery,Chas. 10 Emick,Lois 13 Emmett, E.M. 36 Emmett,Eva 76 Emmett, Evelyn 65 Emmett,Miss 114 Emmett, •••• R.E.Miss 80 Emory,Bertha 58 Endler, Carrie' 118 Endly,Harry 122 Endly,Ollie 122 Endly,Sirrilda 122 Endly, Willie 122 Engle,Jessie 46 Engle,Maggie 6 English,Lottie 45 English,Millie 45 English,Roy AS Eno, T.J. 6 Eno,T.J. Mrs. 6 47 Enslow,E.E. Enterprise #18 65,72,74 Epley,Hattie 24,71 Epley, Myrtle 120 Ericsson,Theodore 25 Ernst,Dorothy 6 Ervin,Benjamin 43 Ervin,Cora 43 Ervin,Edith 43 Ervin,Johnny 43 Ervin,Lillie 43 143 Ervin,Mabe 60 Ervin,Nelson Ervin,Richard 43 Ervin,Samuel 43 Ervin,Sarah 43 Erwin,Viola 43 Eudora 95,151,131 80,151 Eudora #28 Eudora #89 15 Evans, Bert 109 Evans, Emma 152 Evans, Fee 139 Evans, Fern 112 Evans,H.P. 94 Evans,Henry 78 Evans,Lillie 152 Evans,Rella Mrs. 6,56,65 Evans,Ruth 112 Evans, Thomas E. 131 Evans,Thomas S. 76 Evenger,Leonard 91 Everhart,H.S. 60 Everhart, Rebecca 159 Everley,Flossie 67 Everley,Margaret 2,58 Ewers,Jimmie 69 Ewers,Lloyd 69 Ewing, A.J. 144 Exceline 64,77 Excelsior Sch.#77 76,123 Excesior #77, 77,143 Exline #91 143 Fairbanks,Edna 102 Fairchilds,J.J. 143 Fairdella,Martin 67 Fairview 37,133 FairviewMethodist Ch.79 Fairview #21 '77,94 Faith, 113 Faloon,Maggie 100 Faringer,Dora 118 Faringer, Eddie 118 Faringer,H.W. 67 Faringer,Norris 118 FarleyTheron 102 Farmland #71 79,113,141 Faust,Bertha 91 Faust,C. J.. 91 Faust,Teressa 91 Fawcett,Ella 28 Fawl, C.J'. 6 Fawl, Edna 6, 75 Fawl, F. E. 75 Fawl, G.T. 6 Fawl, George F. 6 149 Fawl. Maud Fawl, Patrick 6 Featherston,L.H. 86,87 Featherston,L.H. Mrs. 87 Felch,B.D. 34 Fenstemaker, Billy 137 Fenstenmaker, Stanley F~ 111 Fenton,Jessie King 58 Ferguson, Levi 144 Ferris, Alice 158 Figgs,Everett 10 Finch,Ruby 97 Findley,Jennie 89 Findley,Julia 89 Fine, J.Marvin 115 Fink,James E. 13 Finley, A. 105 Finley, Rhoda 2 First BapistChurch 138 Fishburn,Beatrice Mrs. 42 Fishburn,Dorothy Mrs. 4 Fishburn,Frank 4 Fishburn,H.H. 40,41 Fishburn,Harry 42 Fishburn,J.W. 45,46 Fishburn,John 46 Fishburn,Mabel C. 4 Fishburn,Marlie 75 Fishburn,Ora 41 �I RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Fishburn,Pete 42 Fishe1,Venton C. II I 18 Fisher,D.C. 122 Fisher, D.C. Fisher,De Witt 18 Fisher, Harold 118 Fisher, Harold A. 143 Fisher,Haro1d C. IV,42,118 Fisher,Harry 41,46,65 Fisher,J.C. 18 Fisher,Jessie" 41 Fisher,Lester 49 Fisher,Lester 118 Fisher,Mamie 65 Fisher, Mayme 117 Fisher,Mi1dred 41 Fisher, Nannie 139 Fisher,Nea 16 Fisher,Rache 14,56 Fisher,Rache1 Flory 18 Fisher, Rache11 152 Fisher, T.J. 122 Fittsgera1d, F.J. 158 Fitz ,Anna 160 Fitz, Geo. 158 Fitz,Geo. 160 Fitz,Herbert 160 Fitz,Jessie 161 Fitz,Les1ie 161 Fitz ,Myra 161 Fitz, Jessie 30,94,96 Fitz, JessieLes1iel, 91 Fitz, JessieMiss 60 Fitz, JessieMyra 61 Fitzpatrick, Charlie 105 Fitzpatrick,Frank 105 Fitzpatrick, J.L. 158 Fitzpatrick,Kirk 105 Fitzpatrick,L1oyd 21 Fitzpatrick,M.F. 104 Fitzpatrick,Teressa 105 Fitzpatrick, W.E. 106 Fitzpatrick,Wm 105 Fitzues,A1ice 128 Fitzues,Frank 128 Fitzues,Jim 128 Fitzues, Sprat 128 F1eer,Emma 87 F1eer;F1eer 49 Fleer,Lucas 50 Fleer,Walter 87 Fl.eishman,Edna 98 Fleishman,Phillip 96 Fleshman, Edna 139 Fletcher, J.S. 124 Fletcher, Jasiah S. 123 Flinn,Ella 60 F1oei, alva 133 Floey,Dudley 133 F1oey,I.S. 133 F1ora,Fern 49,76, F1ora,G1enn 77 Flora,Joe 45 Flora, L.A. 143 Flora,Maggie 45 F1ora,Norman 45 F1ora,Purnie 45 Flora,Rova 45 Flory,A1va 61 F1ory,Ar1ene 63,69 Flory,Arthur 87 Flory,Arthur E. 47 F1ory,B.E. 4 Flory, Bert 118 F1ory,C.W. 118 Flory,Christina 6 74 F1ory,C1yde Flory, Cyrus W. 117 Flory,E.D. 74 Flory,E.W. 60 Flory,Frank 118 Flory,Fred 118 F1ory,Fred C. 4 F1ory,Frederick 61 Flory, I.S. 132 F1ory,Iva 61 F1ory,J.H. 118 Flory,J.M. 4 118 Flory,J.M. Flory,John W. 143 Flory,Laura 87 Flory, Levi 131 Flory,Levi 132 F1ory,Lola 63 Flory,Lola 118 Flory,Louetta 87 F1ory,Mark 118 Flory,Mary 6 F1ory,Maud 61 Flory,Mrs. Robert C. III Flory,Nora 6 Flory,Rachel18 Flory,Roy 117 Flory,Roy 118 Flory,Susan Bell 49 Flory,W.A. 60 Flory,W.A. 118 Flory,Wa11ace 118 F1ory,Winnie 118 Fogerty,Vio1a 87 Fogerty, Viola 117 Foi1es,Esther Mrs. 87 Foley,Joe 11 Fo1ey,Margaret 13 Folks, 39 Fo1ks,Ray 39 Fo1ks,Wi11is K. 39 Foos, Millie 141 Forbes,Hattie C. Mrs. 47 Ford, Chester 63 Ford,Fred 63 Ford,Jessie 63 Ford,May 63 Ford,Ruth 82 Fordyce,Arthur 160 Fordyce,Grace 92 Foreman,Maggie 69 Foreman,Mary 69 Forne11i,Anthony D. 103 Forsythe,E.S. 15 Forth, C.E. 47 Forth,Char1ey 41 Forth,Effie 41 Forth,Freddie 41 Forth,J~A. Mrs 47 Forth,Myrt1e 41 Foster,Arthur 58 Foster,Eva 102 Foster,He1en 24 Foster,John 13 Foster, Josephine 113 Foster,L1oyd 98 Foster,Wm 138 Fow1er,Judith 44 43 Fox,Cora 43 Fox,George Fox,Jennie 43 Franklin 127,142,81 Franklin #16 81,113 118 Frantz, FRed Fraternal AidAssoc. 117 Frazier, Alta 125 Frazier,Cora 4 129 Frederick, Mary K. 137 Fredericks, Mary 137 Free StateVa 11 ey 15 Freese,A. Louise Freese,Annie 36 36 Freese,C1ara 36 Freese,Herbert 50 Freese,J.H. #10 Freese,Louise 8 36 Freese,Margie Freese,Maud 36 Freese,Oliver 36 French,???? 25 French,Fern A. 56 French,Grace 90 French,John 89 French,John M. 90 French,L.G. 87 French,Louis G. 65 French,Ne11ie 90 French,Ste11a 24 Frey,Jackie H. 24 Frey, John 144 Friend,E11a 86 Friend,Gin 91 Friend,Ida 91 Friend,Rose 91 Fritze1,Char1ey 102 Fritze1,Henry 102 Fritze1,Jessie 102 Fritze1,John 102 Fritze1,John Valentine 101 Fritze1,Margaret 103 Fritze1, Margaret 110 Fritze1,Mary 102 Fritze1,Minnie 102 Froe1iger,B.J. 144 Frowe,Eva 112 147 Frowe, Eva 147 Frowe,Wm Fry, Casia Nae 114 122 Fry, Roa C. 141 Frye, Eva Frye,J.W. 141 52 Fuhs, Fuhs,Wm 52 Fu1kerson,Emmett 65 Fu11er,Mary 80 Fultz, Carrie Mrs 26 Furman, John 151 Furman,John H. 151 Furman,Mindful H. 151 Fussel1,Sarah 60 Gabhart, Crystall 115 53 Gabrie1,Dorothy Gabriel,Gretchen 13 Gabriel, Gretchen 129 99 Gabriel,Gus 99 Gabrie1,Phillip Gaddis, E.E. 154 Gaines,Arthur Mrs "21 Gaines, Blanche 105 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Galbaith,Clovis 102 Galbaith,Orval 102 Gale,Chas. 101 Gale,James H. 76,100 Gale,Matthew 99,100 Galetty,C. 27 Gall,Maud Mrs 149 Gallagher,Eliz. 95 Gallagher,John 95 Gallion,Wm 60 Gamet,Florence 46 Gamet,Florence Mrs 50 Gamet,Pauline 103 Gammp,Ernest· 131 Ganbhart, Cryst)e 115 Gant,Minnie 8 Garber,Arthur 41 Garber,M. 41 Gardner,Penelope 93 Gardtafer,C.J. 48 Garratt,Kathryn 94 Garrett, Andrea Lee 130 Garrett, Clarence 147 Garrett, Irene 147 Garrett,J.M. 41 Garrett, J.R. 137 Garrett, Mr. 122 Garrett,V.W. 137' Garrett,Veron 137. Garrett,Violetta . 147 Garrett CO.Maryland. 131 Garst,Isaac 4~ Garvin, 113 Garvin,A.W. 44 Gaskill,Minnie 76 Gaston,A.M. 104 Gaston,Mr. 104 Gaston,S.M. IV Gast~ock,C. Jr. 76 Gauck, 106,1~7 Gauck,Bertha 147 Gauck,Emma 147 Gauck~ Geo. Gauck,Rosa 147 Gaumer,Harry 147 Gaumer,John 147 . Geary, S9lomon B. 7 89 Geelan,Bertha Geelan,Carrie 89,91 Geelan,Charles 89 Geelan,J.W. 90 Geelan,Justus 89 Geelan,Nora 89 Geelan,Norah 71 Geelan,Norah 143 Geelan,Patrick 21,22,65,88 Geelan,Wm 90 Gehret,Nettie 49 ~eiger,Laura 60 Geiger~Maud 60 Geisle,Oscar 87 Geisle,Paul 87 Geisle,Willie 87 Gentry,Allen 10 Gentry, Allen 144 Gentry, Allen 145 Gentry, Alvin 160 Gentry,Flossie 11 Gentry, Isaac 114 Gentry,Josephine 37 Gentry, S.O. 148 Gentry, Seymour 147 Gentry,Walter 11 George,Chauncey 58 Georgey,Wm 158 Georgii,Mary 160 Georgii,Willie 160 German Evang. Church 52 Gerry,S.B. 7 150 Gerstenberger,Carl Gerstenberger,Elsie Dolby 37 Gerstenberger,Fred 150 Gerstenberger,Godfrey 15 Gerstenberger,Homer 150 Gerstenberger,Homer 151 Gerstenberger,Homer H•.. 151 Gerstenberger,Martha 150 Gerstenberger,Walter 150 Gibb,J.Gordon 102 Gibbens,Arthur 89 Gibbens,Clarks 89 Gibbens,Clyde 89 Gibbens,Dora 89 Gibbens,Flora 89 Gibbens,Maggie 89 Gibler,Beth 63 Gibson,Frieda 100 Gibson, H.O. 143 Gibson,Homer 143 Gibson, Marguerite 158 Gibson,Stella 143 Giffee,Bernice 15 Gilbert, Eliz. 68 Gilbert,Goerge 68 Gilges,F. 49 Gilges,Fremont 96 Gilges,Gilbert 50 Gill,Helen 91 Gill,Katie E. 35 Gill,Mary 87,160 Gill, Mary 137 Gill,R.G. 34 Gill,Wm H. 34,35 78 Gillhorn,Mr. Gilliland,Arthu~ 125 Gilliland, Boston 125 Gilliland,Charles 76 Gilliland,Fern 76 Gilliland,Fred 76 Gilliland, Hallie 125 Gilliland,Mabel 42' Gilliland,Mabel 6 Gilliland!T.L. 76 Gillispie,Albert C. 7 Gillispie, Be 118 Gillispie,Dan 118 Gillispie,David L. 7 Gillispie,Edith 118 Gillispie,Katie 7 Gillispie,Lawrence 118 Gillispie,Sam 118 Gillispie,Tom 118 Gilluli,Miss 125 Gilmore,J. L. 129,128 128 Gilmore, WmJ. Girley, Mabel Brown 33 Gish, Gary 133 Gish,Judy 133 Glass, Maud 129 Glazer,Adam 1 51 Glazer,Mr. Gleason,Alice 20 Gleason, Alice D. 96 Gleason,C.T. 96 Gleason,Charles 95 Gleason,Charlie 96 Gleason,Chas. J. 96 Gleason,Frank A. 97 Gleason,Frank Dr. 95 95 Gleason,James Gleason,James Holton 95 Gleason,Salem Mr &Mrs 95 Glenn, A.G. 84 . 85 Glenn, Alpha Glenn, Bertha L. 122 Glenn,Bertha Lee 18,56,85 89 Glenn,Bessie Glenn,Clela E. Mrs. 102 Glenn,Cyrus 84 Glenn,Edith 85 Glenn,Eliz. 84 #11 Glenn,J. 29 Glenn,J.T. 85 Glenn,Jennie 24,43 Glenn,Jessie Mrs 71,72,85 85 Glenn,Joen Glenn,Josephine 84 Glenn,Katie 85 Glenn,Rose 85 Glenn, Ruth 106 Glenn, Ruth 147 Glenn,S.L. 65 Glenn,Sarah Margaret 83 Glenn,Starr Mr. 85 Glenn,Viola Mrs 106 Glenn, Viva McKenzie 137 Glenn,Wm 89 Glenn #33 83,84 Glidden, T.P. 142 Globe #23 6,85 Globe #7~ Globe Sch.#97 88 Godding, Susie Platts 109 Godfrey, Ella 158 Godfrey, John 157 Godfrey, John A. 158 Goff,Gary 4 Goff ,O.M. 90 Goff,Ralph 4 Goff,Roger 4 Goodin 124 Goodin, C.W. 123 Goodin,Charles Wellington 124 124 Goodin,J.K. Gorbutt, C.Fay 63 Gordon, Maude 125 Gordon,Pearl 56 Gormont,John 63 Gormont,Marie 100 Gormont,Melanie 63 Gormont,Melis'sie 100 Gormund,Donna 2 Gorrill,Barr 11 Gorrill,S.B. 13 Gottstein,Clarence 91 Gottstein,Effie 91 Gottstein,Floy 91 Gottstein, Fred Mrs 160 Gottstein,J. 92 Gourd,Violet F. Mrs IV Gowans, J.W. 118 Gowans, S.W. 144 Grady,Gwyne 137 Graeber,Bros 33 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOU~LAS COUNTY KANSAS #12 Graham, 74 Grosdidier,Math. 15 Griffen,Gene 151 Hagerman, Mae 137 Graham,Gladys 79 Grover, C.H. 69 Griffin, Amy 125 Hagerman,Verna 91 Graham,Mabel 61,96 Grover, Jay 69 Griffin,Edith 125 Hair, Jimmie 125 Graham, Mabel1 37 Grover,L ill ian 43,69 Griffin,Emma 125 Halderman, 18 Graham,Robert 86 17 Grovernor,G. Griffin,Louise 152 Halderman,S.W. 56 Growell,Joseph 158 Grammer, Gerald Dean 130 Griffin,Mamie 74 Hall,Addell Deskins 123 158 Growell, Lul a Grand Exibition 114 Griffin,Nettie 152 Hall, Brazie 112 Gruber,Paul 65 Grange Lodge 129,53 Griffin,Rose 75 Hall,Della 125 Gruell, Clyde 98 Granger,J.H. 32 Griffis,Alice 161 Hall, Ethel 123 Grant # 100 Griffis, Alice Pardee 125 Gruell,Drusilla 98 Hall~ Ethel 125 98 44, I II ,26,130 Griffi s, Johanna 69,94 Gruell,Iva Hall ,Mary 112 98 Griffis, Johanna 160 Gruell,Nell ie Grant Twnsp 42,129 Hall,MIldred 112 98 Gravel, W.F. 158 Griffis,Johanna M. 67 Gruell,Olive Hall ,Mr. 78 Gruell,Pernie 98 Graves,Thelma 42 Griffis,Matie 161 Hall,Nelson 13 Gruell,Retta 98 Gray,Georgia Neese Cl. 65 Griffith, Adda 131 Hall,Rosalie Grffith 37 Gruell,Roy 98 Gray,I.J. 102 Griffith,Addie 139 Hallmark Inc. 147 98 Grue 11 ,Vi ncent Grayson & Reinis 120 Griffith, Alma 65 Halstead, Clara 118 46,47 Gruver, Bessie Green, Amy 155 Griffith,Birdie 74 Hamilton,Hazel 139 133 Guenther, David Green,Bertha 99 Griffith,Charlie 100 Hamilton,Mr. 98 Guenther,Glenna 133 Green,LLoyd 82 Griffith,David 131 Hamilton, Wilbur 147 133 Guenther,Harold Green,Ralph 77 Griffith,Dorothy 75 Hamm,Thora 4 133 Guenther,Linda 82 Green,Roy Griffith,Evan 137 Hamm, W.P. 150 6 Guenther,Theresa 82 Green,T.W. Griffith, Evan Sr. 136 Hammig,Anna 81,90,99 Guenther, Theresa Green,W.R. 26 Griffith,Francis 100 122 Hammig,Jacob 26 Guenther, Theresa Mrs 106 Hammi 9 ,Jacob Jr. 25 Green Bros.Hardware Co. Griffith,Geo. T. 137 " Guffler,Fred 102 87 Griffith,Gladys Mrs. 79 Hammig,Wm. 76 Gugin,Florence L. 62 Greenfield, Betha 45 Joseph 100 Hammond,A.B .. 47 Gura,Anna 102 Greenfield,Daisy 45 Griffith,Katie 100 Hammond,Alice 12,26,61,96 Gurin, M.D. 69 Greenfield,Effie 45 Griffith,Nellie 100 Hammond, B.A. 125 Gustafson,Jeweler 33 Greenwood Vally#24 64,88 Griffith,Nettie 74 Hammond ,Drew 96 Gwin, Lillie 143 49 Gregary, Bert Griffith,Nettie 131 Hammond,Edith "79 Haas ,Emma 49 Gregary,C.E. 30 Griffith,Nettie 139 Hammond,Edith Denham 37 Haas,George 49 Gregary,Maggie 60 Griffith,Roaslie 78 Hammond,Ella 61 Gregg,E. 27 Griffith,Rosalie Hal 137· Haas, Irma H. 143 Hammond,Eunice 30,143 Haas,Letha 46 Griffith,Rosie 74 Gregory, Dollie 152 Hammond,George 96 Haas,Lila 103 Griffith,S.T. 79 Gregory,Fred 152 Hammond,J.F. 96 Haas,Lila 137 Griffiths,Dorothy 4 Gregory, Fred 109 Hampton, 67 Haas,Mamie 65 Griffiths, Gladys 133 Gregory,Hilding 25 Hanes, Geo. W. 124 Haas,Viola 49" Grigsby, Bertha 147 Gregory,Ida 25 Hanes,Mary E. 124 Hack,Otto 63 Grigsby,Edward 147 Gregory,Maggie 152 Haney,Geo. 140 Hackett CoalMine 125 147 Grigsby,Richard . Gregory, Ma rga ret 18 Haney,Lula 85 Hadl,Alberta Cowles4,37 'Haney,Ora 130 Gregory, Margaret Burton Grimes, Alice 85 92 Hadl,Edward 111 Grimes, Guy 80 Hankins,Viola 36 Hadl,GraceMrs 15 Gregory, Marguerite 147 . Grimes,Jack 67 Hanna,Carrie 72 Hadl,Leonard 15 147 152 Grimes,theodore Gregory,Mary Hannam,Ben 155 Hadley,A.W. 54 106 Grinter,Josephine 43 Gress, John Hannam,Gladys 155 Hadley,Eliz.e. 92 139 Grinter, Josephine 137 Grewell ,Clyde Hanscom,Anna T. 143 Hadley,Jeremiah 92 137 139 Grinter, Phyllis Grewe 11 ,Dru i ce Hanscom,P.A. 143 Haffner,Katherine 48 . Grist, Marian 149 Grewell ,Iva 139 Hanselman,Cloyd 69 Haffner,Michael 48 94 Grob, E.H. Grewell ,Vincent 139 Hanselman, Cloyd 109 Hagerman,C.A. 58 Groggins, Dr. 86 Grey,R.M. 85 Hanselman,Jay 109 Hagerman,Faye 58,92,101 Grosdidier,A. 27 Griesa~Scott 147 Hansen,Daisy 76,131 Hagerman,Faye Deay 92 14 Grosdidier,Geo. GriesaT.E. 102 91 . Hanson,Fred Hagerman,Frank 92 Grosdidier,George 15 Griffen, A.J. 114 Griffen, Charles . 151 Griffen, Clarence 125 I �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS # 13 Hanson,Hattie 51,91 Harris,Gaien 75 Harris,George 91 51 Hanson,Rosie Harris,Hattie 76 Harbeson,Carrie 98 Harris,Hazel Mrs 94 Harbison, Carrie 125 Harris,Jennie 91 Harbison,Viola 103 Harris,Leroy 92 Harbour, Ernest 143 Harris,Lottie 91 Harbour,Walter 143 Harris,Mattie 91 Harbour, Wm 142 Harris,Millie 8 74 Harding,Alvin 29 Harris,Miss 69 Harding,Claud Harris,Netta 75 69 Harding,Clyde 86,117 Harris,Nettie 91 Harding,Elva Harris,Ole 91 Harding,Gladys Mrs Harris,Richard 8 24,115 92 Harris,Ruth 74 Harding,J.C. Harris, Ruth 151 74 Harding,M.T. Harris,Sadie 91 86 Harding,Mary Harris,Samuel 90 69 Harding,Maud Harris,Thomas 8 Harding,Walter 69 Harris,Vernon 103 ,Hardtafer,Chas. 49 Harris,W.W. 91 Hardtafer,J.E. 75 Hargett,Lois Berniece 140Harris,Willie 76 160 Harrison,? 27 Harland,Lulu Harrison,J.M. 11 Harland,Mary 160 Harley,F.2 Harrison,Joseph 11,144,145 Harmon, Julia 117 Harshberger,Gary Reed 111 Harmon,Silas 98 Harshman,Effie 76 Harmony #57 90 Hartley, Emma 122,129 Harper,Anna Miss 5 Hartman,Anna 82 Harper, Stephanie 137 Hartman,Edna 82 111 Harper,Stephanis 46 Hartman,F.M. ~arrell, 3 73 Hartman,F.W. Harrell,Bell 55 Hartman,Gus 24 4 Ha rre 11 ,0. B• Hartman,Olive 82 Harrell,Grace 4 Hartman ,Will is 82 Harrell,Lottie Jane 92 Hartup,Florence 105 Harrell,Myra 55 35 Harvey,Ed Ha rre 11 , R•J • 56 Harvey,Ed S. 36 Harrell,R.M. 56 Harvey, James M. 156 Harrell,Roy 55 Harvey,Tracey 33 Harrell,Russell 4 Harwood,Ernest Mrs 24 Hase,Albert 65 Harrell,W.R. 4 Harrell,Walter 4 Hase,Ella80, 102 Harrington, Ernest i06 Hase,Letha 76 Harrington,Jennie Mrs 20 Hase,Wilma 87 Harrington,R.L. 33 Hasford,C.B. Mrs 103 Harris,Charles 91 Hasford,Eliz. Mrs. 103 Harris,David 76 Hashay,Ruth 47 Harris,Delbert 75 Haskin, A.J. 148 ,Harris,Douglas 80 Haskins,Luella 18 Harris,Dwight 85 Haskins,Vernie 26 Harris,Ellen 76 Hastie,Albert 120 Harris,Eugene 91 Hastie, Anna 120 Harris,Flossi~ 76 Hastie, Clarence 120 Hatch,Lizzie Mrs. 151 Heckman,Perry 49 Hatcher, Oral 149 Hecox, L.H. 116 Hatcher, Russell 149 Hecox,Lyons 3 Hedley,James 29 Hatden,Eddie 33 Hatfield,W.W. 26 Heffner,Anna 49 Hatten,Ralph 91 Heffner,Arlie 87 Hatter,cora 100 Heffner,Doris 50 Hauge,Daisy 43 Heffner,Floyd 63 Hauge,Job W. 34 Heffner,Joseph 87 Haus,Mamie 74 Heffner,Olin 63 Hausman,Geo.Sr. 52 Hegeman,Coila 103 Havekotte,Florence 8 Hegeman,Coila Mrs 113 Havermole,A.P. 155 Heim,Fred 49 Havermole,Alice 155 Heim,Sophia 49 Haversole,A.M. 36 Heim,Wm. 49 Haverty, Thelma 115 Heinen,Oscar' 87 Haverty,Thelma D. Mrs 44 Heins,H. 19 Havery, Thelma Deay 151 Heise,Rose Hill 84 Hawley,C.R. IV,20,56 Hellstrom, Trace 118 Hawley, C.R. 118 Helm,Grace 4 Hawley, C.R. 125 Helman,Patricia 40 Hayden,Edith 33 Helstrom,Elva 4 Hayden, Evelyn 112 Hemphill,Anne E. Kelley37 33 Hemphill,Fred 160 Hayden,J.F. Hayden,Luley 33 Hemphill,Gladys 115 Hayden,Weakey 33 Hemphill,Herschel 160 Hayden,Will H. 130 Hemphill,Ida 160 Hayden, WmB. 131 Hemphill,Isaac 159,160 Hayes,Edna Mae Steele 72 Hemphill, James125,160 Hays,A.E.27 Hemphill,Orvall E.160 Hays,Bessie 29 Henderson,Dorothy75 Hays,Grace 29 Hendry,Jas. M.W. 7 Hays,Grace N. 27 Henley,Mary 80,94 Hays,J.M. 27,. Hennessy,Andrew 89 Hays,Martin 27 Hennessy,Frank 89 Hays,Robt. 29 Hennessy,Jessie 89 Hayter,Thelma 33 Henan, Emi'l e 125 Headley,Hatta 65 Henri,Geo. 160 Heaston,Ed S. 96 Henri,Maud 160 Heath,Erastus 107 Henri,Pearl 160 Heath, Helen Dr. 108 Henry,Dwight 21 Heath,Melvin 1 Henry, Gertrude H. 158 33 Heavner,Ina Henry,Howard Mrs 24 Heavner,Verla 33 Henry,J.D. 24 Heber Institute 138 Henry,Myrtle Mrs 89,90 Heck,Alfred 26 Henry,W.M. 84 Heck,Arthur 26 Henry,W.P. 71 Heck,Emil Jr. 44 Henry,Wm Jr. 70,72 Heck,Freddie 43 Henshaw,Nathan 144 Heckel,Anna 79 Hepner, James 75 Heckman,Bessie 49 Hepner,Ruth 75 Heckman,Ethyl 49 Herlan,Inez 63 Heckman,Homer 49 Herming,Rebecca 65 Heckman,John 49 Hernel,Wllis 82 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS II 14 Herne 11 ,Les 1i e 82 Herning Michael 60 Herring, John 116 Herrington,Jennie 65 Herrington, Mrs 149 Herriott,lvan 39 Hershey,Nora 74 Hertsler,Marion 96 Hesper 93 Hesper Academy 93 Hesper Dist 115 92,94 Hess,Edith 15,43 Hesser,Naomi 40 Hester, Emma Mrs 154 Hetri ck, 11 Hetrick,Charlie 11 Hetrick,Jacob 67 Hetrick,Maud 11 Hetrick,Nettie 11 Hetrick,Noah 11,13 Hetzel ,Eva Saunders Mrs 126 Hetzel, Park 106,107 Hetzel, Park 126 Hevener,Mabel M. 15 Hey,Cristy 2 Hey,David 2 Hey,Frank 2 Hey,Freddie 2 Hey,Helen F. 2 Hey,Michial 2 Hey,Ottilie Mrs 2 Hiatt, T.A. 132 Hibbard,Vera 81 Hibner,Elsie 52 Hibner,Minnie 49,87 85 Hick,Harry Hickcock,Daisy 152 67 Hicks,Anna Hicks, Freddie 109 Hicks,Howard Mrs. 67 Hicks,Minnie 109 High Plains 1143 95 High PraireBrowns 96 Hildenbrand,Albert 72 Hildenbrand, Albert 107 Hildenbrand,Edwin 72 Hildenbrand,Edwin 107 Hildenbrand,Geo. 71 Hildenbrand,Jacob 70 Hilkey, Adam 158 Hilkey,James 161 Hilkey,John 161 Hilkey,Mary 161 Hill, 39 Hill,Ada 33 Hill,Alice 96 Hi 11 ,Amy 122 Hi 11 ,Andrew 122 Hill,Anne L. Jefford$ 37 Hill,Ed 120 Hill ,Edith 33 Hi 11 ,Edna 82 Hill ,Emerson 56 Hill ,Fred 120 Hill ,Gertrude 102 Hill ,Gurney 94 Hill,James 122 Hill,Jennie 94 Hill, Julia 154 Hill,Leslie 102 Hill, Liberty 120 Hill,Lillian 67 Hill,Lillian Mrs 40 Hill, Madge 147 Hill,Perry 33 Hill ,Rachel 33 Hill,Rose Heise 84 Hill,S. 16 Hi 11, Thomas 16 Hi ll,W.C. 55,56 Hill,Willie 55 Hill.e,Annie 2 Hillman, Grace 156 Hill s, R. E. 29 Hilton,Edward 82 Hilton,Henry 82 HJnchman,Eda 120 Hindman,Anna 98 Hindman,Clyde 98 Hindman,Gertrude 98 Hindman,Hattie 2 Hindman,Hattie 98 Hindman,Minnie 98 Hindman,O.M. 98 Hines,Allie 82 Hines,Harry 20 Hines,Martin 74 Hines,Myrtle 74 Hinkle,O.A. 33 Hinshaw,D.Z. 82 Hird, Carl 110 Hird,Esther 24 Hird,Esther 103 Hird, Lucille 118 Hird,Myrtle Mrs 13 Hise,John 85 Hiser,Clarence 33 Hiser,Mary 33 Hiser,Naomi 33 Hitchcock, 136 Hoar,Daisy 160 Hoar,Ethyl 102 Hobbs, Delbert 112 Hobbs,Dot 112 Hobbs,Floyd 112 Hobner, Elsie 143 Hobson, Harry 123 Hobson, Jerold 141 Hobson, Jerold H. 125 Hock,August 87 Hodgden,Ralph 6 Hodgden, Ralph M. 118 Hodges,A.T. 103 Hodges, Edna 118 Hodges,Jim 118 Hodson,C.N. 67 Hodson,Carlis 67 Hodson,lda 67 Hodson,lda 67 Hodson, Ida 115 Hodson,L.D. 67 Hodson,Louis D. 67 Hodson,O.J. 67 Hoffman,Agnes 90 Hoffman,Charles W. 103 Hoffman,El iz. 6 Hoffman, Eliz. 149 Hoffman,Frank 109 Hoffman,LLoyd R. 63 Hoffman,Orva Oma 83,115 Hoffman,Virgil 90 Hoffsommer,Raymond 71 Hofner,Henry 157 155 Hogan, 2 Hogan,Adeline 148 Hogan, John 114 Hogan,Martin 89 Hogg,John Hogg,Patricia Lee 21 89 Hogue,Theph 136 Holcolm, 121 Holcolm,A.E. 137 Holcom,A.L. Holcom, Arthur 120 Holcum, AlL. 120 Holladay,Merle 103 Holladay, Merle 137 Hollenbeck 77 Holliday, 107 Holliday, E.F. Mrs 138 Holliday,Merle 26 Holliday, Robbie 139 Hollingberry, Lenore Miss 109 Hollister,Annie 94 ~olloday, Merle1 30 Holloway,Fay 102 Holloway,Hattie 98 Holloway,Nina 11Holloway,Ruby 11 Holmes, B.I. 160 Holmes,Bernice 92 Holmes, Bernice 141 Holmes,Bessie 98 Holmes, Edna 134 Holmes,L.M. 15 Holmes,Lillie 98 Holmes,Olive 80 Holsapple,Frank 45 Holsapple,Mary 45 Holton,Edie 80 Holton,Edna 80 Holton,Henry 80 Homan,Mary Mrs 69 Hood,Darire, 20 Hood,Guy 20 Hood,Harry 20 Hook, Samuel K. 131 Hooper,Billy 75 Hoover,Betty 21 Hoover, Betty 63 Hoover,C.M. 6 Hoover, Helen 118 Hoover, John 117 Hope,Lizzie 67 Hopewell 117 97 Hopkins,Ophelia 33 Hopkins, S.M. Rev. 54 Hopper, John 144 Hopping, J.W. 124 Hoppins, A.M. 123 Hornbeck,R.E. 20 Hornberger,Albert 49 Hornberger,Albert 143 Hornberger,August 49 Hornberger,Charles 50 Hornberger,Emma 49 Hornberger,George 49 Hornberger,Wm. 49 Hornbuckle,Bertha 87,140 Hornbuckle,Miss 140 Horne,J.W. IV Horne,Lucille 13 Horne,Wm III Horner,E.W. 128 Horner,J.F. 128 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS # 15 Horner, J.W. 128 Hornsby, Elmira 114 Horrel,Frank 76 Horrell ,Frank 132 Horrell ,Fran 137 Horrell,W.H. 92 Horrill,Wm 2 69 Horton,Elsie Horton,S.S. 54 Horvell, Chas. 125 Horvell,Dora 125 Horvell,James 125 Hosford, Ella 154 Hoskins,Elsie 82 Hoskinson,H.H. 92 Hoskinson,Ray 91 Hoskinson,W.E. 92 Hotz,Clarence 20 Houdyshel,Rella 82 Houdyshell,Allen 39 Houdyshell,Rella 61 Houdyshell,Royal ~9 Houdyshell,Sadie 39 Houdyshell,Stella 39 Hough,Louise 103 Houk, Clara 109 Houk, Darrell 122 Houk,Emma 109 Houk,Fanny 109 Houk, Frank 107 Houk,Frank W. 110 Houk,Geo. 109 Houk. H.P. 122 Houk,Harry 109 Houk, Harvey 122 Houk,James 109 Houk,John 109 Houk,Marvin 18 House,Ellsworth 33 House,Ralph 33 Howard,Bell 91 Howard,Belle 67,94,147 Howard,Harry 91 Howard,J.W. 37 Howard,L.D. 78 Howard ,L. D. 36 Howard,Norris Louise 21 Howard,Wm 98 Howe, Bell 152 Howe,Lora C. 83 Howell,Darlene 137 Howell ,Joyce 137 Howell, Louis Sr. 136 Howell ,Margie 98 Hoyle,Nannie 155 Hoyt,A.E. 27 Hoyt,Ray 102 Hoyt,Velly 102 Hubbard,Anna E. Mrs 37 Hubbard,Chas. E. 6 Hubbard,Dr. 20 Huddleston,Early 102 Huddleston,Verner 102 Hugenot,J.B. "27 Hughes, Bennie 147 Hughes,Ellen J. 111 Hughes,Frances G. 113 Hughes,Frankie Miss 2 Hughes, Jean 141 Hughes,Joe 69 Hughes,Langston 11 Hughes,Wm 111 Hughs,I.G. 113 Hughson,Elias 10 Hull,Ann 24 Hull,W.S. 34 Hultz,J. 19 Humphrey,W.H. 18 Humphrey,Will 17,18 Humphry,H.B. 18 Humrickhouse,Ina 76 Humrickhouse,Oscar 76 Hunsinger,Carrie 44 HunsingerCarrie M. 26 Hunsinger,Clare 43 Hunsinger,G.W. 79 Hunsinger,George 43 Hunt,August Miss 108 Hunt, Augusta Miss 128 Hunt,Ferne 98 Hunter, Hilda Jane 115 Hupp,Margaret 46 Hupps,Lt.Co. 32 Hurd,Anna Mae 71 Hurd, Henry 107 Hurd, Mr 145 Hurley,Margaret III,IV Hurley,Margaret 56,121 ,58,62,85,107,110,151 Hurley, Margaret 160 Huss,Elnora Maria 71 Huss, Ida 131 Husted,C.G. 44 HustedElmer 115 Husted,G.G. 43 Husted, G.W. 147 Husted,H.R. 101 Husted,Marie 13 Huston,E.M. 47 Hutchinson,Cyrus 43 Hutchinson,Henry 43 Hutchinson,J.B. 27 Hutchinson,John 28 Hutchinson,Lena 43 Hwy 10 130 Hwy #56 99 Hwy 59 123,132,74, Hyatt,Alice 61,80 Hyde , Emma 86 Hyde ,Emma 154 Hyde,George 103,104 137" Hyer, Hyland, Ann Reece 137 Hyland,Anna 87 Hyland, Anna 139 Hyland,Nellie 15 Hyland,Nellie 99 Hyland, Nellie 132 Hyland,T.B. 49 Ice, Charlie 152 Ice,Ella 122 Ice,Emery 33 Ice,Fred Ice,Geo. 152 Ice,George 33 Ice, Ira 122 Ice,M.F. 24 Ice,Mary 152 Ice,Raymond VI Ice,Rena 122 Ice,Susan 33 Ice,Virginia 152 Ice, W.T. 122 Ice, Wm T.122 Ikenberry,Delta47 Ikenberry,O.E.47 Ikenberry,Reba Jarbae42 Illiam,Etta E. Schaa137 III ion, Ed137 IndependenceDist 7699,123 IndiaI,133 India #5~01 Indiana81,92 Ingle, Anna M.149 Ingle,Blanche100 Ingle,C.W.46 Ingle,Helen43,45,46,49 Ingle,O.E.46 Ingle,Oscar100 Ingle,Ralph45 Ingraham, Harry A.114 Ingram,Myrtle4 Ingram,Vera 33 Ireland 88 Irvin,J.A. 36 Irvin,Jacquetta E.Reed 37 Irvin,John 36 Irvin,Robt. 34 Irvin,Roy 36 Irwin,Elmer 8,36 Irwin,Emmis 8 Iserman,Henry 11 Ishmeal,Arvon 76 Ishmeal,Christina 100 Ishmeal,Lillie 100 Ishmeal,Lydia 100 Iwicks,Sarah 76 Jackman,R.C. 21 Jackson, 18 Jackson, Douglas 149 Jackson,Helen 49 Jackson,Mildred Mrs. 14 Jackson,Millard 123 Jackson, Millard B. 125 Jackson, Millard Mrs 123 Jackson,Ruth 67 Jackson,Walter 149 Jacobs, J.H. 54 Jaedicke, J.W. 120 JamesEddie 98 James,Patricia 18 Jameson,Leonard 98 Jameson,Ralph 98,160 Jameson,Roy 98,160 Jamison,Mary 13 Jamison,Myrtle Stevenson 37 Janes, Lena 120 Janicke,Milton 4,15 Janicke,Milton 118 Jarboe,Floyd 6 Jarboe,Reba 6 Jarboe,Reba Ikenberry 42 Jardon,A.W. 100 Jardon,Bourke Mr & Mrs 154 149 Jardon, Catherine Jardon, Donald Mr & Mrs 156 Jardon, Frank 156 Jardon,Frank Mrs 156 Jardon,Leona 41 Jardon, Leona125 Jardon,Lola100 Jardon,M.F.100 Jardon,Marcella139 Jardon,Rob156 Jardon,V.S.Mrs 155 Jay,Alice 55 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS # Jay, Alice 150 Johnson,Ernest 31 Jay,C.E. 74 Johnson,G.B. 66 Jay,Ed 49 Johnson,Gene 37 Jay,Ella 84 Johnson,George 89 Jeffords,Agnes L. Hill 37 Johnson,Harry 33 Jeffries,Wilbur 40 Johnson,Jo Ann 50 Jehle,Annie 63 Johnson,John 55 Jehle,Daryl 87 Johnson,Louis 89 Jehle,Walter 48 Johnson,Lulu 89 Jenkins, 113 Johnson,Pearl 118 Jenkins,Francis M. 64 Johnson,Rolley 89 Jenkins,H.S. 65 Johnson,Ruby 89 Jenkins,Mary C. 64 Johnson,Salome 4 Johnson,Soloman 55 Jenkins, Walter 139 Jennings, 18 Johnson,Willie 20 Jennings,Kelley 4 Johnson,Wm M. 153 Jennings,Lennie 4 Johnson Co. 134,130 Jennings,Marbis 20,21 Johnson Co. 99 Jennings,Marion 4 Joint 68-70 99 Jenson,Dilla 33 Joint #80 130 Jenson,Inez94 Jones, 39 Jenson,Lilla33 Jones,Bas 76 Jenson,Vera69 Jones,Bert 109 Jessee,William32 Jones,Dora 41 Jessie, Mattie143 Jones,Edward 59,60 . Jewett,Mary102 Jones,Elmer 41 Johanning,Addie49, Jones,Elsie M. 137 Johanning,Car150 Jones, Elsie M. 160 Johanning,D.W.8,97 Jones,Emma 39,41 Jones,Harlan100 Johanning,Dan49 Johanning,Ernest50 Jones,Haze161 Johanning,Isabelle49 Jones,Homer100 Johanning,Joseph49 Jones,I.F.41 Johanning,Louisa49 Jones,Ida100 Johanning,Lydia49 Jones,J.L.61,104,105 Johanning,Minnie49 Jones,Jean39 Johanning,Otto49 Jones, Jessie158 Johanning, Otto L.110 Jones,Lena15,132,137 Johanning,Simon49 Jones,Lena F.36,39 Johns,Anna Lee83 Jones,Mary34 Johns,Edith82 Jones,Mattie39 Johns,Helen 8,52 Jones, 01ive125 Jones,Opal13 Johns,Jeanette82 Jones,Pete109 Johns,Johns82 Jones,R.M.137 Johnson,137 Jones, Rob.131 Johnson,Anna G.66 Johnson,BerthaBelle79 Jones,Robr.39 Johnson,Bonnie31 Jones,Ruth Clark42 Jones, Ruth Clark143 Johnson, Claral18 Johnson,Clarence89 Jones, Ruth Mrs149 Jones,Sheriff8, Johnson,Colleen90 Jones,Thomas H.103 Johnson,Donald31 Jones,Will 11 Johnson,Ed 37 Johnson,Elsie 118 Jones,Willie 125 16 Jones,Wilson Mrs 8,44 Kanfield,Hanning 69 Jones, Wilson Mrs 153 Kannenberg,Anna 2 Jones,Winea 61 'Kannenberg,Minnie 2 Jones,Wm. 39 Kansas 91,127 Jones Dist #73 103,106 Kansas Nebrask.Bill 81 Jordan,Cludia Darlene 142 Kansas PacificRailway Co. 25 Jordan,Raymond L. 142 Kansas River 128,84 Jordan,Shirley Ann 142 Kansas Territor 137,92 Joseph,N.H. 34 Kansom,J.H. 54 Journal co. 17 Kanwaka Dist #15 107 Journal World 77 KanwakakaCorners 7 Joy,Alice 63 Kanzig,Alvena 94,99 91 Kanzig,Jacob 99 Joy,Arthur Joy,Charlie 91 Karb,Clara 49 Joy,G. 13 Kardatzke,Lucil~ Mrs 87 Joy,Jessie 63 Karnes 90 Joy,John 91 Karnes,Bertha 91 Joy,Lester 91 Karnes,Clarence 36,91 91 Karnes,Edna 36 Joy,Sadie Joy,Willie 91 Karnes ,Erma 36 Jt. 101 Frankl.Co 46 Karnes,Eugene 36 Karnes,Jessie 36 Jt.112 OsageCo 46 Karnes,Jessie 91 Jt. 112 Overbr. 75 Karnes,Lola 91 Jt. dist #1 142 Karnes,Lottie 91 Judy,Maud 67 Karnes,Mattie 91 Junkins,Mildred 58 Karnes,O.A. 36 Junkins, Mildred 147 Karnes,Oliver 91 Junkins, Mildred 160 Karns,Anthony M. 90 Kaff,John 46 Karns,Hannah 90 Kaff,Richard 47 Kasson.Elaine 67 Kahle,Irma 67 Kasson,W.O. 67 Kalb.Arthur 4,30,71,102 Kastenbade,David 82 Kalb,Arthur 139 Katherman,Carrie 4 Kalb,Arthur V. 58 Katherman,Hattie 4 Kalb, Ethel 120 Katherman,Ida 99 Kalb,Eugene 140 Katherman,S.B. 33,54,89,90 Kalb,Floyd D. 30 Katherman,Sarah 4 Kalb,Kent 31 Kaufman,W.A. 4 Kalb,Margaret 98 Kaw Valley Common School Kalb,Margaret 156 #95 81 Kalb,Ralph I. 30 Kaw Valley #12 81,127 Kaler, Ethel 129 Kaw Valley #95 79,113 Kampschroeder,August Kayler,F. 11 70,71' Keefer,Addie 36 Kampschroeder,C.F. 56 36 Kampschroeder,Robert 18 Keefer,John Keefer,Will 36 Kampschroeder,Walter 86 Kampschrolder, August 122 Keeler,J.A. Book Store 20 55 Kampschrolder,Ernest 122 Keith,Helen Keith,Robbie 55 Kanaga, Beth 105 Kelley,Anna E. 53 Kane,Frank 39 Kelley,Anne E.Hemphill 37 Kane,Frieda 39 Kelley,Carl Mrs 69,94 Kane,James 39 Kelley,Katherine 98,53 Kane,Lena 39 Kane,Will 39 �", RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Kelley,Martha C.-57 88 Kellog,Ben 90 Kellogg,B.O. 90 Kellogg,Grace 40 Kelly,Anthony Kelly,George E. 58 86 Kelly,J.H. 86 Kelly,James Kelly, Mildred V. 153 34 Kelly, •• Samuel 26 Kelsall ,Chas. A. Kelsall,Kathleen 97,15 12 Kelso, Kenaston, Emma A. 116 98 Kendall ,A.C. 99 Kendall ,Clark Kendall,Dafne 99 Kendall, Marguerite 139 Kennedy, Belle 122 Kennedy,C.F. 122,136, Kennedy, Charles 122 Kennedy,E.M. 136 Kennedy,E.N. 2 122 Kennedy,Earl Kennedy,Effie 122 Kennedy,Ella 78 Kennedy,F.H. 126 Kennedy,Flor. 78 Kennedy, Flora 117 Kennedy, Frantis 126 Kennedy,Grace 122 Kennedy,' Grace Creel 137 Kennedy, H.L. Mrs 120 Kennedy,Harry 122 Kennedy,Harry 137 Kennedy,Jennie 160 Kennedy,Linnie 60,102 Kennedy, Linnie 132 Kennedy,Linnie 137 Kennedy,Lola 2 Kennedy, M.L. 122 Kennedy, Margaret· Ralston135 Kennedy,Maudie 102 Kennedy,May 78 Kennedy,Minnie 61,78 Kennedy, Minnie 120 Kennedy,Opal 56,69,102 78 Kennedy,bscar Kennedy, Roy 122 KennedyValley 137 Kennedy, X.J. 122 Kennison, Mae Turner 137 Kenzie,W.A. 4 Kepple,Alfaretta 98 Kerhner,Ida 141 Kerkman,Thelma 90 Kerns, D., 154 Kerns, Frank 156 Kerns,Lizzie 60 Kerns,W.D. 155 Kerrschner,Ida' 102 Kersley, Betty 156 Kester,Joel A. 87 Kettering,Nora 24 Key, Josephine Mrs 115 Key,May 69 .. Kidd,Sadie '41 Kidder,Marian Miss 63 Kidder,Marion C. 94 Kiefer, Cecile 112 Kiefer, Cecile Schaake 137 Kiefer,E.E. 39 Kiefer,Grace 69. Kimble,Bertha 41 Ki nba 11 , Susan 136 Kindred, 113 Kindred,Agnes 63 63 Kindred,Edna Kindred,Ethel 15,63,6~,99 Kindred,Grace 63 Kindred,Lena 63 Kindred,Nora 63 Kindred,Seth 63 King,A.H. IV,29,87,91,2 89 King,Dora King,Fred 89 87,143 King,G.E. King,Henry 89 King,Homer 6,45 King,Homer 156 King,Irvi~g C. 103 King,Jessie 58 King,John 89 King,Maxie 89 King,Olive 13 King,Wesley 89 . Kingery,E.W. 87 Kingery,E.W.Mrs 87 Kingery,Ruby 87 Kingston,Orva 174 Kinkade,Edie 96 Kinkade,Jessie 96 Kinkade,Noah 96 Kinkade,Stella 96 Kinne,Frank .29 Kirby,Agnes 2 38,40 Kirby,Alan 2 Kirby,Amy Kirby,Arthur 2 Kirby,Clara 2,87 49 Kirby,Clara E. Kirby,Daniel 38,40 Kirby,Donald 100 Kirby,Genevieve 69 Kirby,George 2 Kirby,Harry 2 43 Kirby,Ida Kirby,Osbourn 2 Kirchner,Charles B. 76 Kirchner,Clarah 76 Kirchner,Freddie 76 Kirchner,George 76 Kirchner,Henry 76 Kirk,Alexander 23 Kirk,Dorothy 153 Kirk, Dorothy M. 133 Kiser,D.P. 32,33 33 Kiser,Frank Kitt,Roy 40 Kitzmiller,Perry 83 Klass,Harry 82 Klaxton,Florence 20 Klein, Grace 105 Kling,Adam 60 Kluss,W.W. 82 KLWN 58 Knabe,Alvena 81,133 Knabe,Mae 99 Knight, Chas. 129 Knight,Curtis 129 Knisley,Daisy 6 Knoase,Betty 40 Knop, Esther 115 Knopp,Louise 81 Knott,Alma Mrs. 15 Koch,Esther 4 94 . Koetiler,A.J. Koehler, Henry 148 Koehler, J.E. 122 Koehler,Louise W. 76 Koehler, Lydia 134 Koehier,P. ' 153 Koehler,Paul 79 Koehring,Martha 82 Koehring, WmK. 127 Koerner,Lizzie 2 Koff, Richard 118 Kohler,Belle 109 Kohler, Cecil 123 Koontz, Mary Jane 118 Kraft,Roland I. 72 # 17 Kramer,Barnhardt 57,52 Kramer,Benny 31 Kramer, Harry 141 Kramer, Kay 31 Kramer,Marion 31 Kramer,Mattie 141 Kramer,Maud141 Kramer,Minnie141 Krause,Earnest65 Krause,Lucy65 K'retsinger, Beverly 142 Kretsinger, Chloa 141 Kretsinger,Ethel 141 Kretsinger,Gorg Elvin,Sr. 1 141 Kretsinger,O.O. Kretsinger,Ocia Mrs 141 Kretsinger .. Paul 141 Kretsinger Sch 1 Kring, Deanna 133 Kring,J.M. 77 Kring,Lynn 133 Kring,Milton 76,77' Kri ng, Ruth 134 Kring,Troyla 133 Kropf,Louise (Mrs.) 72 Kuhn,Clyde 155 Kuhn,Miss 2 Kuhn, O.E. 131 Kupper, August 122 Kupper,Barlow 122 Kupper,Lizzie 122 Kupper,Tillie 122 Kupper,Willie 122 LaBarior,Paul 78 Lackey, Ellen 106 Lacy, Henry 144 LaHue, Mildred 158 LaHueMildred 158 Lake, A. 138 Lakeview 113,147,115 Lamb. D,C, Mrs 149 Lambert,Maud 69 LaMont,Margaret90 Lancaster,Wm.90 Land,Al icel3 Landis,Alice43 Landis, Larry 137 Landis,Mabel 43 Landon,Claud 91 Landon,E.A. 34 Landon,E.H. 35 Landon,Henry 34,35,91 Landon,Mary 103 Lane,Alpha 12,15,26 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY Lane,E.S. 70 Laugh1in,Ocia 141 Laurence,G1adys 155 Laurence, Wm Lauver_,W.H.Mrs 143 46 Lauver,W.W. Lavings,Annie 85 Lavings,Bernard 85 Lavings,James 85 85 Lavings,Joie Lavings,Mike 85 122 Lavins,Francis 122 Lavins, John Lavins,Willie 122 Lavins,Winnie 122 Lawrence 124,144,81 100 Lawrence,David LawrenceGazette 22 102 Lawrence,James LawrenceJourna1 29,III,147 Lawrence,Ju1ie Lawrence, Lill i e Lawrence, Fellows Leonhard, Louise 130 36 Lawrence,Wm. 103 126 Leonhart,W.M. Lawrence Bus.College 39 126 Levett,Lewis .,Lawrence Hi ghSchoo 1 .r Lawrence Leav.& Galv.R.R. 125 Lawrence Scho1s 103 Lewis,Arthur 67 KANSA~ 18 Long, Minerva Longabech, Jay 143 114 ~onganecker,Mabe1 F. 20,118 Longanecker,Mi1dred 63 Longfe11ow,Ladensa 102 Longfe11ow,Lena 102 Longren,E1iz. Mrs 103 Longstreth, Ann 140 Lotas, Evelyn Faye 149 Lothho1z,Kar1 130 Lothho1z,Oscar 130 Lothho1z,Wm 130 Louis,Edna 8 96 Louisiana Lovejoy, 57 Lovet,Mr 28 Lovet,Pau1 Mrs 40 Lowman,Susie R. 40 Lown, Geo. 120,121 Lucan,Char1otte 43 90 Lucas,Margaret L. Luckan, Charlotte 130 Luckan,Otto E. 137 Lind1ey,Judith 94 72,79 Lud1am,Edith 154 Lindsey, W.H. 135 :Lugston, Geo. Lindsey,Zere1da 154 Lute, Miss 108 Linger,A1ice 141 Lutes ,Amanda 35 141 Linger,Bert Lu-tez ,Andrew 49 141 Linger,Jim 49 Lutez,Chas. 141 Linger,Katie Lutez,C1ara 41,49,96,149 141 Linger,Minnie 63,74 Lutez,Eva 141 Linger,Rose 49 Lutez,Frank Linn,Millie 86 71 Lutheran Lippe, Flora M. 154 63 Lutz,.Frank E. Lippe,Key10 67 Lutz,.Fred 49 Lisher,Raeburn 119 63 Lutz, .Mattie Liston, Dorothy 134 63 Lutz,.Oscar Livermore,Harvey 86 De Witt Lybarger,Este11a Lobb,Fred 18 15,36,40 Lobingier,Frank K. 139 15 Lybarger,Maud Locie,Grace 5 Lynch, Albert 120 Lockhart, Samuel 148 Lynch, B.M. 143 Loesch, Louise 112,112 Lynch, Jerry 137 Logan,A. 16 Lyon,Amas 87 Logan,Elmer 122 Lyon,J.H. 87 Logan,Me1lison 122 Lyon,Wi11ie 87 Logan,R. 16 Lyons,Harley Mrs 87 Logan, Stella 122 Lyons,Ida 36,47,49,87,118 Lyons,J.H. Logan,Wil1 33,122 87 54,69 Logan,Wm 33 Lyons,Jersey 12,156 Lohn,John W. 7 Lyons,Minnie 132 Lohn,Samuel 54 Lyons, W.O. Lone Star 46,63,115,118 Lysinger, 18 42 Lyt1e,Daisy Bell Long,Chris 49 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS # 19 Lyt 1e, Ma rga re.t 53,134 34 Maberly,A.W. 27 Macinson,T.T. 27 Maconson, 33 Macy,Alma 33 Macy,Bert 33 Macy,Clarence 33 Macy,Ernest 33 Macy,Fred 33 Macy,John 33 Macy,Mina 33 Macy,Nora 4 Madaus,Regina 69 Madden, Leona C. 141 . Madel, Marian 141 Madel,Mary 141 Made 1 , Ti 11 i e 141 Madl,Albert 141 Madl,Alois 141, Madl,Francis Madl,J.F •. 141 141 Madl,Joe 141 Macll,Joseph· 141 Madl,Josie Madl,Marian 15,79,133 Madl,Marian J. 139,160 Maffett,Lizzie K. 144 Magliaria,Kathryn 67 Mahaffy, Jean 125 Mahoney, Irene 106 .Maichel,Camilla 21,75 72 Maichel,George Dr. Maichel,Joe 74 Maichel,Ralph Mrs 75 Malone, Thelma 129 Maloney, J.C. 137 Maloney,Mildred 56,69 Maloney, Mildred Schmidt 137 Maloney, Mildres 158 Man, Ruth 125 Maness,Patricia Ann 67 Manis, Myrtle 143 Manley,Hubert 102 Mann,Howard 80 Mann, Howard 125 Mann, Ruth 125 Mann,Thelma 56,69 Manning,Etha 20 Mannix,Do11ie 6,65,75 Mannix,Edna 6 Mannix,John L. 6 Mannix,Katie 6 Mannix,Noda 6 Mansfield, Jessie 120 Mansfield,Mattie 120 Man~er, Eunice 120 Manwaring,Charlie 38,39 Manwaring,Henry 38 Manwaring,John 38 Maple, Emmett 118 Maple,Franc;s 141 Maple,Mary 118 Maple,Rob 118 Maranville,Maude Mrs 76 March,Ethel 81· Marckle,Eliz. 74 Marckle,Ella 74 Marckle,Lily 74 ·Marckle,L izzie 63 Marckley,James 60 Marckley,Walter Mrs 96 Marion Springs#100 III Marion Springs #101 50,64,77,88,143 Markle,W. 20 Markley,Dora 60 61 Markley,Etta Markley,G.W. 61 Markley,Geo. W. 60 Markley,J.E. 61 Markley,Jessie 61 _61 Markley,Oscar Markl ey ,·Robert 61 Marklej',S.J; 61,62 Markley,Solon 61 Markwell,Catla ., 33 Markwell,Lucile 36 Mar~uardt,Anna 98,r56 Marquardt,Geo. Mrs 30 Marshall,Earl 36 Marshall & Ewait 29 Marshall,Fay 36 Marshall,Lillie 78 Marshall,Paul 55 Marshall, Samuel A. 138 Marshall,T.L. 40 Martin, 39 M.artin, A.E. 120 Martin,A.H. 46 Martin,C.A. 76 Martin,Carol 82 Martin,Charley 33 Martin, Clara 158 Martin,Emma 25,36 Martin,Ethel Miss 83 Martin, Fred 152 Martin,Ida 67,149 . 120 Ma rt i n~ Ida E. 83 Martin,J.A. 82 Martin,J. Edw. 120 MartinJames Martin, James D. 151 Martin,John 29 39 Marti n, Lawrence· 39 Martin,Levi 39 Martin,Mabel 46 Martin,Mary A. Martin, Mary Jo Ann 156 • Martin, Mildred 139 45 Martin,Scott Martin,Snowdie 79 Martin,W.S. 46,47,74 39 Martin,Will Martin, Wilson 153 Martin,Wm 40 Marvel, Alma 109,141 29 Marvel,Anna Marvel,Cena 49 Marvel, Cena E•. 138 Marvel,Esther 102 Marvel,Sena .43 94 Marvel,Sena C. 34 Mason,J.~. Massey, Mary 147 Masterson,Alma 85 Masterson,Dean 85 Masterson,Jay 85 Masterson, 011 i e 85 Masterson,Vandal 66,147 Mathia, Arthur 134 Mathia,Earl 134 134 Mathia,Elsie Mathias,Charlotte 49 Matney,Daisy 55 Matney,J.E. 85 Matney ,Mi 11 i e 55 Matthews,C.E. Lumber· Co.33 Matthews,Hilda 69,149 Maxwell,Isabelle 52 Maxwell,Mary 40 Mayer,Jasper 4 McAllister,Daniel 4 McAllister,Dorothy 4 McAllister,Lucy 4 47 McArdle,Cecil McCabria,Esther 113 McCabria, Eugene 113· 37 McCaffrey,Geo. McCaffrey, Julia 21,78,90,102 McCaffrey, Kathryn 120,122 McCain,Alice 46 McCall,Bennie 85 85 McCall,Chas. 110 McCall, Esther . 67 McCall,Gertrude 149 McCa 11 , Gretchen McCall,J.Daryl 18 McCa 11 , Lorra i ne 149 McCall,Mabel 85 McCall,Madge 97,132 McCa 11 ,Maggi e 85 McCall ,Ray 85 McCall,Roy 24,90 MCCall,Tena 85 McCarty,Esther 46 McClannahan,Bertha 85 McClannahan,Eddie 85 McClannahan,·Eliz. 106 McClannahan,Elmer 85 McClannahan,Ethyl 89 McClannahan,Fred 89 McClannahan,Mary 89 McClannahan,Minnie 89 McClannahan,W.S. 89 McClella~d,Mae 40 McClintock,George 36 McClintock,Julia 36 McClintock,Katy 36 McClintock,Laura 36 McClintock,Willie 36 McCloud,Charlotte Mrs 24 McClure,Robt. 27 McCoin,Emma 39 McCoin,Lee 39 McCoin,Mae 39 McCoin,Web 39 McCollum, Maggie 89,105 McConn,Nila 122 McConnell, Clifford A. 46 McConnell, Florence 65 McCormick,Verba 30,141 McCoy,Joseph 54 McCracken,Helen 46 McCreath, D.H. 114,115 114 McCreath.David McCreath.Jennie 114 McCreath,Lucille 115 McCreath.Sarah 114.147 18 McCrerey.Dora McCullum. 18 McCullumMaggie 158 McCurdy.Annie H. 29 McDonald. Slyva 105 McDonald.Sylvia 158 McDonaldi Thurell 158 �RURAL SCHOOLS.and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS McFarland, 113 McFar1and,Bernice 112 82 McFar1and,John 127 McFarland, R.R. McFar1and,W.G. 112 MCFar1and,Wm 112 McGeeDe11a 115 McGee, Thomas 126 McGinnis, Margaret 137 McGregory, Robert 84 78 McGuffery,Verne McGuffey,A1ice 61 McHenry,Arthur 55 McHenry,Fred 55 McHenry,Maud . 55 McIntire, Ruby 137 McKay, .Carrie 69 McKay, .Roy 69 McKee, 18 McKee,Olive 153 McKenzieDe1bert 55 M'cKenzie, H.A. 149 McKenzie,H.A. Mrs 149 McKenzie,H.M. 19 McKenzie,Nora 55 McKenzie, Viva 85,105,158 McKenzie, Viva Glenn 137 McKinney, . 52 McKinney, Abby 98 McKinney, Alvin 118 McKinney,Char1es 98 McKinney,C1aude 69 McKinney, Elmer 134 McKinney,F1ossie 134 McKinney,Hepsy 98 McKinney,Ne11ie 98 McKinney,Ruth 98 McKinney, T.J. 118 McKnight, John 149 McKnight,Sarah Ann 149 McKone,Deke 69 McLaugh1in,Mamie 109 McLean,Ne11ie 82 McLean,Rhoda . 102 McLeon,Ne11ie 26 McMasters;Wayne 42 McNees,Geo. W. 36 McNees,John 76 McNees,Kate 49,76 McNees,Mabe1 8 McNees, Mabel Shaw 111,118 147 McNish, Anna McNish,Bertie 147 McNish, Sherman 56,147 # 20 Merry, C.B. 139 Mi1bourn,Zue11a 150 Merwin, 102 Milburn, Ernest 151 Messenger,Freddie 139 Mi1b~rn,Lena 15,98,160 Messenger,Mattie 139 Mi1burn,Li11ian 52 Messenheimer,Arthur 87 Miller, 126 Messenheimer,Gertie 87 Mi11er,Anna52,132,150 Messenheimer,Wm 86 Mi11er,B1ake D. 62 Messer, Richard 133 Mi11er,B1anche 69 Metcalf, Frances' 153 37 Miller, Carol 130 McTaggart, Hattie 132 Metcalfe, Frances 120 Mil1er,Carrie 45 85,96 McVery, Lucy R. Mrs. 147 Methodist Ch. Mi11er,Catherine 6 63 Metsker,A.E. Mead,Francis 33 Mi 11 er ,C1 arence 41,76 Metsker,Artis 52,61,63,76 Mi 11 er, Dorothy Mead,Richard C. 36 41 Metsker,Barbara 3,62 Mea irs, Ida 78 Miller, Elmer 131 87 Metsker,C1arence Meairs,James 78 Mi11er,Esther 99 Metsker, Elva Harding 117 Mi 11 er, Ethe Meairs,Linco1n 78 12,82 Metsker,John P. 63,64 Meairs,Marcus 78 Miller,Frankie 26 87 Metsker,L1oyd Meairs,Martin 78 Mi11er,Franki~ C.. 35 Metsker,Pear1 4,6,63 Meairs,Wm R. 79 Mi11er,Geo. 131,140 Metsker,Phi11ip 3,62 Mean,Hugh 103 Miller, Geo.E. 158 86 Metsker,R.S. Meatz,Harriett Mrs 56 Miller,G1enn E. 58 Metsker,Sonora 30,63,81 'Mi11er~Hattie Medary,Samue1 95 76 Metsker,Victor ·63 Miller, Hope Media 138 148 Meuff1es, 113 Mi11er,J.C. Medsger,Char1ie 89 75 Mi11er,Jessie Meuff1es, Albert 112 Medsger,George M~ 89 6,41 Medsger,Go1die 89 Mi11er,Ju1ia Meuff1es,Christy 112 49 Medsger,Laura 89 Meuff1es,Emma 112 Miller,Laura 33 82 Miller, Laura Lou Meyer,Christine Medsker,Geo. M. 89 115 Meyers,Anna 49 Mi11er,Lena 134 Meeder, F10in 102 Miami County 142 Miller, Lucy 134 125 Meeder,Geo. 45 Michael,Ada Meeder,George Sr. 52 Miller,Lydia 41 45 Michae1,Bertha Meeder,Mae 134 90 Mi11er,Marguerite 45 Michae1,C1ara 134 64 Miller,Marily B. Meeder,Nana 45 Michae1,Cora Meeder, Phi 11 i p 134 Mi 11 er ,Marl ene 40 142 Michae1,Da1e Miller,Mary 41 137 Meerritt, 45 Michae1,Dave Mi11er,Mary Doyle Meider, Heinrich 116 6 46 Michae1,David Miller, Mary M. 158 Meinke,Etta 61,98 45 Michae1,E1mer Miller,Minnie C. 36 112 Melcher, Olga 45 Michael,Emma Miller,Orpha 6 Me1gren,Gordon 6 Michael, Esther Mrs 141 Miller, Robert A. 139 Me1vi1e,He1en 160 45 Miller, Ruth Michael,Eva 106 Melville, E.W. 150 65 Miller,S.G. 36 Me1ville,E11en 52,61,92 Michae1,J.H. 45 .Miller,Sarah ·41 Melville, Ellen 134,149 Michael,Lola Michae1,Mary 45 ~il1er,Van Roy 102,103 Me1vi11e,E11en A. 30 Michael,Otto M. 46 Miller,Vannessa 102 Me1vi11e,E1len F. 82 5,66 Miller,W.H. ' 126 Melville, Ellen Miss 151 Michae1,Ralph 42 Mi1ler,Willis 6 Me1ville,Marguerite 2,52 Midland Mifl in,Ell iott 149 Mi11er,Wm. 102,120,80 Mendeha11,Jonathan 92 Migliaria,F.C. 85,90. Mills, Julia D. 139 Mendenhall,Phebe 92 Mig1 iario, F.C .. 158 Minnesota 90 Menzies,Louise 90 Migliario,Fred 158 Minnix,Ida 61 Meredith, Dale 156 Mig1iario.Katherine 158 Mi nni x ,Mary 61 Meredith,Dary1 156 114 Migl iario, Kathryn 61 Minnix,Noah Merrion, D.P.Mrs 130 150 Mi ssouri 74 Mil bou rn, James Merritt,Robert 25,26 Mcqueen, Josiah 158 McQueen,Maud 156 McQuiston,Wm. 36 McRi 11 , Dora 102 102 McRiH ,Harold McRi 11 ,Mary 102 102 McRi 11 , Roscoe McTaggart, Esther M.Eckman �· , . " • • ;1" RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Mitchell, Alex 147 Mitchell ,Barbara 37 Mitchell ,Byron 1 37 Mitchell ,Delores Mitchell ,Etta L. 13 Mitchell,Iva 8 33· Mitchell ,James Mitchell ,Jeanette 37 Mitchell,Jim 147 Mitchell ,John 33 Mitchell ,John D. 140 Mitchell, Miss 125 Mitchell ,Myrtle Mrs 44 Mitchell, Owen 115 Mitchell ,Patricia Ann 140 Mitchell,Wal~er 33 Mitchell ,Will 33 Mixer, Phineas 145 Mize,Theda 43 Moak,Claudia 102 Model #83 119,121,137 ModernW09dmanof America 17 Mohler,Daisy 76 Mole,George Mrs III Mollier,Bennie 87 Mollier,Emma 87 Mollier,Otto 87 Monahan, E.P. 141 Mongar,D.A. 27 Monghan, Annie 152 Monghan,Lizzie 152 Monroe,Anna 20 Monroe, Geo. 130 Monroe,Mary 33 Monroe,Minnie 130 Monroe,Stella 130 Monroe ,Tommy 130 Montfoort,Chas. 47 Montgomery,Minnie M. 36,117 Montgomery,W.A. 28 Moody,C.A. 24,81 Moon,Vera 87 Moore, B.R. 104 Moore,Della 43 Moore,Eleanor Trowe 103 Moore,Eliz. 1 Moore, Ella J. 125 Moore,Fred 85 Moore, G.S. 109 Moore, Ira Mrs 149 Moore,J.C. 16,17 Moore,Jessie 65,106 Moore,John 1,18 96 Moore,Julia Ann Moore,Katie 85 Moore, L.S. 125 Moore,Mary Lee 103 Moore,S.J. 16 Moorman, Harry 137 Moran,Kathryn Mrs 85 Morgan,A. 96 Morgan, Albert 139 Morgan,Anna 87,128 139 Morgan,Arthur Morgan,Buena Vista 15,76,156 Morgan, G.H. 129 Morgan,Gertie 139 Morgan, Gilbert 128 Morgan. Hallie139,156 Morgan,Harry 79 Morgan,Hollie 6,96 Morgan, J.F. 128,129 Morgan, J.F. Mrs 127 Morgan,John 128 Morgan,Myrtice Mrs 160 Morgan,Nellie 100,139 Morgan,Ruth Mrs 46 Morgan, W.H. . 129 Morgans 128 Morris,Claira 85 Morris,Clarence 89 Morris,Edward 18 85 Morris,George Morris,Jay 85 Morris,Joseph 78 Morris,Lewis 78 Morris,Nellie 89 Morris,Sadie 85 Morris,Warren 89 Morrison,Delbert 102 Morrison,Donald 102 Morrison,Mada 102 Morton,Abbie 79 Morton,Fred Mrs 159 Morton,W.A. 17 Moses,Edith 21,56,148 Moses, Edith Mrs 121 Moss,George 67 Moss, Homer 149 Moss,Maud 20 Moss,Sophia 7 Mosslander,Ruth F. 75 Mothers Club 95 Mound Dist #35 121 Mount Oread 127 Mount View 122 Mowl dl ey. May 74. # 21 Mt Hope Landscp & Garden Neal, Carrie 120 Neely, Lola 141 Center 13 Muckey, Fred 156 Neese, Albert Mrs 65 Mud Creek 128 Neff,Geo.B. 143 44 Neff,Sivola 160 Mueller,Harold L. 118 Muller, Charles 78 Neider, Carl Muller,Gustovas 78 Neider,Henrietta 118 Muller,Henry 78 Neider,Hugo 118 13,40 Mulvaney,Irene 160 Neider,Mabel Mulvihill, Delia 105,122 Ne.i der, Mabel 153 Murdock, Doris 141 Neider,Mabel Mrs 118 Murdock,Hardie 2 Neider,Minnie 118 Murdock, Helen 134 Neider,Will 118 Murdock,J.W. 130 141 Nei 5, Frank Murdock,Maclaren 30,141 Neis,Fred 130 Murdock,Marion 141 Neis,Gideon 130 Murphy,Allan 75 Neis,Hedwig 130 Murphy,Carrie 94 74 Neis,Irene M. Murphy,Clay 63 Neis, Irene M. 141 Murphy,Dale 75 Neis,Karl 130 Murphy,Ida 105 Neis,Lillian 130 Murphy,J.E. 71 Neis, Neoma 143 Murphy,J.P. 75 Neis,Oliver 30 Murphy,Jacob 59 Neis,Samuel· 130 Murphy,Jennie 74 Nelson,Alma 46,56 Murphy,Jim 74 Nel son, Alma 120 Murphy,M.J. 18 Nelson,Bernard 69 Murphy,Stella 105 Nelson,Camilla 47,65 Murphy, Thomas 74 Nel son,Clara 143 Murphy,Tony 105 Nelson,F.H. 20 Murray,Alta 8 Nelson,George 84 Murray. Alta. 1l0,120 Nelson, Iril 147 Murray. Alta 120 Nelson,Josephine 137 Murray.T.S. IV,15 Nelson,Susia 102 Music, Alice 150 Nelson, Vera 120,122,102,158 150 Nemis, Grace 110 Music,Ephraina Musician Protective Assc. Neu~chafer,John 90 113 New #12 113 Musick,Cheryl Ann 44 New Bel voi r #93 18 Musick,Edna 15 New Century 139 Muzzy,J.H. 10 New Di st #14 121,135 Myers,Anna 87 New Jersey 88 Myers,Katie 87 New Kaw Valley #12 127 Myers ,Leora 87 New Prairie City #87 131 Myers,Olive 42 New York Sch 126 Nadlehaffer,Curtis 93 Newby, Anna B. 155 Natl. Archives& Rec. Ser. Newby,Bessie 24,111 III Newell ,Josephine R.Mrs 79 Nay.Julia 61 Newland, RoseMarie 133 Nay.Lester 61 Newman,Annie Mrs 98 Nay, Pri sci 11 a 61 Newton,Lela C. 79 Nay, Ti 11 i e 61 Newton, Telitha A. NaY,Viola 61 63,81,1l5 Neal, 61 Nichol, Euna 150 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS 'If 22 Nicho1s,Cap 89 Nicho1s,Chas. 71 92 Nicho1s,Da1e Nicho1s,Geo. 52,132,151 Nichols, Geo. M. 150 Nichols, Geo. N. 58 Nicho1s,George 91,92 33 Nicho1s,Lorita Nicho1s,Raymond 72 Nickerson,James 69 Nico1,Edna 150 Niebrugge,Marie 6 Nieder, Alta Murry III Nieder,Mab1e F. 83 Nies, Irene 2 24 Noe, David Noe, Hazel M. 56,122 Norman, Calvin M. 56 Norris, Mary 132 Norris,Nora 13,137 North, Lu1a 63 North, Maggie 131 North Caroiina 92 Northrup,A.E. 19 Norton,E1mer 80 Norton,James 80 Norton,May 80 67 Norwood, Norwood, Helen 106 Norwood, Jessie 158 Nott,. 155 Nottingham,J.E. 6 Nottingham,Mary E. 44,129 Nottingham,Roberta 13 Nowak,Sarah 61 Nuffer, Dorothy Mae 63,83 Nuffer,Peter 104,105 Nunemaker,Eugene 26 Nunemaker,Herbert 2,37 Nunemaker,Marguerite 2,103,110 Nusbaum,Be11e 143 Nusbaum,Char1es 143 Nusbaum,Edith 143 76 Nusbaum,E1iz, Nusbaum,Homer 143 143 Nusbaum,Len 143 Nusbaum,Lora 49 Nusbaum,Mary Nusbaum,Victor 143 O'Brien,Eunice 24,58,82 O'Brien, Eunice 97,153 58,57 O'Brien,J.J. 58 O'Brien,J.J. Mrs O'Brien,Sarah 2 O'Bryon,J.W. 36 0'Conner,Beu1ah Mrs 153 0'Conner,G1en 72 O'Neil, Bert 131 O'Neil ,Blanche 29 O'Neil ,Blanche Preston 37 O'Neil ,Carl 29 O'Neil,H.L. 29,30 O'Neil ,Homer 29 O'Neil,J.B. 27 O'Neil, John B. 28 O'Neil,M.A. 30 O'Neil ,M.A. 28,29 O'Neil,M.& wife 29 O'Neil,O. 27 29 0' Neil ,Paul 0' Neil, Phyli s 156 29 O'Neil ,Ralph 27 O'Neill O'Sullivan, 64 0'Su11ivan,John 64 0'Su11ivan,John 65 Oak Grove #10 123,125 Oak Hill 13,113,126 Oak Ridge # 63 44,127,130 Oakdale 124 Oakes,Nellie 36 Oatman,Arthur C. 83 Oberho1tz,Lucetta 154 130 Oberlin #80 OBrien family, 57 Oder, Joseph 130 Oeh1ert,Jacob Lewis 56 Oehlert, Mary Mrs 137 Oeh1ert,Richard 56 142 Oehr1e,Char1es 63 Oehr1e, Charlie Oehr1e,Lena 63 Oehr1e,Pau1 87 Oehr1e,Wa1ter G. 87 Ogden, R.G. 81 Ogden. Stephen 34,36 35 Ogden.Stephen A. Ohio 92,136 Ohio Wes Univ, 124 Old Be1voir# 26 20,56 Old Belvoir #26 19,15 Old Media 125 Old Stone Sch. 21,65,88 Oldfather, Melanie 137 01dfather.Stephen 137 160 01ds, Frances 29 01ingan,Jenny Olmstead, Garry A. 142 Olmstead,Jack D. 142 01mstead,Leroy 58 01mstead,Ne1son 141 Olney, D.C. Miss 54 Olsen, Nellie 114 01son,Emma 69 Olson Bros., 42 Oread HighSchool 126 Orr,Roy 67 Orr,Wi11ie 67 Osborne,C1ifton 36 Osborne,Mab~l 36 Osburn,A.J. 71 Osburn,T.J. 54 Oshel, Mary 76 Ott, Arthur 80 Ott,Edwin 80 Ott,Emma 80 Ott~Gertrude 20,40 Ott,Gertrude 69 Ott, John 80,81 Ott.Wm.81 Ousdah1,W.A. 44 Outlook III Overbaugh.Li11ian 4,18,30 Overbaugh,Li11ian 106,149 Overbaugh,Louise 20 Overbrook 72 OverbrookCitizen 45 Overbrook # 112 42 Owen, Ellen 92 Owens, Eric 69 Owens,James B. 60 Owens,S.W. 47 Owens.Wayne 42 Owens,Wm.B. 64 Paasch, Eddie 20 Paasch,Edw. F. 37 Paasch.Ida 20 Paasch,Willie 20 Page, Lawrence 24,54 Page, Zel1a 94.99 Page,Ze11a R.4, 18 Painter,Carinne 43 Painter, Claude 43 Painter,Faustina 43 43 Painter.Loraine 43 Painter,Myrtle 43 Painter,Princie 43 Painter,Ruby 91 Palmateer, Earl 120 Pa1mater, Mabel Papenhousen, Fred 80 Pappard,Wm 49 Pardee,A1ice III Pardee, Alice Griffis 125,160 Pardee, Bennie 96 Pardee,Bessie 96 Pardee,E.E. 96 Pardee,Ed E. 96 Pardee,Henry 96 Pardee,May 96 Pardee,Robert 96,149 Pardee.Rose 96 Pardee,Thomas 160 Pardee,Will 96 Parker, Anna 52 Parks. J.L. Mrs 94 Parks, W.R. 99 Parne11,A.J. 71 Parnell. W.J. 8 Parrish,Wa1ter 69 Parrish,Wi11ie 69 Parsons, Alfred 141 Parsons, Marilyn 133 Parsons,Wa1ter 91 Pasche1 69 Patten,Crawford 125 Patten.Earsey 125 Patten, Freddie 125 Patten,Irvin 125 Patten,Porter 125 Patterson, Izetta 8 Patterson.Li1ly 8 Patterson,Lyda 67 Patterson,Nettie 65 Patterson, Ruth 33 Patterson,Sarah 33 Patton, Donald 55 Patton, J.C. 114 Payne, Don 55 Payne,Kavergne 56 Payne, L.D. 54 Payne,M.A. 54 Payne.W.D. 55 Peach Grove #45 131,140 Peairs,Anna 57 Peairs,C.A. 58 49, IV Peairs,J.E. Peairs,Lawrence 102 102 Peairs, Ruth 144 Peak, A. 36 Pearson, C.W. Pearson, Edith 102,156 Pearson, Hallie 30,156 Pearson, Holl ie 151 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS \ 36,152 133 Piper,Jennie Pearson, Maurice 112 Peterson, C.A. 154 75 Piper, Lucy E. Pearson,R.H.· 29,28,27 Peterson,Charles 158 147 Piper, Mary 30 Pearson,R.S. Peterson,Fred 152 147,148 Piper,Nelson Pearson, Ruth 87,125 Peterson, Fred O. 80 III Pipes, Emmett 160 Pearson, .Ruth Peterson, Gail Mrs 80 147 Pipes,Irwin Pearson,Wm. 26 Peterson,Geo. 80 42,81 P.ipes,Lula Pease, 39 Peterson, Gladys 49 146 Pippert~Bennie Peck~ Edward 152 Peterson, John 142 8 Pippert,Charles Peebles~ D.E. 80 Peterson, Oliver 49 Peterson,P.J. 147 Pippert, Irwin Peebles,Jennie 80 48 Peebles,Robt. 80 8 Pippert, J. Peterson, Robert Mrs 95 Peer, 57 Peterson, S.A. 33 Pittsburg NY 58 Peer,Dora E. 60 Peterson, Stephen 75 Place, E.N. 41 Peer, Estella 160 Petrie, Mildred 120 Plake, Myrtle 39 Peer, Glenn Mrs 134 Pettingaills Nursery 26 Plaskett,Eldah 143 . Peer,Roy 160 Pettingill,E.D. 28,29,27 Platt,Blanche 33 Pekeg, Peter 42 Pettit, 137 Platz,Croy Pence, Evert 96 Pfleger,Esther 160 Platz,Lula 33 Pence,Mabel 49;96 Pfleger, Ethel 15,94 Platz,Mary 33 Pence, Mabelle 147 Pfleger, Helena 98 Platz, Orval R. 72 Pence, Pearl 78,96 Pfleger,Louise 83 Pleasaito, Surah 125 96 Pfleger,Louise A. Mrs 160 Pleasant Valley #14 Pence, Verda Penn,Cordelia 76 Phelps,J.W. 58,78,92 121,137 Pennington, Winfield Phelps, J.W. 139 Pleasant Grove#38' 131 Scott 23 Phillips,Alta 43,82 Pleasant' Grove Hill 132 Perkins,C.C. 81 Phillips, Lester 26 Pleasant HourClub 39 Perkins, Carl 112 Phillips,Mary 26 Pleasant Oak#45 134 Perkins, Carl C. 80 Phillips, Mary Ellen 153 Pleasant Valley 137 Perkins, Caroline 79 Phillips, Nettie 80 Plumb,John 147 Perkins" Carolyn '82 26 Poehler,Alma 102 Phillips,Veldie Perkins, David S. 115 130 Poehler, Laura 102 'Phoenicia,Daniel Perkins,Delbert 112 Phoenicia,Maria 130 Pogue,Pearl 75 Perkins,E. 80 Pickens, Abba 23 Pohl,Dorothy 72 Perkins,J.B. 80 Pierce, Allen 99 Pohl,Henry W. 76 Perkins,Lola 112 Pierce,David Clyde 88 Pohl, Louise 77 Perkins, Marguerite 137 Pierce, Margaret Mrs 103 POhl,Walter Mrs 76 Perkins,Nellie D. Mrs Pierce, P.H. Piano Co. 33 Pollock, Edith 115,147 81,83 Pierce, Piano Co. 139 Pollock, Irena Mrs 13 Perkins,Pearl 112 Pierson, Thomas 8 Pontius, Brook 11 Perkins,W.E. 80,81,181 Pilcher, Blanche 15 Pontius, C.H. Mrs 97,133 Perry, J.e 58,125 Pine, Agnes 26 Pontius, Clayton 109 Perry, Ruth 153 Pine, Clara 122 Pontius, Ernest Mr & Mrs Perryman, LLoyd 118 Pine, Emma 76,98,132,147 130 Perryman,Mayfield 47 Piper, . 39 PontiUs,Ethel 11 Petefish, Alva 152 Piper, Aimee 26 Pontius, Ina 109 Petefish,Christy 70 Piper, Aimee 147 Pontius,Lois 133 Petefish, Emma 121 Piper, Albert 36 Pontius, Mabel R. Mrs Petefish, Emma Ulrich . Piper,Ben 152 109,111 118,136 Piper,Carrie 36,152 Pontius,Olla 109 152 ~iper~Charles Petefish,G.W. 36 Pontius,Winter 11 Petefish, Kate A. 151 Piper,F.M. 36 Poole, H.H. 133 Petefish,L.H. 153 Piper,Fred 36,152 Porter, Anderson 139 Petefish,Maggie C. 151 Piper,George 36 Porter,Arthur 139 Petefish,Wm 54 Piper,Goldie 39,147,153 Porter, Augusta 67 Peterson, Albert 147 Porter, Do 11 i e 55 # 23 55 Porter,Effie 60' Porter,J.D. 55 Porter,Marvin 55 Porter,Maud 139 Porter,Mertie 55 Porter,Ray 139 Porter,Rhodes Porter, Tommy 109 Porter,Viola 55 Porter,Virgi.e 55 Postma, Arthur 4 4 Postma,Bert 4 Postma,Dessie 4 Postma, Ida 4 Postma,Liddie Postma,Lizzie 74,148 149 Postma, Lizzie Postma,Mamie 4 Postma,Miss 148 Postma,R.A. 20,24 Potter, James K. 90 Powar, Emit,M. 89 Powar,Lettice M. 89 Powar,Lettie 89 Powell,A.J. 47 Powell,Arlie 47 Powell,B.H. 63 Powell, Clara 125 Powell, Dorothy 137 Powell, E.L. 141 Powell, Earl 41,.46 Powell, Earl 100 Powell, John 90 Powe 11 , Judi th 137 Powell, M.C. Miss '54 Powell ,O.A. 47 Powell ,W.S. 40 Powers, Anna, 112 Powers, Fred 47 Powers, Rob. 131 Praire CityIII, 96,125 Prairie City, 134,140,138 Prairie city#87 134,140 Pratt,Caleb S. 34 Pratt, Doris50, 118 PrenticeThaddeus 96 Prentis, S.B.Mrs 108,109 Presbyterians 96 President Pierce 145 Preston, A.E. 156 Preston~ Ada 41,49 Preston,Ada 76 Preston, Blanche O'Neil 37 Preston, Grace 2,156 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS ia4 Preston, Grace 1 41,143 Quakers 93,92 Rappard,E11a 49 Reeves, Ethel 26' Preston,Grace C. Baker 41 Quantri1 96,98,127 Rappard,Emma 2,49 Reeves, Ethel Deay 125 Preston,Lanora 63 Quigg, Frank 118 Rappard,G1en Calvin 6, Reeves, Gladys 33 Preston,Lenora 49,87 Quigg,Myra 118 Rappard, H.A. 87 Register of Deeds 103 Preston,Neva 41 Quigg,Roy 118 Rappard,May 49 Reid, A. 16 Preston,Nora 41 Quig1ey,Mr. 89 Rappard,W.C. 49 Reid,Audury 2 95, Quincy School 126 Preston, R. Rappard,Wi11 48 16 ,Reid,G. Price, Earl 96 Raber, 137 Rarick, M.E •. 155 Rei d, J. E. 47 Price,Harry 96 Raber, Dollie 69 Rasmussen,Annabe11e 81 Reid, Jennie E. 143 Price,Henrietta 96 Raber,Harry 69 Rasmussen,Isabe1 8 Rei1back, Jennie '150 Price, J'ohn 5 Raber,John 69 Ratliff, John 155 Rei1back,Joe 150 . 47 Price, Mabel Raber,Moris 69 Ray,E1mer 8 Rei11y,Myrt1e 56,75,143 Price,Marie R. Mrs Raber,Patrick 6 69 Ray,Ernest 8 Reiser, Agnes 118 Price,Ne11ie 96 69 Raber,Rosco Ray, L. E. 54 Reiser,Daisy 118 Price,Ollie 4 Raber, Russell 96 Ray,M.B. 8 Re1p, Martha 4 Price,Ray 96 Raber, Samue 1 54 Ray,Ne11ie 8 Rench,L.T. 8 Price, Ray E. 100 Raber,Wi11ard 69 Ray,S.E. 7 Render, Ti 11 i e 120 Price,Roy 96 Radcliff, Lesta 99 Raymond,G1enn 87 160 Renner,A1visa Radcliffe, Bell 28 Price,Ruth 96 Rea,Be11 45,74 160 Renner,Ella 95,96 Radc1iffe,C.B. Esq.J.P. 28 Rea,John Price, W.C. 74 Renner,~arry 160 Price, W.S. 82 74 Read, Edith L. 75 Raib1e,Edward Renner, Ti 11 e 85 Prim, Agnes 75,87 .Raib1e, Geo. 74,75 41 Read,Grace Renner,Ti11ie 49,156,160 74 Prim, Agnes Mrs Raib1e,Henry 6 Read, Wilma 65 Reno, Minnie 36,129 5,6 74 Prim, Ernest J. Redinger, David 102 Raib1e,Louise Reser, Arthur 117 Prim,John E. 6 Rake, Earl 122 Redmond, 113 Reusch, Clara 26,103,137 Prim, Mary 141 Rake,Frank 122 Redmond, Mabe 1, 129 Reusch,C1ara Mrs 25 Redmond, Mabel 147 Prince,A1bert 65 Rake,Harry 122 Reusch, Frank 150 Pringle, Delilah 129 Rake, J.E. 122 Reece, Ann Hyland 137 150 Reusch,Jake Reece, Gussie 58,125 Reusch, Jake & Jr 92 Pringle, Florence 12,13 Rake,Lester 122 Printer,John 41 Rake~Rose 122 36 Reusch,Maud 150 Reece, Ida Reece, Lila 18,56,153 150 Progressive Ch. of Rake, Willie 122 Reusch,Robert Reece,Li1a Tudor 58 Reusch ,Wa 11 ace 150 Brethren 62,63 Raley, Allie 1~1 137 Reece,Richard Reusch, Wi 11 i e 150 Prospect # 56, 30,140 Ra1eY,Laurannie 141 136 Rew, Harvey 30 Prospect Sch.#56 140 Ramde11,Olive 151 Reece, V.L. 129 Reynolds, 57 Reed, A,R, Protestant Episc. Church Ramsey, Addie 120 Reyno 1ds, C. 60 Reed, Alice 52,91,130 138 Ramsey,Be11 120 150 Reynolds, Charles 138 Reed, Alma Ramsey, Minnie 120 Pryor,Eda 39,40,85 4 Reynolds, Dora 100 Ramsey,Wm 120 Reed, Donald 122 Pryor,Eda B. 75 Reynolds, Florence 102 Rande1,C1ara 37,53,74 Reed, Elsie 97 Puckett,C.A. 4 Reyno1ds,Haschell 102 Reed,Emment Rande1,Olive 139 125 Puckett, C.H. Reynolds, Herbert 158 109 Reed, G1adice Rande1,Olive Mrs 79 Puckett, Emeline 97 46 Reyno1ds,Mabe1 55,100 Reed, Grace Rande11,C1ara, 134,141 Puckett,Gardiner 97 150 Reynolds, Mabelle 96 Reed,Hervey 141 Randell, Edward 120 Pugh,David Reyno1ds,Major Clark 56 52,150 Reed, Ida Rande11,Robert 58 Pugh, John E. 90 Reed,Jacquetta E.lrvin 37 Reyno1ds,Margaret 100' Randolph, 39 55 Pugh, Johnnie 63 Reyno1ds,Mary 60 Reed, John Randolph, J. 10 55 Pugh,Latitia 6 Reyno1ds,Mr. 49 Reed,Mabe1 Range1ine #74 77,142 55 Pugh,Martha 139 Reynolds, R.C. 107 Rankin, R.C. 107 Reed, Marguerite 120 Pugh,Mary 41 Reynolds, S.M. 69 Rankin,Ruth Hutchinson III Reed,Mary E. 120 Pugh,Nellie Reyno1ds,Sam 102 109 Ransda11,Dewit 102 Reed,Maud 120 Pugh,Noah Reynolds, Wm 158 Ransda11,Frank 102 Reed, Olive A. 36,150 Pugh,Nora 55 Rhoades, Otto 141 99 , Reeder, Amanda Pugh, Thomas 119,120,121 Ransda11,Ste11a 102 30 145 Rhoades,Wi1ma M. Rappard, Charles 48 Reeder, Andrew Pulliam, Bernice 44 80 99, Rhodes, Otta Rappard,Char1otte 49 Reeder,Wm Purcell, C1a! 128 Purvis,E.H.Mrs 96 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS .# 25 Rhodes, Wilma 156 Rice,Columbus 78 Rice, Cora 29 Rice,Edgar 29 Rice,Edwin 29 Rice,Frank 78 Rice,Marida 78 Rice,Mary 78 Rice,Mary V. 147 Rice, William 60 Rice,Wm. Sr. Mrs 60 Richards,C.A. 11,13 Richards,Ernest 11 Richards,Mary Miller Richards,W.L. 25,24 113 Richardson, Richardson, Arthur 109 Richardson,Bessie 8,149,109 Richardson,Edna 4 Richardson,Ethel 109 Richardson,Fred 109 Richardson,Harry Jr. 121 Richardson, I.T. 87 Richardson,Mabel 78.106.129 Richardson,May 106 Richardson,Paul 106,111 Richardson.Rev. 129 Richardson,Sara 106 Richardson, T.C. 137 Richardson,Walter 106 Ridley. Essie 39 Ridley.Robert 39 Ridley.Warren40 Riggs #81 143 Riley.A.P 90 Riley. Charlie. 43 Riley.Oan 43 Riley. Francis 24 Riley. O.P. 90 Riling,John 49 Riling,Katie 49 Riling.Leo 49 Riling.Maggie 49 Rinehart. Oaniel 87 Rinehart.Pearl 87 Rings. Robt. Mrs 97 Rinley, W.M.' 29 Rinley.Wm. 26,27 Ripley. Melissa 151 Risley. Alice 69 Rison, Amelia 76 Rittenho~.Arlie 41 Rittenhouse.Dessie41 Rittenhouse,Stella 41 Riverside Literary Soc. 147 Riverside # 1 40.115,144,147 115 Riverside #53 Roady, R.C. 65 Roark, Betty 90 Robb. Martha III Robbins, Florence 143 Robbins, Lillian 62 Roberts,A.S. 43 Roberts, C.R. 90 Robertson, George 26 Robertson. Harland 137 Robertson,Judy 137 Robertson,Lucy 43 Robertson. M.H. 148 Robertson, Nellie Mrs 130 . Robertson. T• L Mr& Mrs 14 Robertson,Willie '26 Robinson, 64.129 Robinson,Charles Gov.127,128.129 Robinson. Charlie 86 Robinson, Davey 64 Robinson, Emily 128 Robinson.School 128 Robinson, V.L.Mrs 153 Robison. Bell 65 Robison.Bertha 65 Robison, David 64,65 Robison,Em~a Mrs 56 Robison,Ina 65 Robison,LLoyd 65 Roby, ,John 54 Rock Creek 5,74,149 Rock Creek #13 148,149 Rockhold, Edna 98,160 Rockhold, John 58 Rocklund, Emily Stauffer 36 . Rocky Mounta i nSch 60 Rodehamel,Art 6 Rodewald, 51 Rodewald,Albert 52 Rodewald,Mary Mrs 111 Rodewald,Sarah 52 Rodgers, 57 Roe, 57 Roe, Alta 80,114 Roe, E.A. 160 Roe,Harold 160 Roe, Mary Chapman Mrs 56 Roe,Wm 56 Roe, Wm A. 113 Rothchild, Freida Mrs 106 Roehm. Hattie Mrs 18 Rothrock, Faye 132 Roelofsz, Josie 5,6 96,132 Rothrock, Ira Rogan,Ann Mrs 40 49 Rothrock,Ray Rogers. L.H. 67 Roudebush,Bertha Mrs 56 Rogers,Riley 100 Roudebush,Richard G. 56 Rohe.Belle 151 Round CornerDrug St 114 Rohe.Emma 141 Roy, Fred 87 Rohe.Geo. 141 6 Roy, Walter Rohe. Henry 52 Royal Neighbors 17 Rohe.Martin Jr. 141 90 Rubottom, LW. Rohe.Martin Sr. 141 152 Rucker, Wm ~ohe, Robert K. 142 Rudiger,Aimee 39 Rohe.Russell 141 40 Rudiger,Paul T. Rohe,Ruth 141 Rudisill, Stella 12 , Rohe, Ruth Mrs 30 114 Rudolph, Erna Roher,Emma 69 46 Rukes,Elsie 89 Rohler.A.C. 18 Rukes, Georgie 25 Rohler, Louise 13,40 Rumsey,Erma Roland, Mary M. Mrs 79 Rumsey,Erma Shank 37 Roller,A.C. 67 Rumsey, Red C. 98 Roller,Carrie 122 Rundle,A.M. 47 Roller, Geo. 105,122 47 Rundle,Hattie Roller, Grover 122 49 Rundle, Nelli Roller,H.i. 67 47 Rundle,Walter F. Roller, Michael 122 143 Runyan, Geo. Romans, Natalie 85 143 Roney, Cecile F. 83,103 Runyan,Monroe Runyan,Viva 143 Roney, Ronald E. 115 Rush, Margaret 102 Root,Leonard 150 Rusking, Irene 63 Roper, Margaret 149' Russell ,Arthur 69 Rork, C.L. 58 Russell, Carl E. 133 Roscoe #44 149 Russell ,Ernest 69 Rose, Billy Robert 40 Russell, Flora Mae 103 Rose, Hattie 11 Russell, Mabel 134 Rose, Miss 87 Rutchy, Callie 96 Rose, Nora 67 Rutherford,I.N. 139 Rose,S. 13 Ruyan, Geo. Rose,Sigle13 76 Ruyan,Morrow Rosebaugh, Adda 136 76 Ruyan,Viva Rosebaugh,Ellen 26 76 Ryan,Bessie Rosebaugh,R.H. 27 156 Ryan, Ollie Rosebaugh,T. 27 8,149 Sa il e, Ca theri ne Rosebaugh,Thos. 28 6 Ross, F.E. Mrs 8 Saile, Charley 102 38 Ross,Harlow Saile,Charl ie 5 Ross,Mary A . 7 5 Sa il e, Kathryn 82 Ross, Mary Adelia 149 Saile, T.J. 6 Ross, Mildred 120,156 Saile, Vera 92 Ross,Mildred S. 101,121 Salisbury,Lou Ella 13 Rosseau,Jbseph 78 Salmond,Jessie 6 Rosseau,Laura 78 Sammer, Geo. 139 Rosseau,Louis 78 Sample,Edwin C. 79 Rosseaw,John 78 ,Samson, Mary 67,122 Rothchild,Freida 62 Sanborn,A.C. 15 �RURAL SCHOOLS 'and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS # 26 Sanders,B.S. 153 Sanders, Burt 153 Sanders, C.B. 118 Sanders,E.H. 61" Sanders, Edward 61 Sanders,Gladys 18,49,143 Sanders,H.B. 61 Sanders, H.B. 60,61 Sanders,Mary 61,118 Sanders,Vina 61 Sanderson, Virginia Colman 40 / Sanford,Dorothy 158 Sanford, Howard 85 Sanford, Mary, 133,153 Sanford, Phyllis 122 Santa Fe Trail 96,74 Santa Fe TrailHist.Soc. III Sarlee, Martin 67 Sarlee,Wllie 67 Sassaman,Emma A. 143 Saum,C.F. 128 Saum, L.F. 129 Saum,Randolph 129 Saunders, Henry F. 34 Saunders, P.M. 81 Sawhill ,Mabel 150 Sawin, E.A. 138 Sawyer,Artie 4 Sawyer, Ethel 118 Sawyer,Linn 118 Sawyer, Ruth 33 Sawyer,T.E.. 3 Saylor, Ashford 106 Saylor, Cora 109 Saylor,Daisy 109 Saylor,John 109 Schaake, A.C. 44 Schaake,A.G. 44 Schaake, Albert 112 Schaake,C. 112 Schaake, Cecile Kiefer Schellenberg, Tena 160 Schellhorn,Albert 8 Schellhorn,Carl 8 Schellhorn,Herman 8 Schellhorn, Herman B. 149 Schellhorn,Hugo 8 Schendel ,Emma 2,52 Schendel, Lewis Mrs 134 Scherer,Charlie 150 Scherer,Clara 150 Scherer,Martha 81,151 Scherer, Mary 80,158 Scherer,Stephen 151 Schier, Rosemary 72 Schlegel,J. 80 Schlegel ,Lena 80 Schlegel,Mina 80 Schlegel ,Willie 80 46,65 Schlink,Nina 150 Schmidt, Gustave Schmidt, Mildred Maloney 137 Schmidt,Moleta Laughlin 9137 Schmidt, Richard 103 Schmidt,Warren " 57 Schneck, Chas. W. 83 Schneck, Gaylord M. 40 Schneider,Wm 72 Schockley, Agn~s 40 Schoefflin, Flossie 49 Schoefflin,Irene 49 Schoefflin,Walter 49 Schoengerdt, Dora Mrs 42 Schoengerdt,Edwin 44 Schooley,J.C. 94 Schoonoyer,Loretta 50 Schott , Gertrude 49 Schott, Louis 90 Schrader,Eva 8 Schroyer, Lenora 106 Schubert,Alma 160 Schuler,Arthus 43 Schuler, Clarence 43 137 Schultz, Michael 82 Schaake, Charles 126 Schultz,Oliver 81 Schaake,Chris 112 39 Schurlein,Gussie Schaake,Edw. C. 26 39 Schurlein,Tony Schaake,G.E. 113 156 Schwalm,Edith Schaake,Tillie 112 50 Schwart,Albert Schaake, Wm. 126 50 Schaal ,Etta E. Illiam 37 Schwart,Oscar 49 Schwartz,C.G. Scheer, Add 122 48 Schwartz,Charles Scheere,Ada 8 49 Scheere, Hazel Noe Mrs 85 Schwartz,Hugo Schehrer,Mary 141,52 Scheier,Rosemary 67,85 Scheir, Sara 122 Schwartz,Jane 140 Shafer,Etta 89 Schwartz,Jane Anderson 50 Shafer,Lee 89 Schwarz, Oscar Mrs III Shafer,Maud 89 Schwarz,Walter 87 Shaffer,Earl 50 Scoggins, Ala 102 Shaffer, Earl W. 30,76 Scoggins,Alta 129 Shaffer,Glenn 85 Shaffer, J.H. 48 Scott, Frank 63 Shafstall,E.W. 79 Scott, Leota 100,139 Shafstall, Milton 15 Scott, Ruth B. 29 Shank, 137 Scouten 121 Shank, Christian 131 Scoville; Nellie E. 46 Shank,Erma Rumsey 13 Scranton 137 Shank, Erma Rumsey 37 Scruggs, Mabel 33 Shank, Geo. 136 Seaman, Effie 125 Shannon,A.R.Mrs 92 Seaman, Rob. 69 Shannon, O.P. Mrs 2 Seaman, T.Y. 125 Shapland, Agnes 100 Sears, Annie K. 36 Shaw, A.G. 63 Sears,C.M. 13 Shaw, Alex 29 Sears, Capt. 13 Shaw,Charles 122 See, J.T. 86 Shaw,Frank 122 See, Lucy 46 Shaw,Geo. 122 Seele, Alford 79 Shaw, H.M. 144 Seele, H.G. 100 Shaw,Kate 122 Seeley, Enola 102 Shaw, Lawrenia 82,109 Seetin,Ed 109 Shaw,Lola 122 Seetin,Ella 109 Shaw, Loretta 8,21,75 Seetin,Geo. 109 Seetin,John 109 " Shaw, Mabel 67,106,110 Shaw, Mabel 118,133 Seetin,Katie 109 Shaw,Mabel L. 21 Seetin,Lula 109 Shaw, Mabel McNees 111 Seitz, Eddie 2 Shaw,Opal 24,153 Seitz,Fred 2 Shaw, Opa 1 I rene 56,94 Seitz,George 2 Shaw,Walroffen 122 Seitz,Louisa 2 Shaw,Will 122 72 Selch, Frank Shaw, Willie 122 Sellards, Gertrude 130 Shaw, Wm 122 143 Sellers, Andrew ShawneeMission 10 143 Sellers,Elmer Shearer,G.W. 147 143 Sellers,Lewis Sheets, Miss 114 143 Sellers,Louis Shelbar, August 149 52,53 Selzer,Dan S. Shelbar, Emil 6 61 Selzer,Elfreda Shellack, Maxine 113 94 Selzer, Elsie 54 Shellbarger, J.M. 52 Selzer,Helen 49 Shelly,Blanche 52 Selzer,Henry Shelly, Blanche A. 30,97 52 Selzer,John 137 Shep, 134,141 Selzer, Paul 119 Shepherd, J.M. 49,92 Selzer, Ruby 90 Shepherd, jennie 53 Selzer,W.L. Shepp, Albert Ed B. 120 52 Selzer,Winona 120 Shepp, Ed 103 Semple, Emma. 30,125 Sheppard, A.T. 25 Sewell, Betty 29 Sheppard, Ceci 1 89 Shafer, Earl 30 Sheppard,Della Mrs. �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Sheppard,Guy 29 Sheppard, Malta 15,160 Sheppard, Mary 136 Sherfy, E.F. 41 Sherfy, Ethel 4 Sherman, Mary 41 Shiar, Alice Cooper 36· Shields, 18 Shields, Arthur 67 Shields,David 67 Shields,J.A. 67 Shields, Vivian Mrs 148 Shields, Vivian White 44 Shirar, Hazel 92 Shirck, Louis J. 15 Shirley, Elmer 90 Shirley, F.P. 85 Shirley, Louisa 83,84 Shirley, Ray 74 Shirley,Wilburn 83 Shirley,Wm 83 Shitz, Bertha 143 Shockey, Clara 100 Shockey,Laura 100 Shoemaker, Florence 46 Shoemaker, Fred '45 Shoemaker,Jessie 45 Shoemaker,Mabel 61 Shoemaker,Maggie 61 Shoemaker,Roy 45 Shoemaker,Samuel 61 Shoot, Wm 90 Shopper, 52 Short, H.S. 154 ~hotterburg, 52 Shotwell, Clarence 96 Shotwell, D.M. 97 Shotwell,D.W. 96 Shotwell ,Harry 96 Shotwell ,Jennie 96 Showalter,Cora 155 Showalter,Grace 74,98 Showalter,Grace, 112,143 Shriener, Ammie 6 Shriener,Caroline 6 Shriener,Maggie 6 Shriener,Peter 6 Shuck, 22 Shuck,David IV Shuck, Mr 112 Shuffleton, Gertrude 27 Shuler, Alice 63 Shuler,Ethie 63 Shuler,Geo. ,63 Shuler, Geo.Mrs 50,153 Shuler,Minnie 63 Shuler,Roy 63 Shuler,Sylvia 62,97 Shultz,Don 40 Shultz, James Donald Jr. 40 Shultz, O.R. 130 Shuster, Edna M .56 Shuster,Helen 137 Shutz,Mary 158 Sibley, J.T. 36 Sicks,Carson 54 Siegrist, Harold III Sigel 153 Siler,E.H. 147 Siles,Nora 160 Simmons, 57 Simmons, Anna 143 Simmons, Arthur 46 Simmons, August 6 Simmons,Caroline 6 Simmons,Carrie 143 Simmons,Charlie 6. Simmons, Dr.J.W. 56 Simmons,Edith 143 Simmons,Eliz. 57 Simmons,Everett 46,47,87 Simmons, Geo. L. 149 Simmons, Geo. Mrs 90 Simmons,Iva 143 Simmons,John 57 Simmons,Katie 6 Simmons,Murtel 6 Simmons,Myrtle 6,47 Simmons,Nellie 25 Simmons, P.A. 72 Simmons,Rhoda Davis 143 Simmons,Robt. 6 Simmons ,Roy 6 Simmons Hill 56 Simon, Robert 44 Simon, W.A. 6 Simons,Alfred 44 Simpson, C.H. 147 Simpson, Joseph 33 Simpson,Leevis 33 Simpson,Louisa B. 42 Simpson,Wm.A. 42 Sinclair, Belle 65 Sinclair,Crawford 65 Sinclair, Dora 4· Sinclair,Lonnie 65 Sinclair,Lulu 65 Sinclair,M.B. 65 Sinclair,Siclair 65 Sinclair,Willie 65 Sindt, Doris 110 Sink,Cora 87 Sink,James 87 Sink,Luster 87 Sink,Nellie 87 Sink,Nettie 87 Sink,Tecie 87 Siteler,Judith 137 Sitzler,Ida 125 Sitzler, Rosa 125 Sizer,Daniel 20 Sizer,G.C. 20 Sizer,George 20 Sizer,Grace 20 Skaggs, 13 Skaggs,James 76 Skaggs, W.S. 46 Skinner, Blanche 98,139,149 Skinner, Chester 115 Skinner,Earl 115 Skinner,Eva 69 Skinner, Fred 69 Skinner, Harry 109 Skinner,Henry 69 Skinner,J.T. 115 Skinner,Lottie 69 Skinner, M.A. 100 Skinner, Marrie Mrs 111 Skinner,N.A. 125,156 Skinner, Phillip 41 Skinner,Ralph 69 Skinner, Ruth P. 37 Slatz, Frank 158 Slavens, Irene 90 Slavens,Maybelle 90 Slavens,Sara R. 90 Slavens, Sarah 122 Slavens, Vesta 158 Sleeper,H. 155 Sloan, Frank 27 Slusser, C.B. 72,122 Slusser, Edward 8 Slusser,W.O. 71 Slusser,Willie 8 Slutz,Eliz 158 Slutz, J.W. 157 Smiley, Verna 24 Smith, 39 Smith, A.W. 56 Smith, Abraham 86 # 27 Smith,Al Mrs 109 Smith, Albert 67 Smith,Alice 26 Smith, Amelia 121 Smith, Bessie C. 39 Smith,Bonnylin 39 Smith,Chas. 10 Smith, Cynthia Ann 128 Smith,D.F. 61,71,46,118 Smith,E.G. 61,71 Smith,Edna 6,134 Smith, Eliza 87 Smith,Florence 42,100 Smith,H.H. 160 Smith,Harold J. 58 Smith, Harold J. Mrs 58 Smith, Herman 58 Smith,Howard 160 Smith,Ida Evans 109 Smith, Ina 43 Smith, J.J. 102 Smith, James 102 Smith, Jarold J. 94 Smith,Jennie 118 Smith, Jimmy 137 Smith, John 46 Smith, Laura M. 40 Smith,Lena 6 Smith, Leora 94 Smith, M.E. 60 Smith,Mary 8 Smith, Mr. 19 Smith,Orley M~ 39 Smith,Orville 42 Smith, Pearl 79 Smith,Phistley 102 Smith, Richard 82 Smith,Rosa 130 Smith,Sarah L. 71 Smith, T.B. 34,35,36,37 Smith, Thos. 36 Smith, Ula 158 Smith, Vera 33,158 Smith, Verna 137 Smith,W.H. 41 Smith, Waneta 122 Sneegas, 107 Sneegas, Carl Mrs 103 Snodgrass, Mary Alice 111 Snow,Tom 160 Snyder, Bonnie 98 Snyder,Georgianna 99 Snyder, John W. 46 Snyder,L.B. 96,98 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Stahl ,Herman Sobriesk, Clara 25 87 Stahl,Johny Soloman, Edna B. 72 87 Stahl ,Mary Soloman, M. 34 87 Staib, Victor Sommer,Caroline 13 2 Standard'Sch. 120 Sommer,Ethel 151,153 Standing, R.E. 120 Sommer,Helen 151 Stanley, Arthur 39 Sommer,Max 13 Stanley,Arthur F. 39 Soward, C.R. 141 144 Sowash, Jennie 18,110,129 Stanley, E.F. Stanley, Fred 102 156 Sowers, Annabel Stanley, Irwin 93 Sowers, Della 139 Stanley,LLoyd 39 Spangler,J.W. 28 Stanley,Mida 102 Sparks, Mary 122 Stanley,Percy 39 Spaulding, J. 34 Stanley,Ramona 95 Spears, Mary J. Mrs 76 Stanley, Raymond 94 Speer, H.C. IV Stanley, Roger Mrs 99 Spencer, 21 Stanley, Rohama 78 Spencer, Cora 89 Stanley,Samuel 94 Spencer,Harley 23 Stanton, A.L. 102 89 Spencer,John Stanton,Alta 102 36 Spencer, Maud Stanton, E.E. 102 Spencer,Reed 89 Spencer, Russell 72,106 Stanton, Veda 24,69,95 96 , Stanwix, Agnes 4,56,58 Speraw,E.S. Stanwix,C.E. 8 96 Speraw,Edna 120 Starr,Cloyce 96 Speraw,Frank Starr,Golden 69,120,158 96 Speraw,Josephine 120 Starr,Loren 96 Speraw,Nellie 151 Starr,M.B. 86 Spidle, Eva Starrett,County Supt. 11 Spigle,E.L. 45 Starrett,W.A. Rev. IV 54 Spitler, Jacob State Hist.Soc Museum 135 Spitzer, Mamie 100 85 Stauffer, Clarice 20 Spotts, 85 Stauffer, Eddie 144 Spray,Chester Stauffer, Emily Rocklund 43 Spray,Lester 36 43 Spray,Ruth 69 Stauffer,Geo. 43 Spray,W.A. 67 Stauffer, I bba Spring, Creek 154 Stauffer,W.B. Mrs 67,158 Spring Creek, 155 55 Stebbins, Cullie Spring Creek# 2 30,154 Stebbins; Elmer 55 Springer,Alice 24,113 55 Stebbins,Mary 148 Springer, C.E. 55 Springer,Mildred 13,153 Stebbi ns, Will Stecher,Delores 50,141 Springer, Mildred Steele, Edna Mae Hayes 72 37 Chandler 18 Springer,V.C.Mrs 26,56 Steele,F. Steele, Fred 45 92 Springfield Steele,Glen 18 65 Spunky Point 18 Steele,Hattie 139 Spurgeon, Joe 76 Steele, Hugh 48 St.Johns 17 Stee 1e, I. T• 92 Staadt,Josephine 100,106 Steele, Ida 52 Staffen, 134,141 Steel e, Ida 42 Stahel, Alvin 6,13,24 Steele,Ida M. 87 Stahel,J.G. 87 Stahl ,Ada # 28 Steele,Ira T. 15,16,17 Stillwell, Anna 29 29 Steele, Isabelle Cummings Stillwell,Clara 89 Stillwell, Jennie 27 Steele,Jacquelean 18,122 Stilwell, W.O 154 32 Steele,Jennie 102 Stoddard, W.O. Steele, Jessie 76 Stoebner,Arnold 50 Steele,Pearl 45 Stoebner,John 49,50 Steele,R.A. 16 Stoebner,Lena 49 Steele,R.E. 16 Stoffer, Kathleen 42 Steele, Robert 46,76 Stone, Anzanetta 24 109 Steele,Robt. A. 17 Stone, C.A. Stone,Dick 156 Steen, Opal 156 Stone, Ella 105 Stehwein, A.S. 114 Stone, Geo.S. 86 Steinker,Catherine 25 24 Stone.W.E. Steinle,Leonard III 35 Stone. Wm S. Stephens, John E. 99 Stoneback, Dean 153 Stephens, Mary E. 115 153 Stephenson, Frances Mae Stoneback,I.J. Stonebraker,John 27 40 Stonebraker,S. 27 Stephenson,Francis 137 Stoneking, Leroy 125 Stephenson, G.W. 3 66 Stephenson, Grace Mrs 7 Stoney Lonesome Stoney Point Church III Sterit, Alta Mrs 18 Stoops, S. 27 Sterling, Furn. co. 17 Storrer, Ruby 6 Sternberg, Charles 82 Stout, Andrew 54 Sternberg,Geo. 82 Stout,Thomas J. 90 Sternberg,Levi 82 Stover, Clarence 139 Sternberg,Maud 82 139 Stevenin, Chas. A.76,100 Stover,Eva 76 Stevens, 137 Stover, Josie 134, Stover, Lillian 67,100,129 Stevens, Agnes Stover,Luke 76 Stevens,Grace Agnes 76 Stover,Perry 61.67,125,126 Stevens, Jennie M. 97 Stover,Stover 76 Stevens, Myrtle 152 Strahan,Geo. 152 Stevens, Olive Maud 125 Strahan,Geo.W. 153 Stevens, Winifred 58,92 Strahan,Gertie 152 Stevens, Winifred 118 Strahan, Jesse 33 Stevenson, H.P. 29 Strahan,Will 152 Stevenson, Lila 4 Strain, S.L. 145 Stevenson, Myrtle 58,63 Stratford, Roberta 79 Stevenson,Myrtle 76,139 Straub, Chris 47 Stevenson,MyrtleJamison Streeter, O.C. 27 37 Streeter, Ruby 69 Steward, Bertha 6 Streib, Nellie 13 Steward,Martin 6 Strimple, Evelyn 8 76 Stroda,Ed 13 Stewart, Arthur Stewart, J.W. 124 Strode, Mae 33 52 123 Strong, Stewart, James 20 155 Strong, A.V. Stewart,Jessie 20,46 115 Strong,Cora Stewart, Pearl 20 53 Strong,Ethel Stewart, Rosemary 77 5 Strong, Harry Still, A.C.Rev. 34 Still, James M. 34 Stillson, A.F. �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Strong, Kathleen K.Mrs 83 Strong,Stella 20 Strudy, 57 Stuart, Fannie 54 Stuart, Fannie F.Miss 151 Stuart, Stella 147 Stella K.Bumgartnr 36 Stubbs, Fred Mrs 158 136 Stubbs,John Stubbs"Mary Alice 158 63 Studebaker,Harry 63 Studeb,aker, Jesse Studebaker,Maud 63 Studebaker,Myrtle 63 Studebaker, Stephen 59,60 Studebaker,Susannah 58 Stull 70,121 Stull,Ida 160 Stull, Sylvester 71 Stumbo, Louise 133 Stump, Marjie 125 Stump,' Mysie 30 58,63 Sturdy, El i z Sturdy, Geo. 58 Sturdy, Helen' 140 Sturdy, Samue 1 58 Sturm, 52 Sturm, Dan 2 Sturm, John 52 113 Suiter,. Suiter, Myrtle 90 Suiter~Myrtle 158 sun ivan, Wm 65 Sullivant, Mary Ann 156 Sultzer,Wm 158 Sulzen,Adolph 84 Sulzen, Fred 158 Sulzen,J.T. 158 Sulzen, T.J. 158 Summers,Arloa 153 Summers, Harold 85 Sunflower Ord.Works 151 Supple, Marie 106 Surber, 107 147 Surcat,S.S. Surles,Bessie 63 Surrat, Charlene 140 Surrat,Charles 139 Sutters, Rob. 131 Sutton, Clara 139 Sutton,D.C. 76,100 Sutton,Dockie 100 Sutton,Edna 139 Sutton,Harry 20 Tegart,J.H. 54 Telmas,Mr. 122 139 Ten Broeck, Nettie 155 148 Sutton~Jesse Terrell, Lena 87,147 20 Sutton,Jessie Terrell, Lillian 50,75 20 Sutton,Lydia 114 Thacher, Mr 139 Sutton,Maggie Thacher, S.O. 113 100 Sutton,Mattie Thalman, L.H. 69 139 Sutton,Olive Theil, Theda Mae 122 120 Sutton,Russel Thomas, David 7 Sutton,Sena 58,113 Thomas, Fay R.Mrs 83 122 Sutton, Sena Thomas,John 116 Sutton,Vollie 100 Thomas, Lloyd 99 20 Sutton,Willie Thomas, Michael 99 20 Sutton,Wm. Thomas,O.D. 8 20 Sutton,Zella Thomas,Saul Sergeant 32 122 Swadley, Emery Thompson, Earl 63 103 Swadley, H.D. Thompson, Eddie 152 122 Swadley, H.E. Thompson, F.P. 98 12 Swadley, H.W •. Thompson, Harry 85 122 Swadley,Susan 147 Thompson, 'Jake 74 .Swaim,Mack 147 Thompson,Joe 74 Swaim,Ona Swain, Delia 87 Thompson,John 63 Swanson, Thomp~on,Lizzie 63 11,3~ Thompson,Olive J. 23 Swanson, Esther 114 Thompson,Pearl 21,20 Swanson, Lewis 57,90 Thompson,Willie 63 Swartz,Wm 87 Swayze,Minnie E. 102 Thompson.Winnie 65 Swayze,Paul 85,90 Thoren,Ed 92 Swecker,G.W. 24 Thoren, Lelia 150 Sweezer, G. 10 Thoren~Lena 94 Swender, Arlie L. 139 . Thorton, Clifford 55 Tablor,John 144 Thorton,Henry 55 Talhelm,Byron 118,132 Thorton,Joseph 55 Talley,Clarence 87 Thorton, Olive 11 Talley, Helen 100 Thralls, Frank 112 Talley, Lona 47 Thuber,Ray 21 Talley, Wm 86 Thuber,Roy 20 Tarpy, Delia 36 Thuber,Stuart 21 Tarpy,M.C. 56 Thurber~ Brent 4 36 Thurber, Carl 20 Tarpy,Martin Tarpy,Norah 36 Thurber,Coila L.A. 113 Tate, L.E. 28 Thurber,Dollie 20 Tate, Maurice Mr & Mrs 116 Thurber,Elmer 20 Tate, Maurice R. 118 Thurber,George 20 Taul, B.L. 101 Thurber,Harry 20 Taul, Hibbard 50 Thurber, Lottie 54 Tauy Creek 76 Thurber,Lottie F. 61 Taylor,Bessie4,105,122 Thurber,O.E. 20 Taylor, Cassie 120 Tietjens~Estella 63,87 1i2 Timmens, Bertha 89 Taylor, Effie Taylor, J.S. 147 Timmens,Lainard 89 Taylor,J.W. 144 Timmermyer,George 69 . Taylor, Roy·C. 140' Titford, C.C. 133 Sutton,James Sutton,Jerry 100 # 29 Titterington,Everett 12 Titterington,Lawrence 12 Titterington,M. 10 Titterington,May 12 Tobler, J.J. 120 Todd,Judy 102 Todd,Maud 102 Todd, Sammie 150 Todd, Susan 102 Todd,Willie 150 Tomberline, Fowntain C. 123 Topeka 129,135 Topping, Charlie 109 Topping,Clarence 109 109 Topping,Mary A. Torneden,Fred 56 94 TorrenceEunice 36 Tosh, L.D.L. Towles, Theo. 120 Townsend, Uriah 92 78 Townsend, W.B. Toyne, F.B •. 34 Tracy, Minnie 8,122 Tracy,Sallie Mrs 69 Traders Lodge 115 Transmier, Leroy 119 Tregemba,Marjorie 87 Trendle, Ethyl 87 Trendle, Loretta 106 Trotter,Elmer 98 Trowbridge; Nadine 24,25,72 Troy NY 93 Trueblood, 113 Trueblood, Ethel 112 Trueblood,Harry 112 Trusheim, Vincent 30 Trusine, Con. 27 . Tryon,Mickey 137 Tryon ,Tommy 137 Tuckel, Felix 49,133 Tuckel,Judy 133 Tuckel, Russell 13 Tuckel,Steve 133 Tucker, Albert 96 Tucker, Clyde 20 Tucker, Dorcas 78 Tucker,Ella 152 Tucker, Fanni e 159 Tucker,Grace 20 Tucker, Harace 151 Tucker, Jessie 98 Tucker,John 54 Tucker,Josie 98 Tucker, Lewis 96,98 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Tucker,Lizzie Mrs 78 Tucker,Mabe1 20 Tucker,Mary 18,122,149 Tucker,Myrt1e 20 Tucker,Ne11ie 98 Tucker,Nettie 98 Tucker,Ray 152 Tucker,Roy 20 Tucker, Ruhama 125 Tucker,Solon 20 Tucker,Ste11a Mrs 98 Tucker,T. 54 Tucker,W.R. 152 Tucker,Wm 152 Tudor, Lela R. Mrs 90 T~dor, Lila Reece Mrs 58 Tuggle, Kenneth Mr & Mrs 15 Turner, Alta 125 Turner, Asa 125 Turner, Earl 77 Turner,Fred 42 133 Turner, Inge Turner, J.T. 125 Turner, John 41 Turner, Lida 136 Turner,Mabe1 77,153 Turner, Mabel Fisher 143 Turner, Mae 37 Turner, Mae Kennison 137 Turner, Mae Mrs 103 Turner, Neil 142 Turner, Oscar 123 Turner, Waneta Darlene 88 Tusseey, Horace F. 52 Tutcher,B.A. 46 Tutcher,E1iza Mrs 85 Tutcher, Hattie . 75 Tutcher,R.E. 46,47 Tutcher,Randle 46 Tutcher, Wallace 45 Tuttle, 57 Tuttle, B.E. 82 Tuttle, Birch E. 36 Tuttle,C.E. 137 Tuttle, D.O. 58 Tuttle,E1iz. H. 36 Tuttle, E1iz.H.Mrs 76 Tuttle,Eliz. H. Whedon 37 Tuttle,Irwin 36 Tuttle,Katy 36 Tuttle,Laura 36 Tuttle, Lizzie 14,94 Tuttle,Otto 36 149 Tuttle, Roy Tuttle, S.H. 154 Tuttle, W.L. 36 Tutt1e,Wi11 36 Twiche11,Leone 98 Twichell, R.H. 139 Twin Mound #32 11,66 U.8.Church of Big Springs 21 U.S. govt. 154 Ulrich, 137 Ulrich, Arthur 55 U1rich,Edward 55 U1rich,Emma 55 Ulrich, Emma Petefish 118,136 U1rich,Ethe1 120 Ulrich, J. 120 Ulrich, James 63 Ulrich, John 131 Ulrich, Lester 120 U1rich,M.H. 87 U1rich,Mabe1 55,56,153,1 109,120 U1rich,Marsha11 96· U1rich,Maud 63 Ulrich, Murray 87 U1rich,Pau1 96 Ulrich, Paul Mrs 160 U1rich,Rob. 55 Umbarger,G.W. 54 Umbarger,John 54 Unger, Harry E. 56 Union 52 Upham, Graham 118 Upham, W.R.Rev 10 Uphane, Rev. 11 Urton, Shelley 8 Utz, Carrie 65 Van Horn,G1enn 109 Van Horn,lrene 109 Van Kunkle, Annie 63 Van Kunkle, Bertha 49 Van Kunkle,Birdie 63 Van Kunkle,Grover 63 Van Kunkle,Howard 63 Van Landingham,J.A. 65 Van Neste, H.G. 82,130 Van Tries,B.G. 27 Van Tries, Bertha 112 Van Tries,C. 27 Van Tries, Frank 30 Van Tries,Irene, 29,30 Van Tries,Mary 30 Van Tries,Nora 29 28 Van Tries,W.C. #30 Wade, Evelyn 134 Van Tries,W.J. 30 Wade, Ida 150 Vandeventer, Kenneth 31 Wade,Jessie 150 Vandeventer,Marlene 31 Wade,Lena 4 VanKusen,Helen 139 Wade,Meda 150 VanKusen,Herbert 139 Wade,Renee 143 Vaughn, Bernice 33 Wade,Wil1ie 143 Vaughn,F.P. 34,35 Wadsworth, Stephen L. 44 Vaughn, Gladys 98 . Waggoner, Thelma Mann Mrs Vaughn, Iva 100 133 Vaughn, Minnie 154 Waggoner,Thelma Mrs 148 Vaughn, Orlyn K. 64,63 Wahl, Freda ·103 Vaughn,Rena Mrs 98 Vaughn, Sadie 85 Wakarusa Township 32 Vernson, 'Hilda 69,149,156 Wakarusa River 124,153,81 Vincent, Bennie 45 Wakarusa Valley # 98 Vincent,Blanche 45 70,119,153 Wakarusa Va11eyOist. #98 Vincent,Carrie 6. 4,18,44,111 45 Vincent,Edna Wakefield,W.H.T. Judge 107 Vincent,Este1la 45,46 WakurusaVa1ley #98 45 Vincent,F.W. 111,133,137 Vincent,Freddie 45 Walburn,Margaret 78 Vincent, Gladys 65 Walburn, Marion 78 Vincent, J.C. 105 Wa1burn,Nancy 78 Vincent,Ste1la' 46 Wa1burn,Sarah 78 Vincent, T.E. 63 Wa1burn,Wi11iam 78 Vincent,Tommy 45 21 Vinland 37,58,92,97,133 Walden, Frances Walker, Cora 14 Vitt, Bernie 150 Walker, Estate JR. 54 Vitt, Bessie 91 Walker, Jenny 78 Vitt,George 92 Walker,John 78 Vitt,Jennie '18 Walker, Mary Katherine 140 Vitt,Jessie Walker, Will 79 98,139,141,160 Walker,Wm 78 Vitt,JessieMrs 151 Wall,Mrs 10 Vitt, Nora 52,58,8,98 Wallace, Gerry 137 Vitt,Nora 133,158,160 Wallace, Gilbert 119 Vitt,Ollie 150 Wallace, Hattie 78 Vitt,Walter 150 Wa1lace,L.B. 81 Vogel, John 26 .Wallace,Mary 78 Volgasts, Helmers 47 Wallace, Merle 141 Volyer,H.A. 41,139 Wallace, Pansie M. 69 Volyer, Lois 8 Wallen, Ruth 55 Vorhees, 39 Walling, Lalia Miss 11,12 Votaw,Alma 15 Walnut GroveOist 11 103 Votaw, Geo. J. 94 Walsh, Wilma 125 Votaw,Oscar 94 Walter, A. 105 Wacker, Gertie Oeay 44 Walter, August 122 Waddel1,Oaisy 2 Walter, Belle L. 40 Wade,A.B. 144 Walter, J.C. 85 Wade, Ada 143 Wa1ter,John A. 100 Wade,Arthur 143 Walter,Mary M. 158 143 Wade,Bessie Walter, Sara Slavens 90 150 Wade,C~inton Walter, Sarah 158 150 Wade, Elmer 143 Wade,Emma �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS Walters, August 70 Walters, Edna 112 Walters, F.O. 26 Walters,Frank 112 Walters,Myrtle 112 Walters,Olive 112 Walters,Roy 112,113 Walton, J.C. 151 Waner, Clara 81 Waner, Grace 81,118 Ward, Brutus 137 Ward, Dollye E. 61 Ward, Emma F. 18,122 Ward,Ethel 8 47 Ward, Ina Ward, Jessie 137 Ward, Lois P. 110,111 Ward, Lulu 137 Ward,Maggie 6 Ward,Miss 143 Ward,Velma 47 Ward, Vera : 62 Warden,L.J. 145 Ware, Charlene 75 Ware,Maud 155 Ware, W.W. 43 Warne, Thomas 59,60 Warner, Eliz. 46 Warner,Grace E. 95 Warner, Harper 139 Warner, J.W. 76 Warner, Milton' 49 Warnoch, Mary 18 Warnock, Lloyd 30 Warnr,Velma 143 Warnr,Will 143 Warnr,Wm 143 Warren, Betty 6,75,149 Warren, E.C. 150 Warren,Sherry 6 Warren, Thos. W. 149 Washington, Albert 33 Washington Creek 117 Washington,Mary 33 Wasson, Jennie 26 Waters, 27 Waters, Gladys 30 Waters,Gladys 29,149 Waters, S.B. 27 Waterson, Gladys C. 100,118,125 ' Waterson,Jack 160 Waterson,W.A. . 160 Watkins, Mae 82 Watkins' Nat.Bank 33 Watson, Alma 2,94,99 Watson,Herbert 94 Watson, Lotta 43 Watson,Rose 110 Watson, Sarah 89 Watson, Silas J. 89 Watt, Wm 147 Watterson, Genie 36 Watts, J.S. 143 Watts,John 143 Watts, Laura 61,63,149 Watts, Lizzie Mrs 149 ~,tt$~ M.S. 143 Watts'..: Marger.y 61 14atts,Max ~49 Watts, Payton 149 Wa'tts,Rachel 61 Watts Sch., 146 i~aukarusa River 15 Wear, Nan 109 Wear, Nan Colman III Webber, Fred 148 Wedel,Darda 79 Weed, Scott '129 Weeks; A.F. 37 Weeks,P.H. 26 Weeks, Peter H. 58 Weese, Lena 89 Weese,Wm 89 Weesmer, Everet 76 Weesmer,May 76 Weible, Cora 43 Weible, Emma 43 Weible,Fred 43 Weible,John 43 Weible,Robert 43 Weichman, Dorothy ~4,1.5a Weideman, Clara 40 Weidman, Bertha 122 Weiler,Anna 141 Weil er, Bertha 91 Weiler,Cora 141 Weiler,Geo. A. 141 W,~iler,Miss 91 Weimer, Ear.l 46,47, Weimer, Earl 74,87,118 Weimer,Guy 74 Weimer,Jay 74 Weimer,Lutie 74 Weimer, Mabel 20,74 Weimer,Mabel A. 87 Welch, Anna Louise 53 Welch, H. 16 Weldon, Emma 153,156 Wells,Carlos 139 Wells, Chas. 132 Wells, Effi~ 20 Wells, Floyd 61 Wells,Geo. 17 Wells, Gertrude 125 Wells,Gertrude L. 13 Wells, Helen 56 'Wells, Lois Mrs 106 Wells, Nellie 139 Wells, S.Pitt 78 Welter,Belle F. 63~90 Welty, John 40 Welty,Louis 40 Werts, Bessie 150 Werts,Harry 150,151 West,Belle Mrs 144 West, J.A. . 15,144 West Fairview #59 18 Westergreen, Arnold 2 Westerhouse,Anna 99 Westerhouse,Inez 99 Westerhouse, Inez E. 30 Westhefer,Don 80,81 Weybright, J.C. 131 Whalely, Geo.· 15 WhalelY,Geo. W. 14 Whal ey, Emma 35 Whaley, Harry 14 Whaley, Howard 81 Whaley, Paul 137 Wheadon,Earl 39 Wheadon,Maud 39 Whedon, Eliz.H. Tuttle 37 Wheeler, Edith 69 Wheeler, Holland 61 Wheeler, Josie R. 36 Wheeler,Lillie 69 Wheeler, Mabel R. Mrs 15 Wheeler,Ruth 69 Whirl ow, 57 White, Aghes M. 122 White, Annie 102 White, Arthur 125 White, Cleo 102 White,Daniel 125 White,Earl 98 White,Elenor 125 White, Ella 61 White, Harold 127 White, Margaret 94 White, Martia 102 White, Mary D. 17 # 31 White,Masie 125 White,Pearl 102 White, Robert G. 82 White, Siman 114 White,Simon' 147 White, Vivian 44 White Dist.N 61 44,130 Whitman, A.D. 102 Whitman, E.E. 118 Whitney, Ethel 82 Whitney,Eva 82 Whitney,Jessie 82 Whitney,Myrtle 82 Whitney,Nora' 82 Whitney,Perry 82 Whittier, John Greenleaf VI Whittingbon, Ann 24 Wible,Daris 62 Wical,G. i6 Wical,Nettie 76 Wichman, Albert 81 Wicks, C. 54 Wicks, Elsie 55 Wicks,Lloyd 55 Wicks, Miss 20 Wiggins, Geo. 39 Wiggins, J.B. 115 Wiggins,Sherman 39 Wiggins,Willie 39 Wiglesworth, 'Myrtle 18,26 40,69,130,153 Wilber, W.H. ' 139 Wilbur, Lola 15 Wilcox, Lela Mae 67 Wilcox, Nancey 63 Wilder,Abraham 145 Wiley, Edith 65 Wiley, Eliza 43 Wiley,Maggie 43 Wiley,Samuel 43 Wiley,Theodore 43 Wilkerson, Judith Elaine 88 Wilkerson,Linda Kay' 88 Willaims, Hazel Mrs 107 Willard, Grace 102 Willard, Louise 182 Willey, J~N. Sr. 34 Willey, J.W. 35 Willey,J.W. Sr. 34 Williams,Ada Mrs 98 Williams,Ann 44 Williams,Ann O. 113 Williams,Bella Miss 2 Williams,Florence 76 �RURAL SCHOOLS and SCHOOLHOUSES of DOUGLAS COUNTY KANSAS # Williams.Florence 76 Williams. Frank 98,96 Williams.Geo. 96 Williams. Henry 60 Williams. Jessie 29 Willia'ms. John S. 98 Williams. Johnnie 55 Williams. Kate 36 Williams.Lillian 132 Williams.' Lizzie 41.58 Wtlliams.Lonie 36 Williams.Loren M. 97 Williams. Lorene 53.58 Williams. Lylian 46 Williams.Mamie 139 Williams. Mary 82 Williams.Mattie 33 Williams.Minnie 158 Williams.R.L. 82 Williams. Steve 98 Williams. Winifred 65 Williamson. 137 Williamson.Dorcas T. 97 Williamson. Jean 134 Williamson.Lois 151 Willits. Donald L. 130 Willow SpringsTwnsp. 123 Willwtt. H. 125 Wilson. A.E. ' 71 Wil son.A.H. 132 Wil son. Bruce 67 Wilson.Burlile 160 Wilson. Cassie 122 Wil son. Chas. 82 Wil son.Dell ie 122 Wil son. Dora C. ll5 Wilson. Earl J. I II. I V. 40. Wilson. Edgar 39 Wil son. Fern 82 Wilson. Hazel 43.ll5 156 Wilson. J.M. Wilson.Jefferson 43 Wilson.John 144.145 Wilson.Katie 43 Wilson.L.E. 71 Wilson.Lillian 43 Wilson.Mabel 122 Wilson. Margaret 61.90 Wilson.Margaret 160 Wilson.Mildred 26.71.82 Wilson. Mildred Mrs 148 Wil son .Mi nni e . 24 Wilson. Pearl 39 Wil Wilson. Steve 96 Wilson. "Swede" 69 Wilson.Violet 15 Wilson. Wenona, 98 Wimmer. Ora 118 Winfield. James 7~ Winfield. Pierce 69 Wingert. Ervie 52 Wingfield. Daisy 24.90 Wingfield.Richard D. 90 Winkleman. Elsie 'lOa Winkleman. M. Elaine 8 40 Winsler.C.C. Winsler. J. 122 Winter. G.W. 54 Winter.J.L. 54 Winter. Jessie T. 85 Winter. Paul 13 Winter Sch.#70 I 42 Wintermantel.Faye Winters. Bell 96 Winters. Miney 96 Winters. Ova 152 Winters.Roy , 152 Winters,W.Mrs 160 Winters.Willie 160 Wiscombe.John, 45 Wisconsin Broadhead 1 Wise. Catherine 30 Wise. Charley 25.41 Wise.Chas. A. 26 Wise.Clara 25.26 Wise.Dick 130 Wise.E. 129 Wise.Elmer 26 26 ' Wise.Etha III Wise.Geo. 26 Wise.J.C. Wise. Minnie 41.100.156 Wise. Peggy Jean 130 45 Wise. R.A. Wise.Rosa 18 25 Wise.Rosie 26 Wise.Willie Wismer.Vera H. Mrs 76.87 Wizer. B.F. 84 34 Wm.? 33 Wolf Book Store 87 Wolfe.Bertha Wolgamott.Edith , 69.74 Wolgamott.Edith 109.152 69 wolgamott.Lenna 13 Wolverton. Alice 129 Wood. A.S. 36 Wood. Annie G. Wood. Charles H. 129 Wood. Haskell 93 Wood. J.B. 34 Wood. Loren 87 Woodard. Earl 33 Woodard.Lura 33 Woodhead.Lucy 39 Woodhouse.W.L. 149 Woodin. Wm 158 Woodward. Albert 4 Woodward.Anna 4.16.17.18.26 Woodward. Carl 33 Woodward. Chas. Mrs. 149 Woodward. Dumas 42 Woodward.Earl 33 Woodward.Ella 74 Woodward. Faye 74.122 Woodward. Helen 102.121 Woodward.J.R. 3 Woodward. James R. 151 Woodward. Levi 92 Woodward.Lillian 4 Woodward.Lizzie 4 Woodward.Lloyd 4 Woodward. Martin W. 55 Woodward.Marvin 33 Woodward.R.J. 18 Woodward.Roy 4 Woodward.Sadie 17.16 Woodworth.Paula 6 49 Woolsey. Ida Wordon 48 Workman.Wilma Scott Mrs 156 World War II 151 Worswick. Jessie 43.69 Worswick. Ethel Edith Worswick. Ethel Jessie 49' Wrede.Amelia Wrede.Sophia 49 49 Wrede .Will i e Wright. Faye 153 Wright. Grace 67 Wright. Grover 87 Wright. H.R. 75 Wright. J.C. 45.47.87 Wulfkuhle. Arthur E. 72 Wulfkuhle. August 105 Wulfkuhle.Chas. A. 26 Wulfkuhle. Fred 71 Wulfkuhle.Harry 107 '~iJlfkuhle.W.F.;' 32 71 Wulfkuhle. Wesley 24.25 Wymer. Rose D. Mrs 85 Wymore.Harley H. 4 Wynn. J.D. 103.103 Yakle.Anna 139 Yakle.Erhart 139 Yakle. John 31 Yakle.Karen 31 Yakle.Katie 139 Yates.Abel 151 Yates. Wm .10.144.145 Yeager.Alta 98 Yeager. Bertha 98 Yeager.Emet 98 ' Yeager. Ernest 98 Yerger. Josephine 49 Yoder. E. 54 York. O.T. 37 Young. Claude 155 Young.Edith 82 Young. Elaine llO Young.Eliza 85 Young.Erma 155 Young. Ernest W. 129 Young. Frances K. 40 Young.Jennie 82 Xoung,John 102.82 Young. L.H. Mrs . 72 Young.Lee 82 Young.Leonard 125 Young.Luther 125 Young. Olive 125 ,Young, P.C. 154 Young.Walter 82 Zeeb. Michael 105 Zeisset.Merton Mrs 50 Zeisset.Merton Rev. 50 Zeverly.J.H. 60 Zimmerman. Jessie 25 Zweifel. Dorothy A. 69 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) -- Genealogy Douglas County (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource This collection is comprised of the publications of the Douglas County Genealogical Society, including issues of The Pioneer (the quarterly newsletter of the Society) as well as directories, various indexes compiled by members of the Society, and other resources of interest to genealogists and researchers studying the history of Lawrence and Douglas County, Kansas. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas County Genealogical Society (Lawrence, Kan.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 - 2013 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Index to Rural Schools and Schoolhouses of Douglas County, Kansas by Goldie Piper Daniels Subject The topic of the resource Index Rural schools Description An account of the resource Index of the names of teachers, students, and others listed in Goldie Piper Daniels's book, Rural School and Schoolhouses of Douglas County, Kansas. The index was prepared for the Douglas County Genealogical Society. The PDF contains two copies of the index. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welling, Edna Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Douglas County Genealogical Society (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Vaughn, Donald Daniels, Goldie Piper Douglas County Genealogical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright, Douglas County Genealogical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/2d4000fde5955e4e0df1ae9acbc01507.jpg affc31df3c361e5cec3e70e39303a400 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource You Are Local History Community Digitization Project Subject The topic of the resource Lawrence (Kan.) Description An account of the resource The You Are Local History community digitization project aimed to collect and digitize objects that tell stories about Lawrence, in order to create a more diverse and representative history of Lawrence. Objects were collected and digitized throughout June and July of 2018, with a community digitizing event on June 30th. Members of the Lawrence community donated photographs, videos, posters, t-shirts, mementos, trinkets, ephemera, texts, and other objects to be included in this digital archive. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library Language A language of the resource eng Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Inner Altar concert poster Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Spreer,Tanner Description An account of the resource A concert poster for Inner Altar, designed by Tanner Spreer, a graphic design artist, Lawrence local, and band member of Psychic Heat. This poster was printed on a risograph, an alternative to silk-screen printing that allows designers to create complex, multilayered designs. Spreer became familiarized with risograph printing through a workshop with Oddities Prints in Kansas City. This poster was displayed throughout downtown Lawrence and on the University of Kansas campus. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource James, Sheridan Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 2018 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8.5x11 Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Oddities Prints Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context InnerAltarposter.jpeg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright Replay Lounge Subject The topic of the resource Music--posters Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/21dbb67757a006513067ce4237cb6da6.pdf 705788caf1fc1ac32af80847ce051075 PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Dorothy Harvey 12 November 11, 2016 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 (10:42:53) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Today is November 11th, 2016. 3 am local historian Tom Arnold interviewing 4 Mrs. Dorothy Harvey via telephone in Lawrence, 5 Kansas, for the City of Lawrence Fair Housing 6 Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. 7 I At the time the ordinance passed in July, 8 1967, Mrs. Harvey was serving as the president of 9 the Church Women United of Lawrence, and, 10 Mrs. Harvey, I just want to tell you that I am 11 recording our conversation and confirm I have your 12 permission to do that. 13 MRS. HARVEY: You do. 14 MR. ARNOLD: Thank you. To start off, tell 15 me a little bit about your background. 16 grow up in Lawrence and were you a lifelong 17 resident? 18 19 20 21 MRS. HARVEY: Kansas. MR. ARNOLD: Okay. What year was that, do you recall? MRS. HARVEY: 23 MR. ARNOLD: 25 I grew up in Kansas City, I came to Lawrence to go to K.U. 22 24 No. Did you 1943. All right. And then did you stay in Lawrence after that? MRS. HARVEY: I married and I moved to �3 1 2 3 Lawrence in 1945. MR. ARNOLD: All right. And then you have lived here continuously since then? 4 MRS. HARVEY: 5 MR. ARNOLD: Right. To start off how about 6 describing for me what Lawrence was like for an 7 African-American in the 1950s and 1960s. 8 9 MRS. HARVEY: For me Lawrence was something I had to adjust to, a city I had to adjust to, 10 because I had grown up in Kansas City, Kansas, 11 where we had swimming pools and recreational 12 centers where we could go. 13 Lawrence there was nothing like that here and in 14 the '50s and '60s it had not progressed to any 15 degree. 16 When I came to I joined the AME Church, St. Luke AME Church, 17 when I moved here because I had grown up in the 18 AME Church in Kansas City, Kansas. 19 didn't offer African-Americans very much at that 20 point. 21 the housing when I came to K.U., we lived at the 22 base of the hill in private housing. 23 K.U. didn't offer much. Lawrence We didn't live in I don't know what else I can tell you except 24 that people wanted to move into other areas of 25 Lawrence now. When I married I moved into the �4 1 rural area of Lawrence and I've lived out here 2 ever since, but people could not buy anywhere in 3 Lawrence. 4 Lawrence and East Lawrence. They were locked in to Old West 5 (10:45:57) 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 was definite very strict housing discrimination -- 8 MRS. HARVEY: 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 Right. -- in terms of your opportunities? 11 MRS. HARVEY: 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 swimming pool. 14 frustration. 15 children, or -- 16 So for African-Americans there That's right. And you also mentioned the I know that was an issue of Did that affect you personally, your MRS. HARVEY: Yes. I took my children either 17 back to Kansas City or to Topeka and there were a 18 number of us young mothers in St. Luke who wanted 19 our children to learn to swim so we would get 20 together after church on Sunday and take them to 21 Topeka and they were taught there how to swim. 22 All this happened, even this continued for quite 23 awhile in Lawrence. 24 the pools opened up. 25 (10:46:51) I don't really remember when �5 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right. I think the new pool was 2 built, they approved it in 1967, the municipal 3 pool, and I think it was opened in 1968 or '69, so 4 before that definitely there was limited 5 opportunity for African-Americans, maybe none at 6 all. 7 MRS. HARVEY: 8 (10:47:09) 9 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Now, what would you say were the 10 primary impediments to bringing about change in 11 some of those discriminatory practices? 12 MRS. HARVEY: Well, it amounted to the 13 churches organizing and the people in their 14 frustrations began to demand some things. 15 did walks. 16 particularly, but they did a lot of marching here 17 in Lawrence. They I don't really remember sit-ins 18 (10:47:44) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And who would you say 20 was trying to prevent change? 21 groups that -- 22 MRS. HARVEY: 23 MR. ARNOLD: Do you remember any Not by name, no. Okay. Now, there were many 24 groups that included both white and 25 African-American people fighting for change and �6 1 Church Women United was one of those groups. 2 would you describe the composition of that group, 3 the types of people, what churches were involved? 4 MRS. HARVEY: How Church Women United was 5 organized in 1941, I believe it was, in December, 6 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. 7 the auspices of the ministerial alliances and 8 there were 70 denominations, as I remember. 9 Sometimes you just had two or three churches of 10 the same denomination, but at that juncture we 11 were United Church Women and we met monthly 12 locally and then there was a state organization 13 which met once a year, but we were organized with 14 the various groups of the various churches coming 15 together. 16 one representative from the women's group of that 17 particular church. 18 It was under the Ministers' wives were included and then I'm not sure I can name all of the churches, 19 but as I remember there were, course at that point 20 there was just Methodist Church, they were not 21 United Methodists at that point, but there were at 22 least three of them in Lawrence. 23 Baptist Church, Presbyterian Church, Plymouth 24 Congregational, and all of these churches were 25 downtown at that point and we met from church to There was the �7 1 church. There were two African Methodist 2 Episcopal churches, there were two [indationary] 3 Baptist churches, which were black churches. 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 MRS. HARVEY: Okay. First Church. Let me see. 6 Well, we call it the Christian Church. Is it the 7 First Church? 8 [Lawrence Interdenominational Nutrition Kitchen], 9 First Christian Church, but most of the larger It's where they serve LINK 10 white churches were involved, and there weren't a 11 whole lot of the black churches. 12 churches that I mentioned. 13 (10:50:58) 14 MR. ARNOLD: The four Okay, so all the 15 African-American churches were involved but it was 16 a small number -- 17 MRS. HARVEY: 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MRS. HARVEY: 20 Oh, not all? Okay. There were smaller African Methodist churches. 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MRS. HARVEY: 23 Not all, no. Okay. I mean, smaller, yes, black churches, but they were not all involved. 24 (10:51:13) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. I understand. Now, what �8 1 got the United Church Women interested in the 2 housing issue, do you recall? 3 MRS. HARVEY: It came from the national. 4 Most of our directives came through the national 5 program, then we would work on the local level, 6 but we could also choose a local project if we so 7 desired, but at that point, of course, we went 8 with the national program to work on fair housing. 9 (10:51:45) 10 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. And in 1964, according to 11 some records I've seen, the United Church Women 12 conducted a housing study or a housing survey and 13 they also gathered signatures from members of 14 various churches and I think got 845 signatures in 15 favor of fair housing. 16 MRS. HARVEY: 17 mention it, yes. 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MRS. HARVEY: 20 (10:52:17) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Do you recall that study? Yes, I recall, now that you Were you involved in that? If it was in the '60s, yes. And do you recall what the group 22 was hoping to accomplish by that study and by 23 gathering those signatures? 24 25 MRS. HARVEY: Basically what we wanted to do was just open the housing up to anybody who wanted �9 1 to look at housing. You weren't even shown 2 housing in that day. 3 looking for homes, we were just trying to look 4 toward the future as to what our own families 5 would want. 6 can remember that. 7 Go ahead. And most of us were not It amounted to a lot of meetings, I 8 (10:53:04) 9 MR. ARNOLD: A lot of time was involved. Were you surprised that you got 10 845 signatures? 11 number of signatures in favor of fair housing. 12 Was that an encouraging sign for you? 13 I mean, that's a fairly large MRS. HARVEY: Yes, it was an encouraging 14 sign. I'm not sure that we were surprised because 15 there were a lot of people who were behind the 16 movement, but they just didn't come forward when 17 we would have public meetings and so, if I 18 remember right, we sent these petitions to all the 19 churches and people signed, and then we probably 20 took them in to count it. 21 (10:53:49) 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 24 25 And why do you think some people were supportive but would not come forward? MRS. HARVEY: their jobs. A lot of them were afraid of A lot of them were just people who �10 1 did not come forward, they just, they stayed at 2 home. 3 didn't come forward. 4 (10:54:10) 5 MR. ARNOLD: They talked in the background but they Right. And who were the people 6 who were mostly opposed to changing fair housing? 7 Was it mostly the real estate industry or -- 8 MRS. HARVEY: I don't know. I think the real 9 estate people had a little to do with it but also 10 it depended on the person who owned the home, and 11 a lot of those homes were owned by, we found, by 12 professors on the hill, and people with money who 13 had, and then didn't want to open their 14 neighborhoods. 15 (10:54:50) 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MRS. HARVEY: Right. It -- (indiscernible) such families 18 had a fear of opening the neighborhood to other 19 minority groups. 20 (10:54:59) 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 23 And was that because they were afraid that property values might decline or -MRS. HARVEY: Yes, that was one of the things 24 they would say, and then of course they would say 25 that they weren't educated, as well educated as �11 1 they thought they should be, and they were afraid 2 that their girls would be violated. 3 (10:55:22) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And it's interesting you 5 mention the people up on the hill, because some of 6 the things that we have seen indicate that many of 7 the members of the white community that fought in 8 favor of fair housing were university people, but 9 obviously that wasn't all of them. 10 MRS. HARVEY: Yes, they were out there, but 11 we found in checking that a lot of the housing 12 which was substandard was owned by, like I said, 13 people on the hill and people of wealth. 14 didn't keep them up. 15 (10:55:58) 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 So did you personally ever experience They Yes, that's interesting. 18 discrimination in housing or did your family just 19 remain living -- 20 MRS. HARVEY: No. I married a local farmer, 21 Harvey. I married into the Harvey family, which 22 is a well-documented family here, Rebecca Harvey. 23 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 24 MRS. HARVEY: 25 here since 1863, so -- And they've always lived out �12 1 2 3 MR. ARNOLD: Wow. That's an old Lawrence family. MRS. HARVEY: Yes, the farm was always here 4 and we never, as I said, we were not looking for 5 housing, but we did have children and we didn't 6 know what they would want. 7 (10:56:41) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Right, exactly. So after your study was completed, and I know I remember reading 10 in the newspaper that some of the information 11 about your study was published in the 12 Journal-World and the mention that 845 people had 13 supported it, but did you see any immediate change 14 in attitudes as a result of the United Church 15 Women's effort? 16 MRS. HARVEY: Not immediate. It was probably 17 two or three years before we began to see people 18 moving into other areas. 19 (10:57:18) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And then in 1967 the 21 Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee -- do 22 you recall that organization? 23 24 25 MRS. HARVEY: No, I don't. I'm sure it was there but I don't remember who. MR. ARNOLD: Right. It was a group that came �13 1 together, kind of an umbrella group with, I think 2 United Church Women were a part of it, the NAACP, 3 a number of other organizations kind of came 4 together and formed this umbrella and in January, 5 1967, they took the proposal to the Lawrence Human 6 Relations Commission to draft a fair housing 7 ordinance and then that went to the Lawrence City 8 Commission, who approved it, passed it in July of 9 1967, and at one of the meetings we actually have 10 the minutes that you spoke on behalf of 11 representing the United Church Women in support of 12 fair housing. 13 Commission was willing to pass that ordinance in 14 1967 or do you feel like by then there was enough 15 support across the community that the issue's time 16 had finally come? 17 MRS. HARVEY: Were you surprised that the City I think it was just time, and 18 there were enough people behind the issue that 19 they were willing to pass that ordinance, and some 20 of them probably had been on the committee, you 21 know, with us. 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MRS. HARVEY: 24 25 Right. I just can't go back 50 years and think of -- I can -(10:58:54) �14 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right, yes. 2 MRS. HARVEY: -- remember some of the women, 3 but -- and some of the ministers, but otherwise I 4 can't really call their names. 5 (10:59:06) 6 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. I understand it's been 50 7 years and it's difficult to remember specifics. 8 Do you feel like the role of the churches, 9 both individually and then through groups like the 10 United Church Women, played an important role in 11 bringing about the passage of the Fair Housing 12 Ordinance that -- 13 MRS. HARVEY: 14 Oh yes, we played a big role in that. 15 (10:59:29) 16 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, it's interesting, as I've 17 talked to people many people got involved because 18 of, you know, through their churches. 19 know whether you remember a Reverend Richard Dulin 20 but he was the chairman of the Fair Housing 21 Coordinating Committee. 22 Congregational Church, but it definitely seems 23 that the churches played a very important role. 24 25 MRS. HARVEY: important role. I don't He was from Plymouth Yes, the churches played an Like I said, there were 70 �15 1 denominations and of course you doesn't have all 2 of those in one city, but those churches were, the 3 ministers were involved and the Ecumenical 4 Ministerial Alliance, they pushed it very hard and 5 they pushed, well, they'd tell their women when 6 you go you take this message from our church, and 7 then that was the way we would get the message 8 out. 9 When we met our goal was to be united and 10 that's what I was going to say. 11 in the late '50s or the early '60s that we changed 12 the name to Church Women United to put the 13 emphasis on united. 14 (11:00:53) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Very good. It was somewhere Were you involved in 16 any other organizations, any other groups that 17 were fighting for social change or was your 18 primary efforts through Church Women United? 19 MRS. HARVEY: At that point it was probably 20 primarily through Church Women United. 21 became active by being appointed to various 22 organizations by the county commission. 23 (11:01:23) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Okay. Later I And do you recall Church Women United being involved in other issues �16 1 besides fair housing? 2 educational opportunities in the schools and did 3 they fight for the swimming pool, do you remember? 4 MRS. HARVEY: Were they trying to improve Oh yes, yes, they fought for 5 the swimming pool and anything that was of 6 interest. 7 give us a concert at one point when Dr. King was 8 so active. 9 but it also had to been in the '60s, I think. We had Mrs. Martin Luther King come and I can't remember what year that was 10 (11:02:07) 11 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. That's interesting. I'll 12 have to see if I can do a little research and find 13 out from the newspapers maybe mentions that. 14 15 16 So it sounds like the Church Women United was a very active group and -MRS. HARVEY: It was a very active group and 17 it remained active until the churches began to -- 18 the women began to go out to work, let me put it 19 that way, and then the churches did not maintain 20 women's groups per se, so that was when we 21 disband. 22 (11:02:43) 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 frame? 25 remember? Okay. Do you remember what time Was that the 1970s, 1980s, do you �17 1 MRS. HARVEY: 2 MR. ARNOLD: Probably in the '80s, I think. Okay. Do you remember from that 3 time frame any particular individuals who stand 4 out in your mind who played an important 5 leadership role in trying to push for civil rights 6 and changes in Lawrence? One name that comes to 7 my mind was Jesse Milan. Did you know Jesse? 8 9 10 MRS. HARVEY: Spearman. Yes, I knew Jesse Milan. At that point he was Reverend Benton Anderson that was a pastor here in Lawrence. 11 I'm trying to think of the pastors in the 12 larger white churches. 13 me. 14 (11:03:51) 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 17 John Okay. The names aren't coming to Well, as we said, it's been 50 years so that's quite a long time ago. MRS. HARVEY: Yes, but if we can get any 18 information from those churches of who their 19 pastors were, if they were in the larger churches, 20 like I said, the Presbyterian churches, the 21 Baptist Church and all of the Methodist churches, 22 you will be able to get some information there, 23 because they were very active and through their 24 women's organizations they pressed us to do a lot 25 of things. We sponsored a World Day of Prayer �18 1 every year, I remember it was on a Friday and I 2 can't remember whether it was the first Friday or 3 the last Friday in March, but that was something 4 that we did as Church Women United. 5 (11:04:49) 6 MR. ARNOLD: Great. Would you say -- you 7 know, you had mentioned earlier that one of the 8 goals of yourself and others who were involved in 9 this group wasn't necessarily to bring about 10 change for yourselves but to bring about changes 11 that would benefit and provide opportunities for 12 your children. 13 children stayed in Lawrence, but by the time they 14 were out in the working world and out going out 15 looking for housing would you say things had 16 improved for the better based on your efforts? 17 I don't know whether any of your MRS. HARVEY: Yes, it had improved to some 18 degree. My youngest daughter, Deborah Green, 19 taught at Lawrence High School for over 30 years. 20 My older daughter worked here in Lawrence. 21 reared three grandsons through the school system 22 here. 23 (11:05:44) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 We Okay, and would you say that they enjoyed much better opportunities in finding �19 1 2 housing than the generation before them? MRS. HARVEY: Let me explain it this way as I 3 see it. They could go look at the housing but the 4 money was not there. 5 you have to have a job so that they can afford the 6 housing. 7 housing open and they have no jobs to pay for the 8 housing. It doesn't do any good to have the 9 (11:06:20) 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 Now, I've always felt that Right. It's really a much more complicated issue sometimes than just saying, -- 12 MRS. HARVEY: 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MRS. HARVEY: Yes, it is, --- just saying you can --- and I see it today is still 15 the same thing, we don't have the jobs that pay 16 the kind of money that they need, and we always 17 told our children if you get an education, then 18 you can do whatever you want, but it turns out 19 that even though we get them educated there are 20 not always jobs available for them. 21 (11:06:54) 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MRS. HARVEY: Right. Such as the school situation. 24 You never had enough minority teachers in the 25 school system here. When I came there were only, �20 1 as far as I know, the two teachers who were in 2 North Lawrence in the little black school that 3 they had. 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 MRS. HARVEY: Right. And it's not much better today. 6 In the 70 years that I have been here I don't see 7 a whole lot of progress. 8 (11:07:33) 9 MR. ARNOLD: So there may be some progress on 10 paper in that the rules have changed but the 11 actual opportunities are not necessarily there? 12 MRS. HARVEY: 13 (11:07:47) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Right. That's true. What would you say, if you were 15 going to give some advice to young people today 16 who might be interested in fighting for social 17 change as you did in the 1960s what advice would 18 you give them as far as encouraging them how to 19 approach trying to bring about change? 20 MRS. HARVEY: Well, first I would tell them 21 to be sure that you have all the information that 22 you can gather so when you go you can present it 23 and know what you're talking about. 24 25 Secondly, I would encourage our young people to continue to work toward getting educated and �21 1 preparing themselves for a life. 2 And then I would tell them to unite with 3 people of like mind, those who are also willing to 4 get out and band together, work for improvement in 5 the community. 6 (11:08:52) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, that's a very good point, 8 and one of the things that I have found most 9 impressive as I have done my research for this 10 project is that what really brought about the Fair 11 Housing Ordinance in Lawrence was the fact that a 12 very diverse group of members of the community 13 banded together in local organizations, grassroots 14 organizations, like Church Women United and the 15 NAACP and others, and they brought about social 16 change. It took awhile but they brought about 17 change. Now they didn't necessarily solve every 18 problem but they at least made progress. 19 MRS. HARVEY: Yes. It took a lot of doing 20 and I imagine -- back in that day, which most of 21 us belonged to the NAACP and worked through that 22 project, which also worked through the churches. 23 In that day our ministers were very vocal and a 24 lot of help. 25 (11:09:52) �22 1 MR. ARNOLD: Do you think that has changed, 2 that the churches are not as active as they used 3 to be in trying to bring about change? 4 MRS. HARVEY: Yes, very much so. I don't see 5 them out in the forefront like they were back in 6 the '60s, '50s and '60s. 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MRS. HARVEY: 9 Right. I don't know what has brought about the change but they seem to be, well, people 10 are not going to church, just let me put it that 11 way, people are not going to church like they did 12 back in that day. 13 (11:10:29) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Right, and, you know, I've heard 15 some people say that younger people today are not 16 joiners like they were back in your generation. 17 They don't necessarily join organizations, whether 18 it's churches or groups like the NAACP, they just 19 don't tend to get as involved and maybe that's 20 taken away some opportunities for people to come 21 together and fight for issues. 22 MRS. HARVEY: Well, some of the people that I 23 talk to in that younger age group, they don't see 24 any progress and they see no reason to get out 25 there and walk and talk and try to improve the �23 1 situation. They just seem to feel like they're 2 not going anywhere and so why should they bother. 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 MRS. HARVEY: Right. Yes, -- And I don't know how to help 5 them in that sense. 6 to tell them what we did, and of course they think 7 a lot of that was just old fogeyism, is a term 8 that they use, so I don't know how to help them 9 with that, but they are going to have to wake up 10 one day and see that the progress that has been 11 made is slowly being eroded and if they don't get 12 out and do something about it they're going to 13 find themselves back in the same situation that we 14 did back in the '50s and '60s. 15 (11:12:13) 16 MR. ARNOLD: Except listen to them and try Right. I think you make a very 17 good point in that and we are hoping that projects 18 like this which help capture kind of the memories 19 of those of you who were involved in that movement 20 back in those days will help encourage younger 21 people today to realize they can bring about 22 change if they work together and try to make the 23 system work even though sometimes the system seems 24 like it's hard to change. 25 MRS. HARVEY: Yes, it's hard to change, and �24 1 sometimes you don't really see the change that you 2 thought you would see. 3 people have not gone through some of the things 4 that my generation went through so therefore they 5 don't understand what we're talking about how 6 times have changed and how things were and you 7 couldn't do things openly in Lawrence; well, just 8 openly period. 9 where they expected minorities to remain, but It's there but our young You had a back seat and that's 10 there was always a group that was discouraged by 11 the failures that were going on. 12 do better, they wanted to have homes that 13 represented them. 14 that were beautiful. 15 progress to some degree but not to the degree that 16 I thought it would be by now. 17 (11:13:49) 18 MR. ARNOLD: They wanted to They wanted to move into areas But I think there's been Right. Well, Mrs. Harvey, I 19 just have one last question and that is as you 20 reflect back on what you were involved in in the 21 1960s what do you feel like you are most proud of 22 in the things that you worked on and what you 23 accomplished? 24 25 MRS. HARVEY: Well, I guess I'd have to be proud of the fact that we did stand up for what we �25 1 thought were our rights, that we did not falter 2 when things did not go our way, we continued to 3 push to get our people on the boards, like the 4 school board and the hospital board and so many 5 things that were not open to minorities in the 6 '50s and '60s. 7 And I was proud of the fact that my daughter, 8 who went to Lawrence High School, came back and 9 was able to teach there for that many years, that 10 we were able to get our children educated and help 11 them to see that there was a future but that you 12 have to be a part of that future, you can't sit 13 back and rest on your laurels. 14 got one thing open doesn't mean that there wasn't 15 another door that needed to be opened. 16 (11:15:32) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Just because we Well, I think those are 18 very good thoughts and I appreciate you giving me 19 the time to interview you and capture some of your 20 memories and your reflections on that time period. 21 Before we end the interview is there anything 22 else, any other subjects I haven't touched on that 23 you would like to share? 24 25 MRS. HARVEY: No. I think we've touched on all of them, and I appreciate you calling me and �26 1 allowing me to do this interview by phone. 2 sorry I didn't meet you in person, but I certainly 3 wish you the best in this project. 4 MR. ARNOLD: I'm Well, thank you very much, and 5 thank you for your time and thank you for what you 6 contributed to fair housing. 7 city still believes it is a very important topic 8 and they wanted to take advantage of the 50th 9 anniversary to try and capture some memories of As you can tell, the 10 the people who helped to put it in place and then 11 also use this information to promote fair housing, 12 because I think, as you have noted earlier, even 13 though you bring about change, things can start 14 slipping back the other way if you don't 15 reemphasize it and keep it fresh in people's minds 16 and keep fighting for it. 17 MRS. HARVEY: Well, thank you for 18 interviewing me and allowing me to share. 19 thoughts are not as clear as I had hoped they 20 would be but I certainly hope I have helped you in 21 some way. 22 MR. ARNOLD: My Well, you certainly have, and 23 thank you again, Mrs. Harvey, and I really 24 appreciate you giving me the time. 25 nice to talk to you. It was very �27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 MRS. HARVEY: Thank you. ***** � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Harvey, Dorothy Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:34:22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Dorothy Harvey Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Jayhawk Plunge (Lawrence, Kan.) Protest movements -- Kansas -- Lawrence United Church Women of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Dorothy Harvey, who was serving as the president of the United Church Women of Lawrence at the time that Lawrence's fair housing ordinance was passed in July 1967. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on November 11, 2016, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Harvey, Dorothy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/11/2016 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/dorothy-harvey-11nov2016?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HarveyInterview111116.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1940s - 2010s https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/46e5a2f0d282b99e037febc0d8fd9224.pdf 345a91b7244fa5667a28fc06b3419743 PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Gerald Cooley 12 October 12, 2016 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 MR. ARNOLD: Today is October 12th, 2016. I 2 am local historian Tom Arnold interviewing Jerry 3 Cooley at Lawrence Public Library for the City of 4 Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th anniversary 5 oral history project. 6 passed in July, 1967, Mr. Cooley was serving as 7 the assistant city attorney for the City of 8 Lawrence. 9 At the time the ordinance Mr. Cooley, please tell me a bit about your 10 background and what you were doing in Lawrence in 11 the mid to late 1960s. 12 MR. COOLEY: I returned from the military in 13 1959, finished law school, joined with Milton 14 Allen, an attorney, in his practice of law. 15 Milton became the city attorney sometime in the 16 '50s. 17 During the times that you mention we were in 18 a period of conflict, may I say, from two 19 directions. 20 the unrest that accompanied that. 21 the Vietnam War demonstrators that came from all 22 over the world literally to be in Lawrence, 23 Kansas, at that time. 24 25 Number one, there was a race issue, Number two was I was kept busy running around town to see where the fires were and what we needed to do, if �3 1 I could assist in resolving some issue or halting 2 some problem that the city was engaged in. 3 prosecuted truckloads of people, I suppose would 4 be a fair way to put it. 5 I The old police station was just down the 6 street to the south here where the fire station 7 and senior services center is today. 8 place on the second floor for the holding of 9 prisoners. There was a There were, I believe, two big cells 10 there. Generally I was at the call of the city 11 manager, who at that time was Buford Watson. 12 Earlier in that same early period there was 13 another city manager. 14 middle of things and did a very good job, I might 15 say, in trying to soften the impact on the 16 community. Buford got in right in the 17 As I say, I was up practically every night. 18 I roamed the streets in my car, I walked, I rode 19 with the police wherever they thought that I might 20 be of some benefit. 21 A lot of it wasn't fun. Some of the tactics 22 I saw were used by the North Koreans, a strong 23 piano wire in the alleyways across from tree to 24 tree about neck level. 25 to get the police or others that they didn't I suppose they were trying �4 1 approve of to pursue the alleyway as an exit or an 2 entrance and cut their necks. 3 was discovered very early. 4 that. 5 Fortunately that We had no interest in We had a lot of violence in the high school. 6 The high school seemed to be a focal point for the 7 racial issues at that time, although there were 8 certainly bigger issues than just the high school 9 involved. 10 There was housing, employment, education. 11 had a very small African-American community in 12 Lawrence at that time. 13 quite small at that time, I'm guessing less than 14 20,000 people, may have been even under 15,000, 15 but anyway, it was a small percentage of the 16 African-American community who lived here. 17 We Of course, Lawrence was The job itself was all-encompassing. It was 18 to give advice to the police, to the city manager, 19 to the City Commission. 20 who were actively involved in the demonstrations. 21 We were very fortunate we had a Highway 22 Patrol colonel who was chief of the Highway Patrol 23 at the time who came to town and actually got out 24 and walked the streets and mingled with those who 25 were in the demonstration mode at that time. It was to deal with those He �5 1 softened the impact a great deal, at least during 2 the time that he was working the streets, so to 3 speak. 4 I could go on and on, I guess. 5 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 6 MR. COOLEY: But it all leads to the same 7 issue, what did we do ultimately, I guess. 8 (04:56) 9 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, let me ask you, you said 10 you had come back after serving in the military in 11 1959. 12 you grow up in Lawrence or go to K.U. as an 13 undergrad? Had you been in Lawrence before that? Did 14 MR. COOLEY: No, I grew up in Oklahoma City. 15 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 16 MR. COOLEY: Which gave me probably a 17 different perspective of what the, among the 18 racial issues than other people who had not lived 19 in the south. 20 it was sometimes worse conditions than existed in 21 the south. 22 Even though it was not the south, I lived in Georgia. I served in the Army at 23 Fort Benning on two different occasions and got a 24 real experience of my life there, but coming back 25 I had a feeling for what the racial issue was �6 1 because I had witnessed the no black person can 2 sit beyond a certain seat in the bus, in the 3 street car, and the white people were not supposed 4 to go back to where the black people were seated. 5 That was something that bothered me and a couple 6 of my buddies. 7 old, I suppose, but we challenged that and stepped 8 to the back of one of the street cars and were 9 ostracized by the conductor immediately, but 10 11 We were eight, ten, eleven years anyway, we did it. I remember what bothered me a great deal was 12 that in downtown Oklahoma City there were a few 13 restaurants where they had, it was not drive in 14 but it was walk up type restaurants and you could, 15 people could go inside to eat after they were 16 served or sit outside, but the colored could not 17 go inside. 18 I wasn't an activist by any means but did wonder 19 why, why we had such a rule. 20 They had benches for them. I left K.U. I really, I was commissioned in the 21 infantry in 1954 and went to Fort Benning on a 22 second, my second time. 23 unbelievable in those days. 24 there some yourself, but I thought the government 25 could have saved a great deal of money if they The south was You may have been �7 1 hadn't had so many different water fountains for 2 whites, blacks, enlisted, officers, women, men. 3 Same thing for toilets. 4 had, we had, my class at Benning, my second tour 5 there, I don't remember that we had any diversity, 6 maybe 150 of us that were in a particular class. 7 They were all over. That's about my background. I As I say, I 8 think I have a feel for different aspects of the 9 race issue, particularly having lived in these two 10 foreign, I will say foreign places. 11 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 12 MR. COOLEY: They certainly were foreign to 13 me. I had not been out of the state of Oklahoma 14 until I came to Oklahoma, excuse me, to Wichita to 15 attend high school in 1945. 16 transferred and we moved into a different, an 17 entirely different community atmosphere. 18 (08:30) 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 21 My dad was Okay, great. Interesting. Those are useful perspectives. From the time you came back to Lawrence in 22 1959, or at the time you came back how would you 23 describe the types of discrimination that you 24 found in Lawrence? 25 MR. COOLEY: Well, the obvious were in the �8 1 restaurants and theaters and that's something 2 that's often talked about, but we had four 3 theaters, as I recall, at that time, four public 4 theaters, and the balconies, particularly at the 5 Jayhawker I remember they, the African-Americans, 6 the minorities, were put in the balconies. 7 weren't allowed to sit downstairs. 8 existed in the other theaters. 9 the Jayhawker came to mind, witnessing that. 10 They The same thing For some reason There were a lot of exchanges between the two 11 levels in the theater by the people. 12 for and some were against what was going on, so I 13 had to feel uncomfortable about that because it 14 later led to some significant impact between those 15 who were in favor of the racism and those who were 16 not. 17 (09:47) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Some were So over the course from the time 19 you returned in 1959 to start law school through 20 the kind of very tumultuous, even violent times 21 you described at the beginning, which I assume 22 kind of set in in the late 1960s, how did you see 23 things evolve in terms of race relations during 24 that decade? 25 build over some of these practices? Did just kind of tensions gradually �9 1 MR. COOLEY: Let me correct myself. 2 returned to Lawrence in 1957. 3 law school in 1959. I I graduated from 4 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 5 MR. COOLEY: I made a misstatement there. 6 I'm not sure that anyone recognized a slow 7 process that was evolving. Obviously the housing 8 issue was significant, but there weren't any 9 rental places to speak of. I returned to go to 10 summer school in 1957 and my wife and I had a very 11 difficult time. 12 foot basement apartment that was infested, but the 13 price was right for $50 a month in those days. We finally found a 400 square 14 MR. ARNOLD: Interesting. 15 MR. COOLEY: But there was no significant 16 rental market here in town at that time. 17 could get a room in a boarding house or in one of 18 the old homes over in the west part of town. 19 Those facilities weren't available to me and I'm 20 sure they weren't available in any greater number 21 for the African-American. 22 You There were ways that I remember that 23 landlords, landlords' agents, those who were 24 renting properties, and even selling properties, 25 attempted to control who they rented to. One way �10 1 would be that they'd make a telephone call in 2 response to an ad in the paper and make an 3 appointment with the representative of the owner 4 to view the property. 5 up within a half a block or so and see who it was. 6 If it happened to be somebody of color, then 7 they'd go on and would not show up to show the 8 property. 9 wouldn't be tolerated today. Well, the owner would drive Obviously that couldn't be tolerated, 10 Secondly, there was the problem that, in the 11 mixed marriage situations, and that has continued 12 on even until somewhat recent times, where a white 13 woman, a black man, would be married. 14 woman would respond to an ad for rental of a 15 property, sign an agreement, and then show up to 16 move in and the two of them, the black man and a 17 white woman, were present. 18 white man and a black woman, but basically it was 19 a white woman and a black man in those days. The white It could have been a 20 That threw a lot of the landlords, the 21 renters, the rental companies into reaction that 22 was really not very good, and, as I say, that's 23 even happened while I was still, toward the end of 24 my tenure as city attorney, we had cases involving 25 that particular aspect of mixed marriage. �11 1 (13:20) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And what year was that 3 that you finished your tenure, just to put it in 4 perspective in time? 5 MR. COOLEY: I graduated -- I graduated: I 6 retired from the practice and as city attorney in 7 January of '12, 2012, yes. 8 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 9 MR. COOLEY: Roughly five years ago. 10 MR. ARNOLD: So the issues certainly have 11 persisted in some form well past the time frame 12 we're talking about. 13 MR. COOLEY: We had litigation going on -- 14 MR. ARNOLD: Interesting. 15 MR. COOLEY: -- involving that. 16 (13:48) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Do you recall the Jayhawk Plunge 18 swimming pool protests in 1960 and was that kind 19 of the first really visible protest against 20 discrimination and do you recall how the community 21 reacted to that? 22 MR. COOLEY: I recall it very well. Jayhawk 23 Plunge was a private pool and had a big fence 24 around it. 25 were permitted to be admitted, though I think some People of color or no diverse groups �12 1 did climb the fence in the late hours of the 2 evening or early morning hours and take a free 3 plunge, but it was a debatable issue. 4 The city sought to solve the problem by 5 building a pool. 6 two votes where the pool issue was rejected. 7 Ultimately there was a passage of an issue at 8 election time and the City Commission then 9 proceeded to find a way to finance the pool and in 10 11 There was at least one, maybe fact build it. There's, it's not a misconception but it's an 12 overlooked fact that there was a public pool 13 before the current outdoor facility was built at 14 the northeast corner of 23rd and Iowa Street, back 15 before the public pool was built. 16 private club which had been developed by a couple 17 of local developers. 18 client of mine that happened to be out of St. 19 Louis who owned motels and hotels and I talked 20 with these people in St. Louis and the others that 21 were involved. 22 Topeka, maybe an accountant out of Topeka. 23 There was a They sold that interest to a I think there was somebody out of Anyway, the group agreed that the city could 24 lease the pool for a short, the remainder of 25 whatever season it was, it was sometime in the �13 1 '60s, and that was open to everyone, so that that 2 gained some time, some relief from the antagonism 3 that surrounded this issue for the city to get the 4 pool built over from one period of time, one 5 closure to the next year when they opened, so that 6 greatly relieved a lot of the stress. 7 (16:29) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Right. I don't know whether you're familiar with a book by Rusty Monhollon 10 called This is America: 11 Kansas, but he wrote a description of that 12 decision by the city to rent the pool and his 13 version of it is that the city, that there was 14 pressure from, I think it was high school, 15 African-American high school students over some 16 racial issues, the lack of access to a pool being 17 one, and that there were even threats of violence 18 and so the city acted kind of under pressure to 19 rent that. 20 that happened? 21 22 The '60s in Lawrence, Do you recall any specifics of how MR. COOLEY: I don't recall that but it's not surprising. 23 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 24 MR. COOLEY: I don't think that you get 25 anything changed that involved race -- �14 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 2 MR. COOLEY: -- without some force coming 3 from the opposing side. 4 (17:19) 5 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. Now that, the actual 6 passage of the bond issue, which I think was in 7 November, '67, after it had been defeated a couple 8 times, what do you think finally changed people's 9 minds to go ahead and pass that? 10 MR. COOLEY: Well, I'm not sure. Some were 11 probably doing it because they thought it would 12 decrease the volume of protests, of opposition. 13 great many I think decided that it was the right 14 thing to do, and between the time I returned from 15 the military until the mid '60s there was an 16 increase, substantial increase in the population 17 in this community and those came from outside who 18 established their relationships, whether it was 19 with the university or private employers, so I 20 think those people probably had some impact on the 21 outcome of the election. A 22 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 23 MR. COOLEY: But that's speculation, but I do 24 know that there were a great many people, the 25 leaders of the community, who opposed it �15 1 originally and who finally said it's time to do 2 it. 3 (18:36) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. Continuing kind of along 5 that line, what would you say were the, both the 6 factors that were kind of impediments to change 7 and then what motivated some people, and you've 8 already kind of touched on this, to decide it was 9 time to get involved and take action and who were 10 those people who tended to get involved and join, 11 you know, fair housing groups and groups that 12 opposed discrimination? 13 MR. COOLEY: 14 who the people were. 15 people who were opposed. 16 them by name. 17 (19:15) 18 MR. ARNOLD: I'm not sure I have a handle on I can -- I know some of the Right. I'm not going to mention No, absolutely, don't 19 expect you to mention names at all but just kind 20 of, kind of general social groups I guess would -- 21 MR. COOLEY: Well, -- 22 MR. ARNOLD: Local community. 23 MR. COOLEY: -- social, business. If you had 24 a business you engaged socially in those days. It 25 was always somewhat the same mix of people who got �16 1 together from their business and did things 2 socially. 3 The resistance came from a great many sides 4 of the community. 5 Some people just grew up in an atmosphere that 6 they didn't like the colored people, they didn't 7 like what they did or what they stood for. 8 didn't want to share, what we really had is an 9 ideal community at that time, with anyone who they 10 11 Different voices were sounded. Others didn't approve of. The university faculty and students, they had 12 a great influence I think on what changes were 13 ultimately made in the pool issue, the adoption of 14 the ordinance, that type of thing. 15 The university grew. When I came, when I was 16 in school here, I started in 1950, I don't think 17 there was maybe 7,500 students. 18 dramatically simply because a lot of returning 19 veterans, World War II was still returning 20 veterans to the campus, the Korean conflict, there 21 were a great many who returned to the campus who 22 had been in that conflict, so that the population 23 of the university grew. 24 25 It increased It's not a secret that a lot of people think the university has a more liberal attitude than �17 1 some of those who are on the other side of the 2 fence, but whatever it was, I think that the 3 university, not only the personnel but the 4 students, had tremendous influence and impact on 5 what ultimately resulted in the ordinance on fair 6 housing, and many other things that occurred to 7 share what we have with other people. 8 (21:28) 9 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. Yes, it's interesting you 10 say that because I just interviewed Fred Six a 11 week ago and he kind of had the same perspective. 12 He felt that if this wasn't a university town the 13 change would have come much more slowly and 14 possibly much more painfully than it did. 15 16 MR. COOLEY: I think that's true, and Fred and I started law school the same year, in 1953. 17 MR. ARNOLD: Really? 18 MR. COOLEY: He just returned from Korea and 19 started in the summer, I started in the fall, so 20 -- 21 (21:54) 22 MR. ARNOLD: Interesting. Were you involved 23 in any groups that were pressing for change, if 24 not community organizations but say through your 25 church, or was your church involved? I know that �18 1 the churches played, many churches played kind of 2 varying roles in pressing for change, or at least 3 for fairness in community policies. 4 5 6 7 8 9 MR. COOLEY: My family members were and still are members of the Congregational Church. MR. ARNOLD: Which was very active, I think, in -MR. COOLEY: It was very active. There was division within the ranks of the church as to what 10 the minister was doing at the time. 11 particularly a photograph that appeared in the 12 Journal-World showing a march down Massachusetts 13 Street toward the courthouse and the minister at 14 the time was noticeable in the photograph. 15 brought a lot of comment, pro and con, but the, I 16 don't want to call them antagonists but those who 17 were opposed to what he was doing certainly let 18 him know about it. 19 I recall That I later, at some later time I served as a 20 deacon of the church for a short period of time 21 and it was always an issue what should the 22 minister do and what shouldn't he do. 23 did what he thought was right and in those days 24 there were two great ministers that I'd had close 25 contact with and my attitude was that they could Well, he �19 1 get a job anyplace so I doubt if they were afraid 2 of being fired. 3 MR. ARNOLD: Interesting. 4 MR. COOLEY: They were very good at what they 5 did. 6 (23:35) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Do you recall Reverend Richard 8 Dulin, who was at Plymouth Congregational as, I 9 think he was the campus minister? 10 11 12 MR. COOLEY: You know, his name comes up and I don't recall him. MR. ARNOLD: Yes, he ended up becoming the 13 chairman or the president of the Fair Housing 14 Coordinating Committee, which actually took the 15 proposal to the Human Relations Commission -- 16 MR. COOLEY: Right. 17 MR. ARNOLD: -- to move forward with the 18 19 ordinance. MR. COOLEY: And I'm sure I knew him and had 20 some contact with him but I simply can't recall, 21 and I mix his name up with another Reverend 22 Dulin -- 23 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 24 MR. COOLEY: -- who's still around Lawrence. 25 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. �20 1 MR. COOLEY: And at that, at the time all 2 these things were going on there were I recall -- 3 maybe I better recall my notes here. 4 Reverend Sims. Has his name come up? 5 MR. ARNOLD: 6 across his name. 7 MR. COOLEY: 8 fellow. 9 first met him. There was a I do not believe we have run Reverend Sims was an interesting He was not a youngster at the time I I started the practice of law in 10 February of 1959. 11 office more than a week when Reverend Sims showed 12 up. 13 and he handed that to me and it was asking for a 14 contribution to his church, which I certainly felt 15 I should do, even though I didn't know where I'd 16 get the money at the time, but I did it, and he 17 was very active in the community and was well 18 respected. 19 I don't think I'd been in the He had a little pocket notebook that he kept At the same time then came along Reverend 20 Barbee, Reverend Dulin, and others who have had 21 great impact on the cohesion or lack of cohesion 22 in the divided issue -- 23 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 24 MR. COOLEY: -- that we deal with in racism, 25 so -- but they have been very active and I think �21 1 have contributed greatly to what calm we have 2 today. 3 (25:39) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. In doing our research we 5 really found that a lot of folks from the 6 university were involved in some of these groups, 7 many of the churches were involved, but also you 8 find the names, and Fred Six also kind of pointed 9 this out, that there were certain fairly prominent 10 Lawrence businessmen or spouses of businessmen who 11 were involved and often he thought their support 12 was key to kind of bringing on more of the city 13 establishment behind it. 14 MR. COOLEY: Sure, sure. 15 MR. ARNOLD: Do you recall any particular 16 individuals among businessmen who played 17 particularly important roles off the top of your 18 head? 19 20 MR. COOLEY: I'm not sure, I think Glenn Kappelman was here. Has his name come up? 21 MR. ARNOLD: Absolutely. 22 MR. COOLEY: And Glenn was very active as a 23 realtor. He operated out of an office on 24 Massachusetts Street for a lot of years and then 25 became a partner in Calvin, Eddy and Kappelman, �22 1 which still exists. He had a good perspective. 2 He had a lot of combat experience in World War II. 3 He was from the Lawrence community so he had an 4 understanding of what it was about when he 5 returned from the military, and he in general was 6 in the forefront of not only the race issues but 7 any issues that were confronting the city, would 8 try to assist in any way he could. 9 he agitated but generally he was received as one Some thought 10 who was trying to resolve the impact on the 11 community that was happening. 12 (27:20) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Do you recall any 14 particular incidents or conditions that you think 15 in the mid '60s, before kind of the violence set 16 in, but any particular incidents or conditions 17 that really spurred some people to action or was 18 it just generally the climate and the 19 discrimination, conditions of discrimination in 20 general that really motivated people? 21 22 MR. COOLEY: At some point I -- it's sort of like a nightmare at times. 23 (27:52) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Well, it's difficult. years ago -- Right. And I know it was 50 �23 1 MR. COOLEY: Even longer, but there were a 2 lot of days without sleep so I don't remember 3 some. 4 MR. ARNOLD: Sure, sure. 5 MR. COOLEY: I think that the thing that 6 really got our attention or got the city's 7 attention was the activity at the high school. 8 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 9 MR. COOLEY: And I'm sure that's been gone 10 over, but I recall being called out or being 11 instructed to go to the high school because there 12 was a demonstration on the north, the exterior but 13 on the north side of the building as it existed in 14 those days, and this is Lawrence High School out 15 on Louisiana. 16 When I arrived I saw a lot of parents of 17 students at the high school, many of whom I knew. 18 I stood there for awhile and the parents were 19 trying to get their children to break up the 20 activity that they were engaged in, which was very 21 vocal, very Trumpish, if I may, if that's a use, 22 proper use at the time. 23 24 25 MR. ARNOLD: They were vulgar. I think that's going to be a new terminology in the American lexicon. MR. COOLEY: They were very disrespectful of �24 1 their parents. 2 of the administration of the high school that was 3 trying to control the situation. 4 that. 5 but I was impressed that the parents were trying 6 to do the right thing, at least what I perceived 7 to be the right thing. 8 solution, in my view, but that was one of the key 9 things that occurred. 10 They certainly were disrespectful I took sides on As a parent I thought that that was wrong, Combat is never a We had all types of activity. We had a fire 11 bomb thrown into Judge Gray, who was a district 12 court judge, into his living room. 13 bomb to hit the county attorney's house at the 14 time. 15 wire situation, which brought back my training, 16 prior, -- We had shootings. We had a fire I mentioned the barbed 17 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 18 MR. COOLEY: -- when I was getting ready to 19 go to Korea, and the disrespect that was going on 20 in the community. 21 alarming to me, and to a lot of people. It was something that was quite 22 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. 23 MR. COOLEY: I was under personal attack by 24 an underground newspaper, by people who made 25 threats. My wife and children lived under police �25 1 protection for a period of time. 2 period of time when we had two officers stationed 3 across the street in what was then the home of 4 Vice Chancellor Albrecht, who was the dean of 5 academic affairs for the university at the time, 6 but they remained there and guarded and took care 7 of my family and my home. 8 (31:07) 9 MR. ARNOLD: Right. There was even a What time frame would 10 this have been? Was this kind of in '69, '70, the 11 height of the violence, or -- 12 MR. COOLEY: Oh, probably '67, '68, or -- 13 MR. ARNOLD: So -- 14 MR. COOLEY: '68 really broke out. 15 MR. ARNOLD: '68? 16 MR. COOLEY: '68 was a period of time I Yes 17 remember when Chancellor Wescoe cancelled the ROTC 18 review, which was the final program for the ROTC 19 program for the year, where students received 20 awards, designations, whatever it might be, and 21 commissioning ceremonies sometimes took place in 22 those times. 23 people who were not involved really in the issue 24 of race or the Vietnam War at the time but felt 25 that that was just wrong, and I think it stirred That generated a lot of concern for �26 1 up a lot of problems. 2 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 3 MR. COOLEY: Certainly in my mind at the time 4 I thought it was an error. 5 (32:01) 6 MR. ARNOLD: In your position as the 7 assistant city attorney did you play any 8 particular roles in that time in measures to 9 address discrimination issues or fair housing 10 issues in particular or did you simply not have 11 the tools in terms of, you know, laws to tackle 12 those issues? 13 MR. COOLEY: Well, we didn't have, certainly 14 the laws were on the book at the time that we had 15 adopted and which have been expanded upon even up 16 to this time. 17 business, if you will, to get involved in real 18 estate matters, that type of thing. 19 It generally was not considered our Certainly we did get involved in the 20 restaurant issue. There was a particular business 21 located out on 23rd Street just immediately west 22 of Louisiana and 23rd which was a well known 23 popular steak house, dance house, drinking house, 24 and the owner of that just wasn't going to have 25 anybody in, he wasn't going to permit people of �27 1 2 color in his establishment. We knew the owner quite well and Wilt 3 Chamberlain came to town. Wilt had a great impact 4 on the race relations in this community. 5 was a simple, very simple statement made to the 6 owner of this establishment that, you know, we're 7 going to quit coming to your business, and 8 ultimately he backed down and people started 9 going. There I'm not sure there was any great influx of 10 African-Americans or others who went there, but at 11 least it opened the door. 12 opportunity if they wished to take it. They had the 13 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 14 MR. COOLEY: So I think that Wilt had a great 15 impact in this community; still does. 16 (34:05) 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 As I recall, the State of Kansas passed a Sure, yes, absolutely. 19 public accommodations act, I think in 1959 or 20 1960, which was supposed to open up public 21 businesses to integrated customers, but I recall 22 reading about a number of businesses, a roller 23 skating rink I think comes to mind, that was not 24 following the apparent direction of the law and 25 there was some concern at the time the law was �28 1 simply too vague in terms of what all kinds of 2 businesses that it applied to, whether they were 3 public or private. 4 of those kind of issues? 5 MR. COOLEY: Do you recall dealing with any Oh, I have some recall. During 6 those times, I think it's important to realize and 7 to understand that this country was in turmoil for 8 many years. 9 the wars were over forever. We went through World War II, thought Five years later 10 we're in Korea. That lasted for three years. And 11 it seems like we've been at war ever since, but 12 there was a real lack of interest, if you will, to 13 get involved in something else that seemed to be a 14 struggle or a fight, having gone through those two 15 wars. 16 to heck with it, let somebody else figure out the 17 problem. Lot of people just set back and said, oh, 18 It ultimately got our attention, of course, 19 and I think more so because of the impact of the 20 Vietnam conflict and the Vietnam demonstrations. 21 At the same time we still had the racial issues. 22 I'm not sure but if the racial issues would have 23 gotten the attention that they did without the 24 involvement of the demonstrations against the 25 Vietnam War, because it was a big forum then. �29 1 Anybody could play "I don't like what's going on" 2 and do something to attempt to change or alter the 3 direction that things were being taken, so yes, we 4 were scared, I think it was a scared community 5 during the time of Vietnam and the demonstrations. 6 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 7 MR. COOLEY: And it served -- as I indicated, 8 there was violence on public officials. It 9 particularly concerned me that Judge Gray got the 10 bomb, truly an outstanding jurist, but it 11 happened. 12 (36:54) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Any other national 14 events that you recall that may have had a 15 particular impact on Lawrence and people's 16 perspectives, whether it be, you know, some of the 17 race riots in big cities around America or the 18 assassination of Martin Luther King? 19 recall that that had any particular impact on the 20 community that was worrisome? 21 MR. COOLEY: Sure. Do you There were two major 22 events. Kent University is still a front page 23 issue and the dean of students at Kent at the time 24 has been on the administrative staff of the 25 university here for many years and I visited with �30 1 him, been friendly with him about what went on and 2 what he felt was happening at Kent, and then he 3 became dean of students here, expanded and gave it 4 a title of student life or something like that; 5 still the dean of students as I would recall the 6 position. 7 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 8 MR. COOLEY: That was a significant thing, 9 and the Vietnam War issue and Martin Luther King's 10 death, if they thought they were going to cure a 11 problem, whoever did this, and I have no reason to 12 know who was the actual perpetrator or who set the 13 thing in motion to kill Martin Luther King but if 14 they thought it was going to ease the pressure 15 from the colored community they were extremely 16 wrong. 17 it did was bring people together. 18 hard-hearted as people are they don't like to see 19 people murdered. 20 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. 21 MR. COOLEY: At least that's my observation. 22 (38:44) 23 MR. ARNOLD: They misjudged their opponent, because all Sure. Even as Scott Wagner pointed out 24 to me that you've lived I think for many, many 25 years in the University Heights neighborhood going �31 1 back all the way to this time period and he was 2 just wondering whether -- I assume that was an 3 all-white neighborhood at the time but probably 4 had faculty members living among you. 5 housing ever a, or segregation a point of 6 discussion among your neighbors, that you recall? 7 MR. COOLEY: Was fair No, and I'm not sure it was 8 University Heights. I live two blocks west of the 9 fountain at the university, -- 10 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 11 MR. COOLEY: -- if that's University Heights. 12 MR. ARNOLD: I was actually trying to figure 13 out, you know, there's Hillcrest Heights, I think 14 University Heights, there's several neighborhoods 15 back in there, I'm not sure I got the right name 16 -- 17 MR. COOLEY: Yes, that's all right. 18 MR. ARNOLD: -- but in that area near the 19 university. 20 MR. COOLEY: West Hills neighborhood -- 21 MR. ARNOLD: Right, West Hills. 22 MR. COOLEY: -- just west of that. 23 trying to think. 24 opposed integration into the neighborhood, at 25 least no one I was aware of, as long as they mowed No, I'm I know that no one would have �32 1 their yard and cleaned off the sidewalks and kept 2 the place looking decent. 3 (39:59) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, it's interesting you 5 mention that because one of the perspectives of 6 the fair housing issue is that the real estate 7 agents were steering people away from generally 8 all-white neighborhoods because they thought the 9 people in the neighborhoods would be strongly 10 opposed to having African-American neighbors and 11 they might then hurt the real estate agent's 12 business, but at the same time I've read things or 13 seen things that suggest that there was actually 14 much broader-based support for, or at least no 15 opposition to African-Americans moving into 16 all-white neighborhoods. 17 that perspective? 18 MR. COOLEY: Would you agree with Well, certainly in my 19 neighborhood I don't know of any objections that 20 existed. 21 there may have been people who expressed their 22 concern but I don't know that it got to my 23 attention as a legal issue. 24 cases I had to defend on that particular subject. 25 I'm sure in some other neighborhoods (41:05) I don't recall any �33 1 MR. ARNOLD: Let's shift over a little bit 2 now towards the more, the specifics, and again, I 3 know you weren't directly involved in the passage 4 of the Fair Housing Ordinance but let me, can I 5 ask you some questions along those lines, starting 6 with what was your view at the time, if you 7 recall, of the Human Relations Commission, its 8 purpose, and whether it was successful in moving 9 in the direction of ending, or addressing and 10 11 12 ending discriminatory practices? MR. COOLEY: addressed. Well, I think they were I don't think it's ever ended. 13 (41:42) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Right, exactly. That's a valid 15 point. 16 respected group of people whose efforts were 17 credible among much of the Lawrence citizenry or 18 do you think they were, you know, some people's 19 referred to them as do-gooders who were looking 20 for problems that didn't necessarily exist? 21 Was the membership of the council a fairly MR. COOLEY: All of those terms have been 22 used. They were good people. They were good 23 citizens. 24 community, university community, just the 25 community as a whole. They were either from the business I would not fault any of �34 1 them. 2 mission that was assigned to them as a member of 3 this particular commission. 4 They had the right attitude toward their Same thing goes on today, it's not changed 5 any. 6 because they're told what to do to comply with the 7 law. 8 get the more rebuke I see to existing laws by some 9 people than existed in my earlier career. 10 There are people who don't -- who oppose it It seems that the older we get, the older I I am still one who thinks if it's the law, 11 that it is what it is. 12 laws. 13 Relations Commission has dealt with some 14 significant problems. 15 16 Those need to be changed, but the Human It's continued to. There was -- oh, Heavens sakes, help me out who the director was for so many years. 17 (43:27) 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 There may be unreasonable Of the Human Relations Commission? 20 MR. COOLEY: The human, department, the city 21 organization, human relations organization. 22 Ray. 23 sorry. Ray. Anyway we'll get to that, Ray Samuel, I'm 24 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 25 MR. COOLEY: And Ray put out a lot of fires. �35 1 People had no idea what he was doing. I mean, 2 staff did, his bosses did, but the general 3 community didn't realize that he solved a lot of 4 problems with the one-on-one conversations, did a 5 lot of those in the evening after office hours. 6 He had a successful career. 7 problems solved because a lot of them still exist, 8 and they'll continue to exist as long as you've 9 got people of opposing views. He didn't get all the 10 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. 11 MR. COOLEY: But it served, it served a good 12 13 purpose. I remember some of the prime objection was 14 from employers who had substantial number of 15 employees and there was a quota system, if you 16 will, a percentage of your workforce was to be to 17 those of other, of lesser economic means and also 18 of color and diversity, not just African-Americans 19 but Mexicans, all other than Caucasian, so they 20 heard a lot of jokes, you know. 21 came in and said you gotta have 10 people of 22 diversity working here," and he called back to the 23 shop and would say, "Lay off one of them, we got 24 too many," you know. 25 attitude that existed. "Well, the guy Well, that was sort of an They were doing what they �36 1 were told but they weren't doing anything more. 2 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 3 MR. COOLEY: I think that if you go into most 4 of the places of business today you just see a mix 5 of everyone working there. 6 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 7 MR. COOLEY: But I'm sure there are still 8 9 10 those who oppose being told what to do. (45:42) MR. ARNOLD: Sure. Sure. Do you recall 11 being involved at all in the actual process of 12 reviewing and then passing the Fair Housing 13 Ordinance? 14 attorney over it, reviewing the ordinance for its, 15 you know, legal wording? 16 Do you recall consulting with the city MR. COOLEY: You know, I don't recall that. 17 I was still a youngster in the practice at that 18 time. 19 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 20 MR. COOLEY: I had my hands full with taking 21 care of those who violated our city ordinances. 22 (46:13) 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 25 Sure. Were you at least aware that it was -MR. COOLEY: Yes, oh yes. �37 1 MR. ARNOLD: -- being brought to the 2 commission and what -- did you feel like it was, 3 that the ordinance was addressing a real problem 4 and was sort of fulfilling a need? 5 MR. COOLEY: Sure, sure. We would have, if 6 we didn't have such an ordinance we would be back 7 in the days that existed at that time, -- 8 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 9 MR. COOLEY: -- the ways and means that 10 existed at that time, which would not be 11 acceptable and I think would lead to more 12 violence, more outpouring of hatred, bitterness 13 between members of the community. 14 I think there was another important thing 15 that took place in the same time frame and that 16 was the creation of the Douglas County Legal Aid 17 Society. 18 not, but I know Fred, Fred Six and I and some 19 others had impact on that. 20 established, and it simply is, it's run by the law 21 school. It was an elective course at the law 22 school. It has represented or the members have 23 represented those of diverse backgrounds, those of 24 low income, low income areas, and they do a good 25 job, and it serves two functions. I don't know if that's been mentioned or We worked to get that It serves the �38 1 public and it serves -- the law students get some 2 training in hands-on use of what they're being 3 taught. 4 I know that we recognized one problem before 5 the thing really got going that we hadn't, the 6 students couldn't appear in court because they 7 weren't admitted to the bar so we got the Supreme 8 Court to adopt an order stating that, with 9 limitations what they could do as long as they had 10 supervision from an admitted attorney, so it has 11 handled all kinds of realty problems, rental 12 problems of every nature, and they still have 13 those problems. 14 And it's interesting to look back. I think 15 Deanell Tacha was the first director of the Legal 16 Aid Society at the university. 17 Deanell is, I think? 18 MR. ARNOLD: I do not. 19 MR. COOLEY: Oh, okay. You know who Well, she became, she 20 was vice chancellor at the university. She is now 21 the dean of the law school out in California. 22 was on the United States Court of Appeals for the 23 Tenth Circuit, was chief judge of that group, and 24 she's held a lot of positions and been involved in 25 many, many things of value in this community, so She �39 1 she kind of got her start back there as initial 2 director. 3 (49:18) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Interesting. What do you think 5 ultimately influenced the City Commission to pass 6 the Fair Housing Ordinance? 7 MR. COOLEY: I'm guessing. I know of one 8 reason was that there was, we knew, or the people 9 who were involved in organizing this effort were 10 aware that the state was going to adopt something. 11 I think we wanted to get a jump on that and do our 12 own thing, run our own community, so that had a 13 lot of influence on the ultimate decision by the 14 City Commission to adopt it. 15 Secondly, I think there was an outpouring 16 from those who thought it was something that had 17 to be because you at least attempt to overcome 18 some of the significant issues raised by race, the 19 racial issues, the economic differential between 20 groups within the community, and we had, in those 21 days we had really outstanding people that worked 22 on or that were elected to the office of city 23 commissioner and most of them had businesses in 24 the community and were successful otherwise. 25 That's not to say we haven't had good commissions �40 1 since then, we have, but they filled a need and 2 they, John Emick I think may have been the mayor 3 at that time. 4 5 MR. ARNOLD: Actually it was Dick Raney was the mayor. 6 MR. COOLEY: Okay, yes. 7 MR. ARNOLD: He signed the ordinance then. 8 MR. COOLEY: That's right. 9 I saw Dick yesterday in fact, yes, but -- and Dick was very 10 active with these issues, and he remains so today, 11 I think. 12 (51:06) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Since you mentioned some 14 of the individuals, do you recall, and again, I 15 realize you weren't directly involved with the 16 ordinance, but any particular individuals either 17 within city government or who may have advocated 18 on its behalf who you remember playing important 19 roles in that time frame and pushing for things 20 like the Fair Housing Ordinance? 21 leaders in the town that you remember? 22 MR. COOLEY: Any civil rights Well, Dick, Richard Raney 23 certainly was one. I don't want to make an 24 attribution to someone who didn't say or do what I 25 think. �41 1 2 3 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, I know, 50 years has been a long time to remember specifics. MR. COOLEY: But there was significant 4 support in the community, and I can't come up with 5 the names. 6 (51:57) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Yes, I was going to ask 8 you what, what kind of -- do you have a sense that 9 the ordinance wasn't, other than obviously the 10 realtors had concerns about it, but that it wasn't 11 especially controversial and that there was kind 12 of general community support for it once it was 13 passed? 14 MR. COOLEY: I don't remember any great 15 controversy. I'm sure -- I can't imagine that 16 anything that came before the City Commission 17 didn't have some -- 18 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 19 MR. COOLEY: -- controversial aspect to it, 20 but -- 21 (52:26) 22 MR. ARNOLD: Do you think the ordinance, you 23 know, from your perspective as the, you know, 24 assistant city attorney, the prosecutor and 25 ultimately as the city attorney do you have a �42 1 sense that it had a positive impact, if not right 2 away, over time? 3 MR. COOLEY: Oh, there's no doubt about it. 4 Some of the practices that were engaged in before 5 the ordinance was adopted and even in the early 6 days after the adoption were practices that don't 7 generally exist today. 8 Most people in the real estate business, 9 whether they're investors or whether they've got a 10 few properties or they've got large projects, they 11 know what the rules are and they know that if 12 they're going to get along they better abide by 13 the rules. 14 whether they appreciate the rules or whether it's 15 -- the fact, the question is do they understand 16 and apply the rules as they're written and it 17 seems that there's been a fair acceptance across 18 the board to follow the law. 19 win if you've got people who are witnesses to some 20 discriminatory act and so you've got other things 21 to do besides be involved in trying to resist 22 something that exists and it's not going to go 23 away. Now, sometimes it doesn't matter It's pretty hard to 24 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 25 MR. COOLEY: At least that's my view of it. �43 1 (53:49) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Do you recall any fair housing 3 cases coming before you or do you feel like 4 compliance was pretty widespread after the 5 ordinance was passed? 6 MR. COOLEY: 7 Oh, no, I think it -- it became more widespread as time -- 8 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. 9 MR. COOLEY: -- evolved. Yes, I recall a 10 case in the past 10 years, I suppose, where we had 11 litigation, and again, this is one of those mixed 12 marriage situations, the wife of one color, white, 13 I assume, would be the appropriate person to come 14 forth and rent the property and then they start to 15 move in, when the black husband showed up and the 16 realtor, who I believe did or may still live in 17 the deep south, took exception and said he wasn't 18 going to let them in. 19 litigation and we finally, after really a good 20 many hours, good many days of legal combat, if you 21 will, we ultimately got the appropriate order and 22 there were sanctions that were imposed and I don't 23 know what happened after I left the practice but I 24 assume that there was some substantial compliance 25 with the law which ended the case, but it may, I'm Well, that creates �44 1 sure there are others that are going on. 2 MR. ARNOLD: Right, right. 3 MR. COOLEY: Lot of times I found that, even 4 though it may not have been my position to do so, 5 I'd get the parties together or get them on a 6 phone call and see if we couldn't work things out. 7 Fortunately e-mails were not excessively used in 8 those days. 9 e-mail today. I wouldn't allow a client to use 10 (55:56) 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 Sometimes wonder how we survived without -- I mean, even -- 13 MR. COOLEY: Very good, very well. 14 MR. ARNOLD: -- across the course of my 15 career as a, I was a career military officer but 16 started off with there was no such thing as e-mail 17 and then by the end of my career we couldn't do 18 business any other way so you sometimes wonder how 19 did we do business before we had it. 20 do quite well. We seemed to 21 MR. COOLEY: Yes. 22 MR. ARNOLD: You've already talked throughout 23 your interview about various experiences you had 24 in the late '60s, early '70s with some of the 25 violence and unrest in Lawrence. Any other �45 1 stories or recollections that you'd like to share 2 about that time period? 3 MR. COOLEY: Oh, I don't know. I thought of 4 one that -- every matter that is serious sometimes 5 has a funny, a funny side to it. 6 I recall on a warm summer day sometime in the 7 '60s I had my uniform of the day, which was a blue 8 suit, white shirt, probably a red tie, and I was 9 walking around the area of Ninth and Vermont 10 Street. 11 suppose shopping or getting ready to and I noted 12 their presence and then I heard this vocal 13 outburst from a group of young guys and they were 14 vulgar statements and loud, and at the same time 15 my eye caught a police car and I waved to the 16 police to come over. 17 There were some women who were out I The policeman got out and said, "What can I 18 do for you?" And I told him what I had observed 19 and so he called the boys over and he said, "You 20 know," he said, "you guys are always doing 21 something stupid, but," he said, "you've really, 22 you've reached a peak today because you did it in 23 front of the prosecutor." 24 immediately, he said, "Prosecutor?" 25 thought he was the trash man." This one kid responded Said, "I I immediately had �46 1 to leave, I started laughing and I didn't want to 2 do that in their presence. 3 (58:10) 4 MR. ARNOLD: One thing that as we've done 5 research for this project certainly in the mid 6 1960s when some studies were done, you know, 7 Lawrence was a fairly segregated community in 8 terms of the areas where African-Americans lived, 9 but to what extent do you think that that 10 segregation contributed to racial unrest? 11 MR. COOLEY: Oh, I'm sure that it was 12 significant. 13 circumstances but I have lived in poor 14 circumstances where I was part of the dust bowl 15 generation, if you will, and I know that with no 16 money and place to live that's not very 17 accommodating it's not very pleasant, that you 18 sometimes have a bad attitude, so I grew up with 19 those circumstances. 20 I haven't lived in their Again, I'm not trying to relate that I know 21 what these people have suffered or have lived 22 through, but I think that in the back, hidden in 23 the depth of some of these people they've 24 repressed a lot of these emotions and when the 25 '60s came along the demonstrations and all gave �47 1 them an opportunity to open those repressed 2 feelings and start to express them and, you know, 3 the Jim Crow law was prominent. 4 issues of the south that were more prevalent than 5 they were here, even though we may have been more 6 repressive than they were in the south. 7 We had all the I had a particular -- my second tour at Fort 8 Benning I was married, in fact I got married and 9 took off on orders to Fort Benning the same day, 10 but the wife was finishing up her degree by E -- 11 by mail, not e-mail, and had a young lady from 12 Alabama who was brought in in a, just a smashed 13 group of people into an old truck and they let 14 them off, and anyway, she once in awhile came in 15 to clean up things, and I thought that was 16 horrible. 17 hour. 18 lieutenant's salary. 19 occasionally and also would try to give her things 20 that we weren't going to use anymore in the food 21 line and I got contacted by the driver of the 22 truck, said, "Don't do that." 23 you drive your truck. 24 what I want to do." 25 you haven't seen it you can't believe it. I think the going rate was 35 cents an That was cheap even for a second I gave her a little extra And I said, "Look, If she works here I'll do But that was a problem. If �48 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 2 MR. COOLEY: And this was very, very common 3 occurrence that come from Phenix City, Alabama, 4 across the Chattahoochee River there into Columbus 5 and then to Fort Benning and bringing these 6 carloads of, what, I guess they called them 7 servants at the time. 8 (1:01:29) 9 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Would you say, you know, 10 from your many years of perspective that you had 11 through your time as assistant city 12 attorney/prosecutor and then once you became the 13 city attorney for many years after the 1960s, 14 would you say that both the positive changes, 15 things like the Fair Housing Ordinance, the public 16 swimming pool, but also some of the obviously more 17 negative experiences, like the unrest of the late 18 '60s, early '70s, did all those things in 19 combination make Lawrence, as painful as some of 20 them were, a better community coming out the other 21 end or did you see positive changes that resulted 22 from that period? 23 MR. COOLEY: Sure you do. People who weren't 24 here at the time wouldn't recognize them but this 25 isn't the community that it was at that time. We �49 1 were, surprisingly to a lot of people, we were 2 kind of a sleepy college town. 3 with growth you have problems that you have to 4 address, it just, growth, it's just the nature of 5 the beast, I think, but overall I think that we 6 wouldn't be the community we are today if we 7 hadn't adopted such things as fair housing, if 8 there hadn't been other laws enacted either by 9 Congress or by the state or by the city addressing 10 problems of a general nature for all communities, 11 all people, we wouldn't be near the community we 12 are today. 13 Sure we got our problems. We've grown and I think right now 14 it's a nation or a worldwide problem that we're 15 experiencing, which is very remindful to me of 16 what took place back in the '60s and '70s, but it 17 will be resolved, hopefully it will be without 18 any more violence. 19 that won't occur, but without great violence and 20 without great loss of life, but it'll end. 21 will be a period of quietness and something else 22 will be a problem, so -- but overall Lawrence is a 23 great town. 24 my moped to the office. 25 one today with the traffic. I know that is an expectation There It was a lot easier when I could ride I wouldn't dare get on �50 1 2 3 MR. ARNOLD: Those college students still do, though. MR. COOLEY: I've got two grandchildren that 4 drive a little different than what I would advise, 5 but stay out of the way of those people. 6 (1:04:00) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Well, Mr. Cooley, I have 8 come to the end of my questions. 9 offer you if you have any other thoughts about 10 11 I just wanted to anything we didn't cover that you wanted to share. MR. COOLEY: Well, it's been, rambling, I 12 suppose my offering is simply one that's lived 13 longer than would be expected. 14 MR. ARNOLD: Well, thank you very much. This 15 was a very useful interview and I think we got 16 some great perspectives from you and you played a 17 central role in a lot of these issues and so we 18 really appreciate the fact that you lent us your 19 time to share some of your memories, so thank you 20 very much. 21 22 23 24 25 MR. COOLEY: I think it is important that we keep our history evolving. MR. ARNOLD: Right. ***** Great. Thank you. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Cooley, Gerald Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Gerald Cooley Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Jayhawk Plunge (Lawrence, Kan.) Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Protest movements -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Gerald Cooley, who was the assistant city attorney for the City of Lawrence at the time the fair housing ordinance was passed in Lawrence in July 1967. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on October 12, 2016, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cooley, Gerald Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/12/2016 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/gerald-cooley-audio-only-hi?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>Click <a href="https://youtu.be/NgWqD4fX1pQ">here</a> to view the video recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CooleyInterview101216.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1950s - 1970 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/8d8fac783ec6b037fa32122d1824f8e9.pdf 4eeeb7c47e6042f6fa989daeb7c5b052 PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Homer Floyd 12 November 22, 2016 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 (10:55:14) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Today is November 22nd, 2016. I 3 am historian Tom Arnold interviewing Mr. Homer 4 Floyd at his home in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, for 5 the City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th 6 Anniversary Oral History Project. 7 At the time the ordinance passed in July, 8 1967, Mr. Floyd was the director of the Kansas 9 State Commission on Civil Rights. 10 To start off, how would you describe the City 11 of Lawrence at the time you arrived there in the 12 mid to late 1950s as a K.U. student athlete, and 13 in particular what were your memories of the 14 racial atmosphere in Lawrence at the time? 15 MR. FLOYD: Well, first of all let me say 16 that I was delighted to have the opportunity to 17 come to Lawrence to play football and get an 18 education at the University of Kansas and it has 19 certainly grounded me as it relates to my future 20 career and opportunities, but I think that some of 21 the experiences that we had of a racial nature 22 certainly helped to motivate me to want to see 23 opportunities available for all people as opposed 24 to just some. 25 When we came there my recollection is, first �3 1 of all, that there were certain restaurants we 2 could not eat at as African-Americans. 3 three theaters that I remember. 4 the balcony in two of the theaters and the other 5 theater didn't have a balcony so we had to start 6 filling up the theater from the back rows forward. 7 We had difficulty with housing, and certainly many 8 of the students off-campus housing, 9 African-Americans, they had difficulty. There were We had to sit in 10 Some of my counterparts explained that they 11 have had difficulties in the classroom with some 12 teachers and professors. I don't think that I had 13 that kind of experience. What I do remember is a 14 couple of the professors would tease us, the 15 football players, and basketball players as well, 16 about getting a free ride and, you know, things 17 like that, but my recollection of K.U. was very 18 positive. 19 Certainly the experience we had as it relates 20 to some of those incidents, though, we found out 21 that the track players had some of those 22 experiences, the basketball players, as well as 23 the football players, and it is in that context 24 that we decided to go to the chancellor and to 25 express our indignation and our concerns, both in �4 1 the city as well as when we played TCU in 1957 in 2 Fort Worth, Texas, after we had left Lawrence and 3 we found that the African-American players were 4 going to have to stay at a separate hotel, and 5 that was troublesome. 6 as to whether to play or not and I know that at 7 first I was not going to play but coach pulled me 8 aside and talked with me and I finally decided to 9 go ahead with it, but that was a major experience, 10 11 We had to make a decision I think, that we looked at. But in the '50s there was just a lot of 12 racial segregation and this was just after the 13 Brown v. Board of Education and society was just 14 getting used to the fact that segregation was 15 illegal, but that's kind of what I remember about 16 the period. 17 (11:00:00) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Great. How would you say 19 that your impressions of Lawrence differed from 20 the experiences you had where you grew up in Ohio? 21 Was there a greater degree of segregation or were 22 you surprised when you got to Lawrence in what you 23 found there, particularly given that Lawrence kind 24 of had this reputation to be the front -- center 25 of the free state movement from the Civil War era? �5 1 MR. FLOYD: We were surprised. My 2 recollection, first of all, in Massilon, Ohio, 3 that was a steel mill town and a high percentage 4 of African-Americans and other minorities were 5 working in the steel mills and it was a good 6 living, and on Main Street, though, in the public 7 contact jobs there were very few, I believe, in 8 Massilon. 9 up one or two persons in public contact jobs. 10 I don't remember but when I was growing The community as a whole coalesced around 11 football. I mean, in those days the Massilon 12 Tigers were winning, regularly winning the state 13 championships and Paul Brown, who ultimately owned 14 the Cleveland Browns and later the Cincinnati 15 team, he was the coach. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MR. FLOYD: Wow. And he was the coach during the 18 late '30s and early '40s and so he had already 19 built up a strong tradition. 20 won the state championship for the seventh 21 consecutive year and two of those years that I was 22 there we were national champs, so it was a town of 23 about 35,000 and on the day of a football game 24 stores closed for a period of time for the 25 marches, the rallies that we had and so forth, so When I graduated we �6 1 it was really a great place to grow up, but at the 2 same time there were problems, but not nearly as 3 much as we saw out in Kansas at that time. 4 (11:02:38) 5 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. So you were clearly 6 surprised, then, when you arrived in Lawrence and 7 found -- 8 MR. FLOYD: 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 Yes. -- the conditions there and how they differed? 11 MR. FLOYD: 12 (11:02:44) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. You have already briefly touched 14 on the meeting, and I think it was in 1957. 15 it just -- 16 MR. FLOYD: 17 MR. ARNOLD: Was Yes. -- at the beginning of the 18 school year in 1957 that you remember when you met 19 with the chancellor? 20 MR. FLOYD: I think it was after the Fort 21 Worth experience in which we had had that 22 experience, and earlier in the year the basketball 23 team had some experience as well, as I understand 24 it, so we all just got together and said let's -- 25 that was more focused on some of the experiences �7 1 that we have had but also we took on the whole 2 thing and the chancellor really, Chancellor 3 Franklin D. Murphy, really stepped up, in my 4 judgment. 5 limits to students, that he would purchase or rent 6 the movies and show them on campus, and that 7 helped with the theater situation. He threatened to make the theaters off 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 MR. FLOYD: Right. And then we had the issue of 10 restaurants and he began to speak out on that, and 11 there were others behind him, I'm sure, that was 12 doing some of the negotiations in regard to the -- 13 I think, if I recall correctly, was it Phog 14 Allen's son? 15 were involved in it as well. There was a couple of lawyers that 16 (11:04:34) 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 MR. FLOYD: 20 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. -- private attorney but also was acting -- 22 MR. FLOYD: 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 was probably involved. 25 Phog Allen's son was the city attorney at that time, -- 19 21 Right. I don't remember. MR. FLOYD: Right, right. -- as the city attorney so he Yes, yes. So, but at any rate, �8 1 things got better. 2 just appreciative of the forthright steps that the 3 chancellor was willing to take, and as a matter of 4 fact, the following February he invited Thurgood 5 Marshall to be the Brotherhood Day speaker. 6 That's a February event -- 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MR. FLOYD: 9 Things got better, and we were Right. -- in which, you know, he had argued the Brown v. Board of Education case. 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 MR. FLOYD: Right. And he invited him to be our 12 principal speaker, and I know, I even have 13 pictures of that, and it was so enlightening as 14 well as kind of verifying what we were saying, 15 that we needed to go forward and that we needed to 16 take giant steps, and that was something I thought 17 was very positive that the chancellor did. 18 (11:05:53) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Good. And based on your 20 observations at the time, as best you can recall, 21 did the changes in attitudes or policies of some 22 of the local business people, that not only 23 applied to African-American student athletes but 24 also just student body in general and even local 25 residents, that you remember? �9 1 MR. FLOYD: Yes, I think that more and more 2 African-American students were enrolling at the 3 university, so that in and of itself meant that 4 downtown their presence was more -- it's, on 5 campus I think that they were way ahead of, in my 6 judgment, at any rate, than the businesses 7 downtown, but at the same time you could see 8 incremental progress taking place. 9 they couldn't stay at the hotel there and that was At one point 10 an issue, I know, for when some of the parents 11 would come to town, yes. 12 (11:07:03) 13 MR. ARNOLD: But no real change that you 14 recall in that time frame in housing policies, it 15 still was difficult for African-American students 16 who were coming to town to find adequate places to 17 live? 18 MR. FLOYD: 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 MR. FLOYD: If they did off campus, yes. Right. And as a result many of them were 21 able to stay in homes of other African-Americans 22 who lived in the community. 23 slow. 24 25 That was, housing was Employment with each other eight hours or more but, during the day, in the community you're �10 1 living next to each other and so forth, and there 2 are all kinds of misconceptions, perceptions about 3 what will happen to your neighborhood if blacks 4 move in and, you know, things like that that you 5 had to overcome. 6 (11:08:01) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Right. As we have done 8 the research for this project and been 9 interviewing people one of the things that really 10 becomes apparent is not only, besides the 11 influence that the university had in trying to 12 bring about change, many kind of grassroots 13 community groups were very involved, the churches, 14 both African-American and white churches, kind of 15 umbrella church organizations, the NAACP was very 16 involved, there was in Lawrence an organization in 17 the 1950s and early '60s which you probably 18 weren't aware of called the League for the 19 Promotion of Democracy and it had many not only 20 local African-American members but also a lot of 21 K.U. faculty who were, and I think the faculty 22 played a key role in a lot of these organizations 23 because of course you had people who were from 24 diverse backgrounds coming into Lawrence and 25 didn't necessarily like what they saw, but did you �11 1 have any, during that early time when you were at 2 the university, any interaction with any of those 3 types of groups, through maybe a church 4 affiliation or were you aware of their efforts to 5 try and bring about change as well? 6 MR. FLOYD: Well, there was student groups 7 that we coalesced with on certain issues as they 8 would occur. 9 was aware of some of the churches. I was aware of some, or the NAACP, I Probably not 10 as much involved in a couple of the organizations 11 you just mentioned, yes. 12 (11:09:36) 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MR. FLOYD: 15 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Yes. Okay. In addition to the just 16 general kind of conditions of segregation, and you 17 obviously did mention some of the incidents that 18 occurred away, but do you remember any particular 19 incidents that occurred within Lawrence that were 20 particularly influential in kind of prodding 21 people to start pushing for change or was it just 22 kind of general, the general conditions at the 23 time that were -- 24 25 MR. FLOYD: Well, I think that at that point in time people were just trying to get used to the �12 1 idea that there was a change at the Supreme Court 2 level of what constituted discrimination, because 3 segregation was just the law of the land prior to 4 that and so as incidents or situations would 5 occur, you know, you problem solve around what is 6 it that has occurred and the like, and sometimes 7 we felt as though whatever the issue was we didn't 8 have an entree into a receptive -- how can I say 9 this? We see situations that occur between let's 10 say two students, an African-American and a white. 11 Well, the African-American does not feel that I 12 can run to the administration and get justice -- 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MR. FLOYD: 15 Right. -- because of the social distance. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MR. FLOYD: Right. And that, I think, is what we 18 were really dealing with. 19 also the social distance -- 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MR. FLOYD: It's the attitude but Sure. -- was such that an identical set 22 of circumstances can mean different things to 23 different people, depend upon your previous 24 experience and so forth, and sometimes we didn't 25 feel that we had the ear of the administration or �13 1 in, if it's, sometimes it could have been the 2 police issue involved. 3 could go to the administration or to the powers 4 that be and get a fair treatment. 5 MR. ARNOLD: 6 MR. FLOYD: We didn't feel that we Right. In some instance we'll end up 7 getting the charge, and at the time I think the 8 society was still beginning to know how to deal 9 with the whole business of integration and equal 10 opportunity. 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 MR. FLOYD: Right. And, see, in those days they just 13 told you up front we don't rent to colored. 14 want you to know that even after, even after 15 Kansas or after K.U. when I moved to Kansas City I 16 had been told that so many times until I started 17 to just over the phone in places that were open 18 for rent in the newspapers, I would say, "Do you 19 rent to colored?" 20 in those days. 21 (11:13:12) 22 MR. ARNOLD: I Because that's the way it was Yes, the fact that you had to 23 ask that question is, you know, to people today 24 shocking. 25 MR. FLOYD: And housing was much more �14 1 difficult than some of the employment situations. 2 (11:13:23) 3 MR. ARNOLD: Right, right. Let's transition 4 from kind of that background to what it was that 5 then got you -- I mean, you obviously left K.U. 6 with opportunities to pursue a sports career but 7 chose instead to, you know, basically dedicate 8 your life to civil rights work. 9 motivated you? What really Was it some of those experiences 10 at K.U. that kind of led you down that path, and 11 how did you end up first I think working for the 12 City of Topeka in a civil rights position, then 13 ultimately becoming the director of the Kansas 14 state commission? 15 MR. FLOYD: Well, immediately after college I 16 had a year of professional football in Canada and 17 then I came down to Kansas City, Missouri, in 18 which I was married and had one child, and we had 19 real difficulty finding housing there and that was 20 really an eye opening experience, too, how 21 segregated Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, was at 22 the time, but I worked for about a year with the 23 Recreation Department there and I signed a 24 contract with the Cleveland Browns and went up and 25 went through their training camp and I got cut, so �15 1 I came back to Kansas City, and when I came back 2 to Kansas City I was offered a job as an 3 investigator for the State of Kansas with the 4 Kansas Commission on Civil Rights and they had 5 just passed a fair employment practices statute at 6 that point in time, so with the experiences I have 7 had that was kind of a motivating factor to want 8 to see things change and be part of the change. 9 As you know, there were demonstrations and 10 all of those and I saw an opportunity for me to do 11 some good through the legal process and so 12 therefore I took the job and worked there for two 13 and a half years or so and took the position as 14 executive secretary of the Topeka, Kansas, 15 commission and was there for year and a half or 16 more, two years maybe, and then I ended up going 17 to Omaha as their director of their program and 18 then coming back to Kansas in I guess it was 1966, 19 I believe. 20 (11:60:03) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. At about the time you 22 came back Kansas was, and I think as early as '65 23 the Kansas Legislature had been considering a fair 24 housing law. 25 to kind of push that through the legislature? How were you involved in that effort �16 1 Which ultimately didn't happen until I think about 2 1970, but -- 3 MR. FLOYD: Right. Yes, there was a big 4 movement during the year of '65, '66, '67 and we 5 thought we had fashioned a bill that was 6 acceptable to the legislators who were negotiating 7 with it but unfortunately we got it past the House 8 and I think it died in the Senate. 9 My recollection of it was that George Haley, 10 Senator George Haley, helped us as part of the 11 front of the movement, and we were -- much of the 12 push for the legislation was coming through the -- 13 we had an advisory council. 14 Shechter was the chair of the advisory council, 15 and it was a statewide group that was helping to 16 mobilize and it grew larger and more influential 17 and then finally we were able to get the passage 18 of the statute in 19-, I guess it was 1967 -- no, 19 1970, January of 1970, January or February, during 20 that year. 21 legislation the session before, it's just that we 22 just couldn't get it through at that point in 23 time, yes. I remember Ruth But we had actually fashioned the 24 (11:18:00) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Right. What do you recall about �17 1 the opposition? And obviously the real estate 2 industry was one of the key opponents of putting 3 that kind of a law into effect, and I have been 4 told by some of my previous interviewees that 5 their impression was that the Lawrence real estate 6 industry was in particular one of the ones that 7 were pushing hard against putting a law because 8 they argued that they should be able to regulate 9 themselves and this both infringed on their rights 10 and the rights of property owners. 11 recall about who the opposition was and what the 12 case, the arguments that they made against the law 13 that proved at least influential in the first 14 three or four years before you could finally get 15 it passed? 16 MR. FLOYD: What do you Well, I don't recall the specific 17 individuals but certainly the real estate 18 industry, both in Lawrence as well as statewide, 19 was opposed to the fair housing statute and they 20 constantly were, through their legislators that 21 they worked with, were constantly putting up 22 amendments to limit the authority, to limit the 23 consequences of discrimination and so forth, and 24 we had to fight against that, and my recollection 25 in '66, '67, that's when a lot of the negotiation �18 1 was going on and we finally got something that was 2 acceptable and finally passed, you know, in 1970. 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 MR. FLOYD: 5 6 7 Right. But certainly Lawrence was able to get theirs I guess in '68. MR. ARNOLD: July of '67 they finally passed theirs. 8 MR. FLOYD: 9 (11:20:02) 10 MR. ARNOLD: '67, yes, okay. In '65, and this may have then 11 been before your time back in Kansas, it may have 12 actually been while you were in Omaha, but Wichita 13 actually passed the first Fair Housing Ordinance. 14 Did you have any involvement in that or were you 15 in communication with people down there to talk to 16 them about how they managed to get it through to 17 help your efforts to try and push it through the 18 state legislature? 19 20 MR. FLOYD: That effort was going on at the same time when I was in Kansas. 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MR. FLOYD: Okay. For a long time that effort was 23 going on. I left, while I left the State, I was 24 still in Topeka with a local human rights 25 commission and the state wide effort had an �19 1 influence on what they were doing in Wichita, and 2 I was aware that Wichita, which is, you know, the 3 largest city, were able to pass the statute, and 4 that gave some support for other cities to take up 5 the issue, and certainly Lawrence did and was 6 successful. 7 (11:21:16) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Do you recall who were kind of the key advocates within Lawrence or any 10 particular people that you worked with at the time 11 they were -- and sort of the timeline, just to 12 refresh your memory or give you the background, 13 based on our research, there had been discussions 14 of it I think among local groups as early as '65, 15 because they formed what they called a Fair 16 Housing Coordinating Committee, which brought 17 NAACP, church groups, various other citizen groups 18 together under an umbrella to work towards that, 19 and really sometime in '66 they decided that they 20 wanted to push it up to the City Commission and 21 actually right at the beginning of January of '67 22 they went to the Human Relations Commission in 23 Lawrence, proposed it. 24 25 The Human Relations Commission had already been quietly working with them so they weren't �20 1 surprised that it was coming to them and then they 2 drafted the ordinance and took it up to what 3 proved to be a fairly receptive City Commission, 4 which passed it in '67. 5 may have worked with or groups you may have worked 6 with or how they may have coordinated with you at 7 the state level in trying to bring this forward 8 within Lawrence? 9 MR. FLOYD: But do you recall who you Well, one of the things that we 10 would do at the state level is to share with the 11 local, other cities that have passed similar 12 housing laws and so forth, ordinances, to give 13 them some perspective of what they were to look 14 like, as well as whether it would be suitable for 15 their particular, and certainly we played that 16 role, and I do know that there was substantial 17 support from the city attorney's office and so 18 forth, and I think that there was influence also 19 from the K.U. leadership as well. 20 21 22 MR. ARNOLD: Right, and I was going to ask you about that, in fact. MR. FLOYD: Yes. There was considerable 23 leadership there because of the fact that many of 24 their students were complaining and having their 25 own difficulties, so it was a wide segment of the �21 1 population that was socially conscious about the 2 problems that really worked with each other, and 3 we had the statewide advisory council that also 4 played a role in supporting the local effort as 5 well. 6 (11:23:54) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And you are bringing up 8 an important point when you mention that you all 9 at the state level were trying to make local 10 communities aware of laws that had put in place 11 elsewhere, because Lawrence very much looked at a 12 couple of the university cities in Iowa, Iowa City 13 in particular, as a model because it sort of was a 14 town with a similar demographic and so they very 15 much modeled theirs on Iowa City's, as well as 16 looking at Wichita as a model. 17 The university certainly played a role and 18 they had already gone through, both at the time 19 you were there and then afterwards there's some -- 20 MR. FLOYD: 21 MR. ARNOLD: Demonstrations. -- demonstrations and later 22 football players, including a gentleman named Gale 23 Sayers, was involved in demonstrating against not 24 just discrimination in university housing in 25 particular, which I think they had already �22 1 addressed by that point, but one of the concerns 2 was housing in the community still being 3 segregated, opportunities not being offered to 4 African-Americans, and the university yet would 5 allow those landlords to advertise on campus and 6 so there was a big push for the university to ban 7 landlords who wouldn't rent to African-Americans 8 from being able to advertise on campus and in fact 9 they were successful with that, but when the 10 ordinance came up for consideration by the City 11 Commission both the vice chancellor wrote a letter 12 saying, you know, we very much support this, it 13 conforms with what is now university policy, and 14 then also, interestingly, Ted Owens, the 15 basketball coach, came forward and said, you know, 16 when I go out and recruit athletes I tell their 17 parents they're sending them to a town that they'd 18 be proud to have their son play sports in and, you 19 know, we need to make changes like this so that in 20 fact Lawrence will live up to, you know, a 21 reputation and be a place where people would want 22 their children to come. 23 So do you -- I take it, then, you feel that 24 the university, that influence was very important 25 in probably changing attitudes? �23 1 MR. FLOYD: Absolutely, absolutely, and also 2 the fact that the professionalism that the 3 university had in their professors and 4 administrators was very important. 5 that there were demonstrations on campus for some 6 of those issues as well and I remember there was 7 one group took over the chancellor's office, if I 8 recall correctly. 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 MR. FLOYD: Now, I know Right, right, yes. So yes, the progress didn't come 11 without some kind of tension and some kind of 12 pushback, but at the same time it was good that so 13 many people were willing to get together, work 14 together, in order to push the community forward, 15 and I think this is a prime example of that. 16 (11:27:08) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And in fact one of the 18 individuals I interviewed for this project told me 19 that frankly he didn't think Lawrence would have 20 been one of the first towns in Kansas to pass such 21 an ordinance if it hadn't been a university town 22 and kind of the diversity of points of view, 23 leading a lot of people to think this is wrong and 24 we need to change it. 25 MR. FLOYD: Absolutely, yes. �24 1 (11:27:30) 2 MR. ARNOLD: There was actually at the time 3 the Human Relations Commission in Lawrence was 4 working on drafting the Fair Housing Ordinance in 5 early '67, in the minutes of one of their 6 meetings, and I'll put you on the spot a little 7 bit here to see how good your memory is because it 8 was 50 years ago and you may not even remember 9 this, but according to minutes in the March, 1967, 10 Human Relations Commission it said that you had 11 met with the Lawrence real estate board to discuss 12 fair housing with them, and in fact Glenn 13 Kappelman, who was a member of the Human Relations 14 Commission and also a local realtor who supported 15 fair housing, was quoted as saying that you, Homer 16 Floyd, were well received and expected to be 17 invited to appear before the board again in the 18 future. 19 Do you remember meeting with the Lawrence 20 real estate board specifically on the Fair Housing 21 Ordinance and what their attitudes were when you 22 met with them? 23 MR. FLOYD: I do remember one meeting and 24 everything's a little fuzzy now in terms of some 25 of the personalities. �25 1 MR. ARNOLD: 2 MR. FLOYD: Sure. It was helpful that I had played 3 football and had had a name in the state, but -- 4 so some would have, just on the matter of 5 courtesy, would have welcomed me, but I do recall 6 that there was some support in that group for, 7 particularly when we talked about how it would 8 function, how the ordinance would function, and 9 the kind of, the steps that would be taken after a 10 11 complaint would be filed and so forth. I remember, you know, that kind of discussion 12 and asking for their support. 13 recollection of any vote or anything like that was 14 taken. 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 MR. FLOYD: 17 Now, I have no Right, right. But in that context I was well received, yes. 18 (11:29:39) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Another interesting observation 20 that one of the people I interviewed made was, in 21 talking about the attitude of the realtors, that 22 some of the realtors they believed quietly 23 welcomed this because it gave them -- they really 24 wanted to bring about change, they felt that 25 change was right, but they felt like they needed �26 1 something, a framework that would allow them to do 2 it without necessarily it hurting their customer 3 base, whereas other realtors, whether through 4 prejudice, just innate prejudice, or the fact that 5 they were so concerned about the impact that it 6 might have on their business continued to be 7 opposed to it, but did you have that same 8 impression, that there were some who favored fair 9 housing but were reluctant to speak out because 10 they were afraid how it might hurt their business 11 but kind of quietly hoped that it would come to 12 fruition? 13 MR. FLOYD: Absolutely. There always was a 14 discussion if I do this so and so is going to use 15 it against me as it relates to whatever products, 16 you know, I'm selling or whatever, that it's going 17 to adversely affect my business, and of course our 18 position was simply that if you pass the ordinance 19 everybody will be under the same requirements and 20 the same process so therefore it is going to be 21 good for you. 22 and say that," and so there were that 23 undercurrent, in two ways, undercurrent to say 24 please do it, but there were others who was less 25 enthusiastic about it, yes. Said, "Yes, but I can't come out �27 1 (11:31:31) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. And you wonder if that 3 same problem was even more pervasive just than in 4 the business world, because one of the interesting 5 things is, again, and much of the local Fair 6 Housing Coordinating Committee was very active not 7 only in pushing the issue up to the Human 8 Relations Commission but also kind of doing a 9 separate sort of public relations campaign in 10 favor of it. 11 local paper in favor of fair housing and then they 12 also did a signature campaign and well over a 13 thousand people in Lawrence, and the City actually 14 sat down and mapped out the addresses of all these 15 people and found it was widespread all over the 16 city, not just, you know, in particular 17 neighborhoods, but there seemed to be pretty 18 broad-based support, but it does make you wonder 19 with that level of support were there a lot of 20 people who were just quietly in favor but 21 reluctant to speak out because they weren't sure 22 what their neighbors would think or whatever. 23 you find that not only in Lawrence but kind of 24 just generally in your civil rights work? 25 They had articles published in the MR. FLOYD: Did Tom, that is a major problem even �28 1 today. 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 MR. FLOYD: Right. Sometimes we use words and 4 phrases to stop our enemy or to block things 5 through scare tactics and so forth and it is -- we 6 are acculturated in such a way that the 7 experiences of whites growing up in their 8 neighborhood and their particular area, they are 9 acculturated along racial lines, as 10 African-Americans are. 11 We have our own situations that we have to be 12 concerned about, and nobody wants to get out there 13 and stand up and be the first to say this is not 14 right, we're going to stop this, and so forth, 15 because they don't want to be called names, those 16 dirty names that you get called when you're a 17 traitor, and so a lot of people would want to go 18 along with it but they don't want to be out front 19 leading it because of the consequences that they 20 feel they are going to have, and that is on all 21 groups, it's not just whites and blacks. 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MR. FLOYD: Sure. I mean, that's just the way it 24 is, and getting people to speak up and be 25 comfortable doing so is sometimes difficult. �29 1 (11:34:15) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Yes, and again, many of 3 the people I have interviewed felt like that one 4 of the reasons it did pass fairly easily in 5 Lawrence is that there was pretty broad-based 6 support even if it wasn't necessarily apparent on 7 the surface, but once you put it forward very few 8 people, in fact during the actual hearings many, 9 many people from all different backgrounds came up 10 and spoke out in favor of the fair housing 11 ordinance and the only group that showed up was 12 one realtor and the lawyer who represented the 13 Board of Realtors were the only two who spoke out 14 against it and there seemed to be very little, 15 once it passed, consternation within the community 16 at all about that this major step had been taken. 17 Did you have a sense or did you observe in 18 your position at the state level that once the 19 ordinance was put in place in Wichita, Lawrence, 20 and it may have been done in other communities 21 than Lawrence after that, that noticeable change 22 came about, or was change often more slow in 23 coming and enforcement required to make sure that 24 change actually started to happen? 25 MR. FLOYD: Well, certainly change is slow �30 1 and in housing, since you've got to have, you've 2 got to qualify for loans and that kind of thing 3 the purchase of housing certainly was a slow 4 process in that change. 5 nothing was easy, but a little easier because, you 6 know, first you rent before you buy generally. 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MR. FLOYD: Rentals was a little, Right. And so there were more people who 9 were willing to take advantage of opportunities on 10 a rental basis, but even at that it was slow, and 11 I think social change in certain areas doesn't 12 happen overnight. 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MR. FLOYD: 15 Right. It's a gradual evolutionary process, and I think that's what we've seen, yes. 16 (11:36:26) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Let me just take a look at my 18 questions here and see what I may have missed that 19 I want to make sure that I ask you about. 20 Do you remember any, and I had mentioned 21 earlier, for example, Jesse Milan, but do you 22 remember any, do you have any observations of his 23 work and do you remember any other particular 24 individuals in Lawrence who you recall from that 25 time frame who were particularly active and �31 1 2 influential in helping to bring about change? MR. FLOYD: Jesse, Jesse Milan I knew very 3 well. We were close friends. He was so valuable 4 to that community. 5 Alversa were the first African-Americans I met 6 from the community and he was pushing his own, 7 because he was I think the first teacher, 8 African-American teacher in the system as well, so 9 he had his own issues that he dealt with, but he When I got there he and 10 was always willing to listen and always willing to 11 reach out to us as students at the university and 12 in the community. 13 When the civil rights movement began to take 14 shape he was always right there with sound 15 leadership and sound suggestions as to how to get 16 things done. 17 and admiration for him because he was a true, I 18 think, positive leader in that community. I had just a great deal of respect 19 (11:38:05) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Good. A number of people have 21 also mentioned, and I don't have any names in 22 front of me, but different ministers in some of 23 the churches, both African-American and white 24 churches in Lawrence, also played key roles, if 25 not necessarily always highly public roles, but at �32 1 least roles in encouraging their congregations to 2 be more involved to try and bring about social 3 change. 4 any impressions of their efforts and how important 5 it was? 6 Do you remember any or do you just have MR. FLOYD: I am having difficulty 7 remembering the ministers but I do know that there 8 was some church leadership that was supporting the 9 efforts and there were, I remember some meetings 10 that we attended in which they were trying to 11 organize and strategize as to what should be our 12 next steps and so forth. 13 (11:39:00) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. And sometimes it's 15 important to think of the churches as the 16 conscience of the community -- 17 MR. FLOYD: 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 Absolutely. -- and their attitudes often playing a big role in bringing about change. 20 Do you remember, also according to, and I 21 think this was actually in a newspaper article 22 that mentioned who appeared before the City 23 Commission in May, 1967, when they held their 24 hearing in which the proponents made the case for 25 fair housing, but it mentioned that you had �33 1 actually appeared and spoken on behalf as, 2 obviously, the director of the State Civil Rights 3 Commission. 4 remember what kind of reception you got and how 5 receptive the City Commission seemed to be on the 6 issue? 7 Do you remember that and do you MR. FLOYD: I vaguely remember because there 8 were several other communities in which, and 9 sometimes things run together. 10 (11:39:58) 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 13 Right. You probably did that quite often. MR. FLOYD: But I do remember supporting the 14 ordinance and I do -- I don't think that there was 15 a lot of vocal opposition. 16 those settings I don't remember a lot of vocal -- 17 I mean, there could be two or three people 18 speaking against but the overwhelming was a 19 positive support for the ordinance. 20 (11:40:30) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Right. I don't remember, in And were you surprised 22 at all when it passed in Lawrence or were you 23 expecting that? 24 MR. FLOYD: 25 Or do you even remember? It's just hard to say because there were times at the state level in '67 that we �34 1 just knew we had the bill passed and then all of a 2 sudden something happened and somebody decided to 3 vote the other way and -- or make a parliamentary 4 move to block it, you know, so you never be too 5 confident on something like this. 6 (11:41:03) 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 Do you have a sense of whether the passage of 9 Right. I can understand. the ordinance in Lawrence had any broader 10 influence within the state? 11 effort to get the state law, continue pushing 12 forward with getting the state law passed, did it 13 influence other communities, that you remember, or 14 do you have any recollection of that? 15 MR. FLOYD: Did it help with the Yes, I think that because Wichita 16 and certainly Lawrence, that helped for 17 legislators at the state level, for those two 18 communities, and I don't know of anybody else at 19 the time, but -- 20 MR. ARNOLD: Topeka may have passed theirs, I 21 have to go back and look, before the state one was 22 passed. 23 time that Lawrence's was passed. I know they were working on it at the 24 MR. FLOYD: 25 MR. ARNOLD: Right, and I just don't remember. Right. �35 1 MR. FLOYD: But certainly for legislators 2 from the areas we could always point to that fact, 3 that it's already a law in your community so 4 therefore why wouldn't we want to make it for the 5 whole state? 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MR. FLOYD: Right. And that was an argument that 8 we've used, and I do think that there was an 9 influence, a positive influence to be able to 10 point to Lawrence and to Wichita, yes. 11 (11:42:34) 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 Reflecting back on the roles you played in Right. Great. 14 the pursuit of civil rights in Kansas, what would 15 you say you are, what accomplishments are you most 16 proud of? 17 MR. FLOYD: I think the single most has to do 18 with the passage of the statewide fair housing. I 19 mean, that was just such an issue for a number of 20 years that we put a lot of emphasis and a lot of 21 attention to, because we had seen the positive 22 effects of the fair employment practices law, we 23 had seen the positive effects that it had, and we 24 just knew that if we could get the state passed it 25 would not only provide more opportunities but it �36 1 also would put people, give opportunities to 2 people who never had it before and put people into 3 communities, as well as in schools, that haven't 4 had contact before. 5 When I came to the University of Kansas as a 6 freshman some of my teammates from Kansas or rural 7 areas had never had contact with an 8 African-American in their lives and we went from 9 not knowing anything about each other, playing 10 three years, and then the fourth year, or playing 11 three years together, and I was elected co-captain 12 of the football team. 13 ways we had come. 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 MR. FLOYD: That was, that was a long Right. And I think that the whole idea 16 of people having experiences with each other is so 17 important to breaking down the barriers. 18 (11:44:45) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. 20 MR. FLOYD: Sorry. 21 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Absolutely. That's all right. One final 22 question. As we look at all the progress that's 23 been made but the obvious challenges we still 24 face, and we've seen, and I won't get into 25 politics here, but just in the last two or three �37 1 weeks people out in the street concerned about 2 changes that may come forward, but if young people 3 came to you as someone who's dedicated most of 4 your life to pursuing social justice and civil 5 rights what kind of advice would you give them as 6 to how to continue making progress and hopefully 7 keep us from slipping backwards? 8 9 MR. FLOYD: Well, I would say that we have to recognize the importance of supporting diversity 10 and recognizing that people from different 11 cultures, different backgrounds, their major 12 objectives in life are pretty much the same, you 13 know. 14 We have families. We want to see our 15 families do well, and at the same time we want to 16 see our community, our nation, move forward, and I 17 think that the best way we can do that is 18 recognizing the value in each of us and respecting 19 that just because my experiences lead me to this 20 conclusion doesn't necessarily mean that I am 21 evil, I'm doing something to damage somebody else, 22 but also keeping in mind that we all should have 23 at least the same opportunity to whatever it is, 24 and some are going to fail, many will succeed, but 25 just recognizing that. �38 1 And, as I think I said earlier, an identical 2 set of circumstances can mean different things to 3 different people. 4 your background has been, and also how these 5 events have shaped our history to some extent and 6 how -- and look at ways in which we can overcome 7 the nastiness of our democracy, and sometimes that 8 is difficult when you are in the storm, but at the 9 same time we've got to step back sometime and just 10 take a look at where we are and what is it that we 11 would like to be and whether or not we can be the 12 vessel to be able to carry that forward. 13 (11:48:08) 14 MR. ARNOLD: It's what you've learned, what Right. Very good. I have come 15 to the end of my questions, but I wanted to give 16 you an opportunity if there's anything we didn't 17 cover that you think is important that you would 18 like to add. 19 20 21 22 MR. FLOYD: extensive. MR. ARNOLD: Okay, good. Well, thank you very much for your time. 23 MR. FLOYD: 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 I think that the questions were That's all right. This was very worthwhile and another great contribution to our project, so I �39 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 really appreciate it. ***** � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Floyd, Homer Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:53:14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Homer Floyd Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Homer Floyd, who was the director of the Kansas State Commission on Civil Rights at the time that Lawrence's fair housing ordinance was passed in July 1967. Mr. Floyd had also been student athlete at the University of Kansas in the 1950s, and discusses his experiences with segregation in Lawrence during that time period. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on November 22, 2016, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Floyd, Homer Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/22/2016 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/homer-floyd-22-nov-2016?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FloydInterview112216.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1950s - 1967 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/05f97ed99fde51e3eaca3bc2e0141522.pdf 067d8c3962d55a36ef635e42eabaade0 PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Honorable Fred N. Six 12 October 5, 2016 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 MR. ARNOLD: Today is October 5th, 2016. I 2 am local historian Tom Arnold interviewing Fred 3 Six at the Lawrence Public Library for the City of 4 Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary 5 Oral History Project. 6 passed in July, 1967, Justice Six was serving as 7 the secretary of the Lawrence Human Relations 8 Commission. 9 At the time the ordinance Justice Six, let's start by having you tell 10 me a bit about your early background, including 11 what brought you to Lawrence and what you were 12 doing here in the mid 1960s. 13 JUSTICE SIX: What brought me to Lawrence was 14 my mother and my father. 15 moved here when I was five years old and my dad 16 had been principal of the Vinland High School. 17 Vinland had a high school then. 18 football coach, janitor, math teacher, vocational 19 ag. teacher, and a position opened up as the 20 county extension agent, county farm agent, and he 21 applied for the position and was hired and we 22 moved from Vinland to Lawrence into the 1700 block 23 on Mississippi Street just south of the campus and 24 made one more move next door. 25 I moved here, my family He was principal, My parents purchased a home at 1732 �3 1 Mississippi Street and I resided there until, all 2 through high school, college, and in 19 -- I 3 graduated from K.U. in 1951. 4 Then the Korean War was on. All of us who 5 were male and able-bodied were required to 6 register for the draft, and the Korean War had 7 been declared 1950, in the summer. 8 my graduation year, along with many, many other 9 young men all over America, I had orders to report So in April of 10 for active duty, and I was in a Marine Corps 11 program while in college and so that packet 12 arrived around Easter and it was keyed to 13 graduation and upon graduation you were 14 commissioned a second lieutenant in the United 15 States Marine Corps and given a set of orders to 16 report to Quantico, Virginia, at a certain date, 17 and of course I took that seriously and was in the 18 Marine Corps for a period of two years and then 19 returned to Lawrence from Korea. 20 I was a little late, it was in the summer, 21 1953, and law school here had started, so I 22 arrived back in Kansas City, flight was from Japan 23 to Wake Island to Hawaii, couple of days in Hawaii 24 in the Barbers Point Naval Air Station waiting to 25 be manifest back to San Francisco to Treasure �4 1 Island and then from Treasure Island we were 2 released and I flew to Kansas City and reported in 3 to the law school maybe a week or so after the 4 summer term had started and lived in my, my 5 parents' home while going to law school. 6 actually walked up from 1700 block on Mississippi 7 Street to old Green Hall. I 8 And on graduation from law school I took a 9 position with a firm in New York City and I was 10 there, shortly returned to Kansas, to Topeka, and 11 I was in, I was an assistant attorney general. 12 John Anderson, Jr., was the attorney general who 13 hired me and he became governor in 1960 and 14 served -- the governor then had two-year terms 15 rather than four, and he was elected for two 16 two-year terms. 17 In 1958 I returned to Lawrence as an 18 associate with the firm of Asher & Ellsworth and 19 then became a partner. 20 the firm, which was Robert F. Ellsworth, was 21 elected to the United States Congress. 22 was Fred Ellsworth, after whom Ellsworth Hall is 23 named at the university. 24 long-time beloved alumni secretary at the 25 university. In 1960 the Ellsworth of His father Fred Ellsworth was a �5 1 So Bob then went off to Washington with his 2 family and I was left as a single, single 3 practitioner, and I knew I didn't want to practice 4 law alone. 5 to handle the development of the law in the way I 6 thought it ought to be practiced as an individual. 7 It was -- I just wasn't smart enough And Richard A. Barber was a man I admired. 8 His office was down the hall from, right over 9 Starbucks now, it was the old Lawrence National 10 Bank building, and so I walked down the hall and 11 asked Dick Barber if he'd hire me. 12 hired a close friend of mine, John Emerson, and he 13 said yes and so Emerson and I were associates of 14 Barber and then shortly, maybe 1962 or so, the 15 firm Barber, Emerson & Six was formed. 16 is now known as Barber Emerson and has a lovely 17 office off South Park on Massachusetts Street. 18 He'd already The firm So we practiced law in the bank and then 19 moved into the new building we built and I 20 practiced law here in Lawrence until 1987, when I 21 was appointed by Governor Mike Hayden to the 22 Kansas Court of Appeals, and then a year later 23 Governor Hayden appointed me to the Kansas Supreme 24 Court and I served on that court until the 25 mandatory retirement. Under Kansas law at that �6 1 time a judge had to retire at age 70 or if you 2 were within the middle of your term, because the 3 Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals were merit 4 selection positions and so you went before a 5 committee, committee winnowed it out, submitted 6 three names to the governor; the governor made a 7 choice. 8 9 So I was, I reached age 70 in the middle of my six-year term and I was permitted to serve 10 until 2003 and then by statute I was mandatorily 11 retired, and that brings us up to 2003 and we're 12 now at 2016, so I have been here in Lawrence again 13 and lived in Lawrence all the time I worked in 14 Topeka, commuted, actually on, the bypass went in 15 about the time I was commuting and that worked out 16 well. 17 And that brings us up to the Lawrence 18 connection that you asked about, and except for 19 the Marine Corps time, time in Cherry Point, North 20 Carolina, Washington, D.C., and Korea and then 21 working in New York City, why, I've been here in 22 Lawrence. 23 24 25 MR. ARNOLD: So you truly are a lifelong Lawrencian? JUSTICE SIX: Yes. �7 1 [10:08] 2 MR. ARNOLD: Was it something that you 3 experienced in the Marine Corps that influenced 4 you to pursue a career in law or is that something 5 you knew you wanted to do even before you went 6 into the Marines? 7 JUSTICE SIX: 8 tangential influence. 9 assigned to a United Nations unit in the China The Marine Corps had just a When I was in Korea I was 10 Sea. You may recall that one day the Russian 11 representative at the U.N. on the Security Council 12 was in a tiff and left and that's when the 13 resolution was passed to intervene in the Korean 14 conflict, so it became a U.N. operation. 15 And there was a British operation in the 16 China Sea in which there was one American aircraft 17 carrier, one British carrier, and the destroyers 18 or frigates that formed the screen fore and aft, 19 port and starboard, were from New Zealand, Canada, 20 the United Kingdom, U.S., and I was in the 21 squadron. 22 There was a Marine squadron on the United 23 States carrier and in that squadron was a fellow 24 who'd gone to law school at Washington University 25 in St. Louis and he talked to me as we got �8 1 acquainted. He had been recalled for the Korean 2 War but I think what really influenced me, I 3 didn't have any lawyers in my family, no law 4 background, but the dean of the law school, Dean 5 Fred Moreau, had run into my mother down on 6 Massachusetts Street, and my mother was a 7 talkative woman, proud of her son, so you didn't 8 need to ask about me, she'd talk, and Dean Moreau 9 wrote me a personal letter, nobody had ever 10 written me a personal letter before, asking me to 11 come to law school. 12 And I kept that letter with me and I'd read 13 it over and over again. 14 things: 15 written communication, saying we'd like you to 16 come see us or thank you or -- and that outreach, 17 so when I returned, why, I went up and talked to 18 the dean and he enrolled me. 19 20 It taught me a number of One, the sweet nature of a personal [13:25] MR. ARNOLD: Great. Let's move on to your 21 experience as a member of the Human Relations 22 Commission and what Lawrence was like in that time 23 frame. 24 of the Human Relations Commission in, I think it 25 was in 1964? To start with, how did you become a member �9 1 JUSTICE SIX: The mayor of Lawrence then was 2 Jim Owens and he called me one day at the office 3 and asked me if I would fill a position that was 4 vacant and he told me a little bit about the 5 commission, told me who was on it then, and I knew 6 the names. 7 Lawrence in the 1950s, '60s, '70s, '80s knew of 8 her. 9 community. "Petey" Cerf, anybody who lived in She had a remarkable influence on the And the chairman was Dr. William Bins, 10 who happened to be a neighbor of where I lived, he 11 was affiliated with K.U., and others then on the 12 commission that I knew, so I said yes and joined 13 the commission. 14 When the then-secretary, Mrs. Eugene Wallace, 15 became chairman of the commission, then I was by 16 the commission members asked to be the secretary, 17 so I was the secretary through '65, '66, '67, on 18 into probably '68. 19 I went off the commission but it maybe was '68, 20 '69. 21 22 I don't remember exactly when [15:31] MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Before getting into any 23 of the specifics of your work on the Human 24 Relations Commission I'd like to have you describe 25 to me as best you can recall what the city was �10 1 like at the time, particularly in terms of the 2 racial climate and obvious elements of segregation 3 or discrimination. 4 recognized at the time and helped kind of motivate 5 you to want to become a member of the commission 6 to try and address those issues? 7 JUSTICE SIX: Was that something that you Yes. The city had gone through 8 a historical period in 19-, oh, let me think the 9 time of the troubles. There was racial unrest 10 throughout the country. I can't specifically pin 11 the dates on Watts in Los Angeles but Lawrence had 12 no, in 1964, when Jim Owens called me, Lawrence 13 had no public swimming pool. 14 pool called the Jayhawk Plunge that was out off 15 Sixth Street and I knew it well because when I was 16 a small boy, being white, I was entitled to swim 17 there and my mother would prepare a peanut butter 18 and jelly sandwich and give me a nickel for a 19 bottle of Neon Orange pop and I'd get on the bus, 20 public bus, at the corner of Mississippi and 17th, 21 ride down to where the First National Bank was, 22 which is now Merchants restaurant, ask for a 23 transfer, transfer to a bus that would let me off 24 at Michigan and Sixth Street, and walk up to the 25 swimming pool; reverse it on the way home. It had a private �11 1 So a group of faculty members at the 2 university had sensed the inequality, the 3 discomfort of this situation, and there was unrest 4 at the university as well. 5 surfacing, the lack of opportunity for employment, 6 and of course housing was merely one of many 7 discriminatory practices. 8 9 Employment was More prominent at least to, to me as a white person, was the public accommodations for eating 10 and restaurants. The Civil Rights Act was adopted 11 in 1964 and signed by President Lyndon Johnson but 12 the Lawrence theaters were segregated. 13 Granada Theater, which is still there, a venue for 14 rock bands and others, had phosphorescent rims on 15 the last couple of rows that would glow in the 16 dark and that's where African-Americans were to 17 sit. The 18 At the Patee Theater, which is no longer 19 existent but is the arcade on Massachusetts Street 20 on the east side in the block between Eighth 21 Street and Seventh Street, you had to sit in the 22 balcony if you were African-American, and the same 23 was true in the Jayhawker Theater, which is now 24 Liberty Hall. 25 And so as an adult with a wife and two small �12 1 children in 1964 I'd come back to the community 2 and my eyes were opened, not as broadly as they 3 should have been, but I began to talk to myself 4 and say, where was I when I was a teenager? 5 went to Lawrence High School. 6 play basketball; they had their own basketball 7 league. 8 could run track. 9 Blacks couldn't They, they couldn't play football. Where was I? I They I was president of the Student 10 Council, Lawrence High School. 11 didn't protest, I didn't hold -- I mean, I was 12 oblivious to all of this, and I, I remember my 13 mother, who sort of started the theater in 14 Lawrence, the children's theater, and she had 15 annual plays which were performed in the high 16 school auditorium and she began to outreach for 17 African-American children to bring them into the 18 plays, so in 1964 when Jim Owens made the call I 19 gladly, I thought, this is something that I can 20 do. 21 What did I do? I During the Monday night questioning period 22 the city attorney, Toni Wheeler, asked a question 23 of me if I'd felt any pushback in working on the 24 ordinance and I said no, I hadn't [this refers to 25 the Diverse Dialogues: Fair Housing at 50: Then �13 1 and Now program held at Lawrence Public Library on 2 October 3, 2016]." 3 who didn't retain me as an attorney because they 4 were of another persuasion, I don't know about 5 that, but I do know apropos to that question that 6 I felt at the time, my family were rooted in the 7 community, and I know this is the way that Ship 8 Winter felt, who was on the Human Relations 9 Commission, and Glenn Kappelman felt, because both 10 11 12 Maybe there were some people of them had grown up in Lawrence. [22:13] MR. ARNOLD: Right. I was going to get to 13 that question later but since you brought it up 14 let me elaborate a little bit on the pushback 15 issue. 16 concerned at all when you all took up the issue of 17 developing a fair housing ordinance? 18 think you might get pushback from elements of the 19 community other than obviously the real estate 20 industry? 21 Were the members of the commission JUSTICE SIX: Did you We were aware that it was a hot 22 button issue but we had I think a sense that the 23 city through the mayor, Dick Raney, and the, some 24 of the other commissioners and the city staff were 25 hoping that we would be the point people and that �14 1 it would move forward, and I didn't have anything 2 but support from my two law partners then. 3 didn't, I didn't even think about asking them, I 4 just said yes and told them that I was going to be 5 on this and that was fine. 6 They But the reputation of the commission was, was 7 known to me when I looked at who was on it and 8 then there was some turnover, and the members of 9 the commission that actually were involved with 10 the ordinance were Chairman Mrs. Wallace, 11 Mrs. Skipper Williams, Jan Williams, Dorothy 12 Keltz, Mrs. Hal Keltz, Reverend Norman Steffen of 13 the University Lutheran Church, which had, was 14 new, it was out on Bob Billings Parkway and Iowa, 15 and Glenn Kappelman. 16 mayor and he came to the commission, and he had 17 the Owens Flower Shop down on Ninth Street and was 18 prominent and I think moving from the City 19 Commission down to the Human Relations Commission 20 added some gravitas to the makeup of the Human 21 Relations Commission. 22 African-American, who was well thought of, was 23 also on the commission, and the group as a group, 24 commission members worked well together. 25 Jim Owens had just been the John Spearman, an Mrs. Skipper Williams and her husband, �15 1 Skipper Williams, who founded, along with his 2 brother, Odd Williams, the Williams Fund at K.U., 3 which has taken on significant, a significant role 4 in the K.U. athletic programs, would, I recall a 5 couple of occasions where they would have social 6 functions in their home and invite 7 African-Americans, including Homer Floyd, who was 8 the state civil rights director, and Homer Floyd 9 was known in this community because he'd been 10 recruited from the east as a football star and so 11 the name Homer Floyd was -- and he'd gone on and 12 received I think a master's degree and had come 13 back to Kansas. 14 and he didn't -- I think he was then offered a 15 position maybe in Pennsylvania as the director of 16 their civil rights program. 17 He was just a charming individual MR. ARNOLD: Yes, and he's still in 18 Pennsylvania and in fact I'm going to be 19 interviewing him around Thanksgiving when I'm back 20 on the east coast. 21 JUSTICE SIX: 22 MR. ARNOLD: I'm looking forward to that. Yes. He I think played a very 23 important role not only in Lawrence but for the 24 state of Kansas. 25 JUSTICE SIX: Yes, and regrettably his �16 1 efforts, the legislature didn't go along with the 2 State. 3 State would adopt a state open housing law. 4 had been a committee, legislative committee 5 studying it and the committee recommended adoption 6 and when that was turned down we wanted, our 7 commission wanted to move forward with deliberate 8 speed because there would be no state law. 9 10 We were hopeful that in March of 1967 the There [17:25] MR. ARNOLD: Right. So clearly you feel that 11 having as members of the Human Relations 12 Commission kind of a diverse group of fairly 13 prominent, well-respected people gave them a 14 degree of credibility that they could take on kind 15 of more controversial issues that -- 16 JUSTICE SIX: Yes, definitely, because the 17 business community, I mean, Ship Winter's father, 18 Ship Winter, Sr., had been in the community since 19 the 1930s and in fact his grandson, Ship -- Wint 20 Winter, Jr., is the CEO of Peoples Bank and was a 21 state senator from Lawrence in this geographical 22 area and has been a leader in this community, so 23 the -- and then when Jim Owens joined the 24 commission, yes, I think the, that had a 25 substantial effect. �17 1 2 [28:38] MR. ARNOLD: Right. There was an observation 3 made, and I think it was by George, George 4 Caldwell, who I think was involved with the League 5 for the Promotion of Democracy, but in 1963, '64 6 he wrote that he thought that, in its earliest 7 period of existence that the Human Relations 8 Commission was viewed by some as being a little 9 bit disappointing in what they were able to 10 accomplish and he described as because of only 11 grudging acceptance of their role by the City 12 Commission. 13 and that they therefore had to kind of build up 14 rapport and a degree of credibility before they 15 could take on more difficult issues. 16 that's a fair assessment? 17 that way or is it difficult for you to say? 18 Do you have any sense that there's -- JUSTICE SIX: Do you think Would you have seen it I don't know the name George 19 Caldwell, I don't recall it. I may have met him. 20 But in reviewing materials, my correspondence, I 21 noticed that in 1965, I think, I wrote a letter as 22 secretary of the commission to Ray Wells, the city 23 manager, indicating that the commission was 24 interested in a series of questions concerning 25 opportunity in Lawrence and one of them was �18 1 housing, but I was writing him as chair of the 2 subcommittee on employment opportunities and I was 3 asking on behalf of the commission for the city's 4 employment records on minority employment. 5 In 1964 Dr. WIlliam Bins, chairman of the 6 commission, wrote the mayor and the City 7 Commission outlining a whole series, housing, 8 education, employment, that we were headed into, 9 that we were looking into. I had not any 10 experience with the commission before being asked 11 to join, I never appeared before it, nor in my law 12 practice did I have occasion to be involved with 13 it in any way or in my capacity just as a citizen. 14 One of the things we did do as a commission 15 on the swimming pool issue, finally the Jayhawk 16 Plunge owner, it was privately owned, shut it down 17 because there were pickets to open it up to 18 everyone, but it was a private business, so it was 19 closed and that left no pool at all, but in 20 Lawrence then were three, actually four brothers, 21 known as the Moore brothers. 22 Lawrence, Bud Moore, Al Moore, Mark Moore. 23 just died I think earlier this year, or Bob Moore. 24 Mark Moore, his brother, died many years ago. 25 They all grew up in Mark Bob Moore turned out to be quite a builder �19 1 and his son is still active in the community, I 2 think chair of the library board, or has been, but 3 they were builders of houses and they would put -- 4 they had built a, kind of a private club out where 5 Freddy's is at 23rd Street and Iowa and there was 6 a pool there and so our commission, it was really 7 a, kind of a push that we wanted to get something 8 open that the public could go to and the Moore 9 brothers stepped forward, just a total voluntary 10 act on their own, they didn't ask for any money, 11 and this was a small pool but they opened it up to 12 the public and the city, as I recall, furnished a 13 lifeguard or come up, came up with some money for 14 a lifeguard, and I think there was some 15 negotiation probably with the city attorney on 16 liability issues covering the Moore brothers, who 17 owned the pool, or one of their corporations, so 18 that was a bit like a lid on a tea kettle. 19 I mean, there was a feeling that a city like 20 Lawrence -- I mean, what city doesn't have a 21 public swimming pool? 22 mean, on and on, probably even Baldwin City had 23 one, or Eudora, I don't remember, but that was an 24 act that I applauded as an individual and we as a 25 commission. Garden City, Leavenworth, I �20 1 And then we started working with the city on 2 planning, it was primarily the city's 3 responsibility, and there was a recreational fund 4 bond opportunity and eventually the city acquired 5 its swimming pool. 6 7 [35:00] MR. ARNOLD: Right. Obviously with the city 8 doing that, with the fair housing ordinance being 9 passed, and then with some individual actions like 10 you've just described with the Moore brothers 11 people were stepping up and taking action but what 12 do you, what's your sense of in the years leading 13 up to that the, what were the main impediments to 14 bringing about change and starting to address some 15 of the discriminatory actions? 16 JUSTICE SIX: The main -- public schools here 17 had no segregation except in the history there was 18 a black grade school called Lincoln School in 19 North Lawrence and so the public schools were 20 open, but it was the historical carryover from the 21 days of national segregation. 22 Lawrence and Kansas talks about the free 23 state. We have a high school, we have a popular 24 restaurant/brewery, Free State, but actually 25 Kansas wasn't a haven for a negro or for an �21 1 African-American. 2 but what opportunities did you have? 3 segregation was right under the surface and there 4 was always this call in the background of the New 5 Englander tradition, a call of outrage that this 6 shouldn't occur, but it was a lack of sensitivity 7 to the problem. 8 between the races. 9 You could not be a slave here And You didn't associate socially The churches were segregated, and I think 10 generally still are today, and the 11 African-American church was a, a rich experience, 12 not in terms of overall opportunity but the church 13 was a, as I observed it, a supportive, nourishing 14 location where an African-American could go and so 15 an impediment was just the lack of sensitivity, 16 the fear of economic reprisal if you were a 17 restaurant owner, and of course that was broken by 18 Chancellor Murphy, Wilt Chamberlain, Phog Allen 19 bringing Wilt Chamberlain here, and those years 20 predated the famous national title basketball game 21 between North Carolina and K.U. was held in 1958 22 in Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City and the 23 game went into three overtimes and North Carolina 24 won the national championship. 25 Wilt then played '57, '58. Kansas lost. And �22 1 So the restaurants began to open up, but 2 where would you spend the night if you were 3 traveling? 4 Why -- am I going to be the first one, a white 5 owner? 6 And there was just this sensitivity. Am I going to lose money? And then since there was no social mixing you 7 didn't get to know somebody from the other race 8 and as slowly as that changed with the Civil 9 Rights Act, with the ability, the natural ability 10 when it was given an opportunity to blossom, if it 11 was in debate or in chemistry or in literature, on 12 the athletic field, then students began to 13 associate, but I think, I've never taken any 14 particular pride in, oh, Lawrence was a -- I don't 15 think it stood out. 16 chest a little bit when it ought to go back to the 17 history book and see that discrimination was, was 18 the order of the day here until the '60s, although 19 school segregation was not an issue. 20 21 I think now it pumps its [40:28] MR. ARNOLD: Right. One of the things that, 22 that is impressive about Lawrence when you look 23 back at that period is that there were a fair 24 number of citizens kind of at the grassroot level 25 forming groups like the League for the Promotion �23 1 of Democracy, the United Church Women, the Fair 2 Housing Coordinating Committee, who were trying to 3 tackle some of these problems. 4 motivated, you know, some people to step up and, 5 and try to address some of these forms of 6 discrimination, including the fair housing issue? 7 JUSTICE SIX: What do you think I think it was their 8 background. They had come to Lawrence, they were 9 primarily, predominantly I would say connected 10 with the university. 11 put food on their table. 12 They had housing themselves. 13 at the university they had security in employment. 14 If they didn't have tenure they were within a 15 friendly community. 16 They had income adequate to They were well educated. If they had tenure And I think then as the university began to 17 grow we noticed in Lawrence, and in my opinion one 18 of the really positive developments was the 19 development of the Jewish Community Center, 20 because with the development of a Jewish presence 21 in Lawrence there was I think a certain buoyancy 22 added to the arts, to equal opportunity in all 23 areas of life, and the recognition of 24 discrimination against Native Americans as well 25 began to be taken notice of, and I know the �24 1 individuals who, for example at the swimming pool, 2 that was a group led by folks associated with the 3 university and after Franklin Murphy talked to 4 the, as reported, to the restaurant owners and 5 said you open up for everybody or I'll open a 6 restaurant on the campus, and the group began to 7 form. 8 9 It took a lot of leadership and initiative but the individual business person who had a 10 family and depended, or the lawyer who practiced 11 law, who came in the door the next day and you 12 didn't have a paycheck in the mail and so I have 13 thought that fortunately we were in a university 14 community, and I think that would be borne out in 15 Iowa City, Boulder, Colorado, Stillwater, 16 Oklahoma, Lincoln, Nebraska. 17 interchange of ideas. 18 then they bring their values from elsewhere, so 19 they came from New England and from large cities 20 and said, "hey, this isn't fair." 21 The university is an People come and speak and Then we began also to observe intermarriage 22 among the races, and I think it was, I'm guessing 23 at a date, 1967 when the United States Supreme 24 Court struck down the Virginia miscegenation law. 25 I mean, think of that, 1967. �25 1 2 MR. ARNOLD: Yeah, it's not that long ago really. 3 4 Right. JUSTICE SIX: No. [44:41] 5 MR. ARNOLD: Were you personally involved in 6 any of those types of organizations before? 7 know you interacted with them certainly when you 8 became a member of the Human Relations Commission, 9 but did you have any involvement with them before 10 I that? 11 JUSTICE SIX: No. I -- let's look at them. 12 Church Women United I wouldn't have been eligible 13 for. 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 JUSTICE SIX: Right. League of Women Voters, I was 16 never a member there, although they do permit men. 17 I had not heard of Richard Dulin and that group 18 [this refers to the Lawrence Fair Housing 19 Coordinating Committee]. 20 have a note there on the group that picketed the 21 swimming pool. 22 MR. ARNOLD: The, what was -- you may The Lawrence League for the 23 Promotion of Democracy helped to coordinate that 24 effort. 25 JUSTICE SIX: Yeah, yeah. No. �26 1 MR. ARNOLD: How about through your church? 2 Some of the churches I know were very involved in 3 -- 4 JUSTICE SIX: Yes. Church leaders were, were 5 involved and there were I think 22 churches that 6 lined up and Plymouth Church has through its 7 history always been a leader in, in the equal 8 opportunity, open doors for all citizens, but no, 9 I was not a member myself. 10 11 [46:08] MR. ARNOLD: Okay. As you became a member of 12 the Human Relations Commission did you come on 13 board with any particular concerns about specific 14 aspects of discrimination or did you have any 15 personal goals of things you wanted to accomplish 16 or were you just looking to make whatever kind of 17 contribution that you could make to the group? 18 JUSTICE SIX: No. I joined as one to be 19 educated. I didn't -- I felt housing was, we 20 shouldn't tolerate the current situation, but I, I 21 had, I, in reviewing the material, a news 22 clipping, I noticed I was quoted, appeared before 23 the City Commission several times, maybe three 24 times, and I was quoted in one, I don't 25 independently remember this, but in rebuttal to a �27 1 question I said, according to that quote: 2 a family, a wife, two children. 3 where I want to live. 4 make a move, when I want to sell a house, when I 5 want to buy a house, and my skin is white. 6 why does the skin make the difference? 7 the credit report, the sort of color of the credit 8 report is relevant, is your credit good, if you're 9 going to borrow money. 10 I have I can decide I can decide when I want to Why, You know, But -- so my hope here is that everyone would have the opportunity I have. 11 And it was obvious that it was unfair, but I 12 was not a individual crusader out marching in the 13 streets and leading, carrying signs or anything 14 like that. 15 you know, any shining armor now 50 years later for 16 what I didn't do. 17 paid. I certainly don't want to claim any, I was hoping to get my mortgage 18 But I do think there is a, that once the 19 business community saw, once Mike Getto testified 20 as the manager and owner of the hotel, "well, you 21 know let's open this up," we -- and of course he 22 had to by '67 because of the fair housing, because 23 of the equal, the public accommodations and Civil 24 Rights Act. 25 [49:12] �28 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right. I know the commission 2 had already had a committee or a subcommittee that 3 was looking at housing issues even before you all 4 took up the proposal for an ordinance so obviously 5 that was something of interest and of concern to 6 the commission. 7 involvement with organizations like the Fair 8 Housing Coordinating Committee that you're aware 9 of? 10 11 Were they, did they have prior Were they coordinating their efforts or, you know, sharing information? JUSTICE SIX: I don't have an independent -- 12 I can't say the date or the time but looking at 13 the record, the minutes and my correspondence, for 14 example, in February of 1967 the Lawrence 15 Journal-World ran a series of articles, one right 16 after another, in early February. 17 The first one was written by the Human 18 Relations Commission and the opening sentence of 19 that article was, the title of the article, the 20 headline was: 21 Housing in Lawrence, and the opening line was: 22 Mayor John Weatherwax was asked in 1960, if he'd 23 have been asked in 1960 if Lawrence had a race 24 problem he would have said no but if I, that is, 25 the mayor, was asked today, 1966, I would say yes. Commission Created to Look at �29 1 And that article went on to document where 2 African-Americans had been restricted, so we had 3 been studying that, working with the NAACP. 4 The second article was written by the NAACP, 5 the third article by E. Jackson Bauer, who was a 6 Professor of Sociology at K.U. looking at 7 segregated housing from a sociologist's viewpoint, 8 the fourth article by Bob Casad of the K.U. Law 9 School writing about Brown v. The Board of 10 11 Education, that education was up but not housing. And the last one by R. Reinhold Schmidt, Jr., 12 a reverend, Presbyterian minister who was on the 13 faculty of the K.U. School of Religion, and he 14 wrote about how open housing opportunities would 15 benefit other areas of one's life and the 16 community, so we were hearing of these examples, 17 and of course two members of the commission, 18 Mrs. Wallace and Mr. Spearman, were 19 African-Americans and so they were echoing or 20 talking about the difficulties of housing, but I 21 don't, I don't have -- I haven't refreshed my 22 memory about the minutes in 1964. 23 some in '65, '66, but primarily '67. 24 25 I limited it to But when we started after that January 4, 1967, meeting and resolved to draft an ordinance �30 1 we really, we really went to work on it in 2 earnest. 3 4 [53:25] MR. ARNOLD: Do you recall in, I believe it 5 was in June of '66 you wrote a memo to I think it 6 was William Binns, who I think then was still the 7 chairman of the Human Relations Commission, and 8 you told him that you had reached out to the real 9 estate association to try and meet to talk about 10 fair housing issues and reading between the lines 11 you basically said they kind of rebuffed me, they 12 weren't particularly interested in sitting down 13 unless we had some very specific things to talk 14 about and they didn't want to just talk generally 15 about real estate practices. 16 led to you making that effort and, and -- 17 JUSTICE SIX: Do you recall what Well, I have the letter in my 18 file and I have read it couple of times recently. 19 Bill Binns was chairman and he obviously asked me 20 to make the contact because he was at the faculty, 21 I was practicing law here and I worked with the 22 realtors, or our firm worked with the realtors 23 week in, week out, with somebody on the realtor 24 board, and I wrote the letter to Bill Womack, 25 probably because he was appointed by the realtors �31 1 along with another realtor, Ken Vinyard, to be a 2 subcommittee, and according to my letter, we had 3 as a commission met with them sometime earlier and 4 so we hadn't heard anything more from them and 5 this was outreach on our part saying, because 6 we're now gearing up for this, to get ready the 7 next year moving into the ordinance, can't we meet 8 and work out some specifics, and we were hoping to 9 sit down and see what their real complaints were, 10 what their feelings were, and see if by some 11 accommodation we could work with them, and then he 12 -- there was a phone call, and my letter 13 memorializes the phone conversation, and he said, 14 "Well, what do you want to talk about 15 specifically? 16 We've already met with you once." Well, that's a legitimate point of view, and 17 I said, "Well, I don't have any specific, we just, 18 I wondered if we couldn't get together again." 19 And he said, "Well, it's a busy time of year for 20 us and Ken Vinyard and I, if you have something 21 specific you want to talk about, why, let us know 22 what the specifics are, but we don't want to take 23 the time now just to have another meeting." 24 25 And having the advantage now of many years on many committees and many meetings I, I, I think �32 1 it's well if you're going to meet to have an, have 2 an agenda. 3 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 4 JUSTICE SIX: So I think that was the 5 background and so I was giving, I was reporting to 6 the chairman, and I like to record phone 7 conversations right after -- I don't mean record 8 them for audio but I mean get the letter out to 9 memorialize them so that the record is there and 10 with the passage of time you don't forget what was 11 said and so forth. 12 13 [57:05] MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Jumping ahead a little bit 14 to the period when you were actually drafting the 15 ordinance, was there any interaction then with the 16 real estate community as you all were drafting it 17 to try and get input from them or thoughts from 18 them or did you just -- 19 JUSTICE SIX: 20 No. I don't recall any -- well, Glenn Kappelman -- 21 MR. ARNOLD: Was a real estate -- 22 JUSTICE SIX: -- was a member of the 23 commission and he was a really, really fine 24 person. 25 He was trusted. He had a successful real estate practice. He, the university community, �33 1 when a new member would be coming to the law 2 faculty or to political science somebody in the 3 department would be on the phone with the new, 4 say, hey, you're going need a realtor, look up 5 Glenn Kappelman, and he was, he, his name defined 6 integrity, honesty, fair dealing, and so he, we 7 had an input into the community and he and I would 8 talk and he, I don't remember anything 9 specifically but we'd run things by him and with 10 that sort of turndown from our invitation we just 11 proceeded. 12 13 [58:48] MR. ARNOLD: Right. Well, obviously, as 14 you've mentioned, you played a, or as the record 15 shows, you played kind of the key central role in 16 drafting the ordinance. 17 like the Iowa City and other, other cities' 18 ordinances as a model. 19 that responsibility and who do you recall 20 collaborated with you on that effort? 21 JUSTICE SIX: I know you used things How did you end up with Mrs. Keltz, Dorothy Keltz was 22 chairman of the housing subcommittee, I've 23 refreshed my memory from the minutes on that, and 24 she made a call to a gentleman in Iowa City who 25 was on their Human Relations Commission and talked �34 1 with him. 2 presume because I was the only attorney member of 3 the commission and I had worked, I'd been an 4 assistant attorney general and then while I was, 5 the early months of practice in Lawrence, private 6 practice, I continued working for the Revisor of 7 Statutes in Topeka helping draft legislation for 8 legislators and I'd work over there on the 9 weekends, which as a young struggling lawyer added 10 11 I don't remember why I was asked, I a little, a little change to my livelihood. So I had they probably thought the experience 12 and I had a secretary and I had an office, and 13 then on help, I've talked with Professor Robert 14 Casad, Bob Casad, who now resides up at 15 Presbyterian Manor, and I believe you're going to 16 interview him. 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 JUSTICE SIX: Yes, we are. And he had some memory of 19 copying some other ordinances. I had no 20 independent recollection of that but when I 21 started through the files I saw that he'd written 22 one of the articles for the Journal-World and I 23 saw that he'd appeared on January 4th, 1967, and 24 had spoken, so I called him back again and 25 refreshed his memory, so when you interview him �35 1 he'll hopefully be aware of that. 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 JUSTICE SIX: Good. So then when I ran across this 4 little item that, as a commission item of 5 authorizing me to reimburse him for $6.00 of 6 copying expense, why, I knew that he'd copied, 7 because there was no internet then and you'd have 8 to go to a statute book or an ordinance book of 9 the city and find it and put it in a copier and 10 copy it, entirely different than you do today. 11 You just go online and boom, you'd have it today. 12 So I have no independent memory of -- but 13 it's bolstered, my recall's bolstered by the 14 record, refreshed. 15 On the actual language, I think we, I noticed 16 that the City Commission asked questions. For 17 example, Mayor Raney asked about the definition of 18 race, gender, et cetera, and creed, what does 19 creed mean. 20 presentation so then I went back and prepared 21 memoranda and suggested that we look to the State 22 of Kansas, which has a definition for 23 discriminatory practice, and take creed out and 24 any time the Kansas Supreme Court were to 25 interpret the State law it would be helpful, That came up when we made our �36 1 because our definition would be the same. 2 Well, that's lawyering. I mean, that's the 3 kind of thing a lawyer is trained to do, but I was 4 working with Mrs. Keltz, Glenn Kappelman, and 5 bringing all these, bringing this up, these drafts 6 up to the commission itself in March and early 7 April, February, March, and early April, and then 8 the subcommittee had a draft to recommend, the 9 commission went along with it, and then each 10 commissioner, I remember just by looking at the 11 record that there were several questions from the 12 commission indicating that they had read it 13 carefully when we first presented it and then we 14 presented a flow chart so that if we had the 15 opening introduction for our ordinance they could 16 refer to other cities' and we listed 53 cities in 17 18 states, and the idea was to try to be 18 efficacious and persuasive so that the 19 commissioners could go across and see that we 20 weren't doing anything -- we wanted them to have a 21 comfort level and if we could give them a comfort 22 level, then they would not be out all alone doing 23 something no other city had done. 24 25 [1:05:02] MR. ARNOLD: Right. That leads me to my next �37 1 question actually. I was going to ask if you all 2 had kind of strategized before you formally 3 presented the ordinance to the City Commission as 4 to how you would present it in ways that would 5 make them more comfortable with it or more 6 receptive and did you feel pretty confident right 7 from the beginning that this ordinance would pass? 8 JUSTICE SIX: I don't have a memory of a 9 feeling of confidence. I have a memory of a 10 feeling of energized commitment, which personally 11 I was energized as Ship Winter became interested 12 and energized and Glenn Kappelman and Mrs. Wallace 13 and Reverend Steffen and Jim Owens and we, we all 14 supported each other, we respected each other, and 15 I think we felt we had a good team and a good 16 presentation and that we would be successful. 17 I think we had a feeling that the realtors, 18 the realty board was, that time had passed them 19 by, and they were the only opponents. 20 there was no landlords association or, I don't 21 know, who might have been an opponent, homeowners 22 association. 23 I mean, And I mentioned, well, I haven't mentioned 24 today, but the ordinance, we drafted it, and the 25 City Commission took notice of this, so that it �38 1 didn't apply to a church. If a church owned a 2 house and rented it they could rent to whomever, 3 they could -- to your own home, if you had I think 4 four or fewer rooms. 5 wife could have a large home and you could rent 6 rooms to students and you could rent up to four 7 rooms and the ordinance didn't apply, or it didn't 8 apply to duplexes, but now if you had a large home 9 and you had six rooms renting out, then the In other words, you and your 10 reasoning was you're, now you're really operating 11 a housing business. 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 JUSTICE SIX: Right. So we had the argument, of 14 course, with a rhetorical question, "where's the 15 rub?" I mean, what's, what's the problem with 16 this? And the ordinance then passed, with five on 17 the commission, four to one. 18 19 [1:08:12] MR. ARNOLD: Do you recall when the 20 commission held hearings they held separate 21 hearings for -- the proponents appeared at one and 22 the opponents at another one. 23 of a standard practice or was it merely a time 24 management thing or was there some reason they 25 didn't want the opponents and the proponents Was, was that kind �39 1 2 appearing at the same time? JUSTICE SIX: No, I think it was use, good 3 use of the Commission's time. 4 Tuesday commission meetings so they put it on the 5 agenda, put the ordinance on the agenda, there was 6 wide publicity, and the first time they would 7 listen -- they had other business as well. 8 were not separate commission hearings just for 9 fair housing. 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 JUSTICE SIX: They had regular These Okay. Fair housing was the dominant 12 item on the agenda but there were the, you know, 13 honoring somebody for this day or that day, 14 recognizing the Cub Scouts, all the things that 15 the City Commission does, and then they'd come to 16 item two or nine or whatever it was and they'd 17 have the proponents, and then the next week they 18 had the opponents, and I noticed in reading the 19 press reports that the realtors, the realtors' 20 spokesman, not their lawyer but their spokesman, 21 said that he really wasn't as prepared as he'd 22 like to be and so the mayor said, well, we'll hold 23 it over another week and you can have an 24 opportunity fully to voice your objections. 25 And then that occurred along in, in the next �40 1 week along in late June, early July, and then the 2 opponents raised questions on vagueness, First 3 Amendment, interference, interference with the 4 right of contract, and so then the city gave us 5 the opportunity to rebuttal and we came back the 6 third time, and, as I recall, they opened it up 7 then if anybody had anything else to say in 8 opposition as well, but that third time, according 9 to the press reports, and I have noticed I 10 prepared written submissions in rebuttal on those 11 points for each commissioner, and then it was put 12 on the what's called first reading, and that maybe 13 was early July, and then the mayor, Dick Raney, 14 signed it July the 20th and it became the 15 ordinance of the city. 16 17 [1:11:16] MR. ARNOLD: Right. Could you elaborate on 18 the three points of objection that the realtors 19 had, what the, kind of the substance or the nature 20 of those objections were? 21 JUSTICE SIX: Yes. First as to vagueness, 22 there is an axiom tenet in the law that any law 23 that has a criminal sanction, whether it be a 24 fine, imprisonment, cannot be vague, it must be so 25 specific that the one charged knows when embarking �41 1 on that activity that it will be a violation. 2 There cannot be ambiguity in, for example, take 3 parking. 4 or No Parking after 6:00 p.m. do you mean Central 5 Standard Time or Daylight Time or what time, or 6 what is sundown? 7 When you mark No Parking After Sundown So you say No Parking after 8:00 p.m. and 8 that's whatever -- if it's 8:00 p.m. in the city 9 of Lawrence and you're there after 8:00 p.m. and 10 you get a ticket you cannot go very far with the 11 municipal judge saying that's vague, I didn't know 12 when 8:00 p.m. was, but if you said No Parking 13 After Sundown there might be an argument, well, on 14 Tuesday on the 31st of May was the sun down when 15 you gave me -- so that's vagueness, and the 16 counter to that was to show that there were 53 17 cities and 18 states that had had similar language 18 and discrimination was spelled out and if you -- 19 you come to a point where the public good balances 20 out the vagueness. 21 The ordinance was structured so that if there 22 was a complaint of a violation it was investigated 23 by our commission and then it went to an 24 arbitration to see if it couldn't be resolved and 25 then ultimately it went to the city attorney, who �42 1 would take it into municipal court. 2 I will be interested in knowing if Lawrence ever 3 had a case that went that far. 4 one. 5 I don't know, I'm not aware of The argument about the first, interference 6 with contract was that you have a right to sell to 7 whoever you wish to sell to, but there are of 8 course limitations on one's right when it is 9 balanced against the general good, like blending 10 with free speech. 11 the standard canard on that is you can't yell 12 "fire" in a crowded theater and say, well, that's 13 free speech. 14 to limitation as well, and the overall public good 15 of having open housing did not affect you 16 economically. 17 who had a poor credit rating. 18 You don't have a right to yell, So the right to contract is subject You didn't have to sell to someone On the freedom of speech argument, I thought 19 that was the weaker of the three, but it was 20 simply that speech is broad, it isn't just oral 21 speech but it blends with my right to sell or to 22 rent my property to whoever I -- if you tell me I 23 cannot rent to somebody, then that impinges on my 24 overall individual right to express myself. 25 [1:15:55] �43 1 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. What do you think it was 2 that ultimately swayed the City Commission to pass 3 the ordinance four to one? 4 JUSTICE SIX: I think they were men of good 5 will. 6 them, Don Metzler, was a professor of engineering 7 at K.U. 8 while this was pending, I didn't think that was 9 appropriate or needed. 10 They were successful individuals. One of I didn't talk to any of them individually I knew, I knew them all. I knew some -- Dick Raney was closer to my 11 age and so we were personally acquainted. 12 aware of his sympathies towards equality for all 13 because I had heard him talk, I mean just in his, 14 just as friends talk, and so I was pleased that he 15 was the mayor and I think he, if somebody wants to 16 dish out some credit 50 years hence, why, he's an 17 individual that should receive a blue ribbon. 18 But Jim Black was a builder. I was He was involved 19 with the building community. Clark Morton had a 20 building blocks company. 21 the -- Mitt Allen was the city attorney. 22 he was -- he was the son of Phog Allen and 23 intimately involved with the basketball program so 24 I think, I always thought, well, we had a friend 25 and a sympathetic ear there. They were -- and I think I think �44 1 And I think it was, in Lawrence generally it 2 was an idea whose time had arrived. 3 it was any great, for a minute any -- I don't 4 think we persuaded any vote. 5 we gave them -- they were coming to the table and 6 we just provided a meal that hopefully they found 7 palatable. 8 9 I don't think I think we enabled, [1:18:34] MR. ARNOLD: That's a great way to put it. 10 Do you recall, I think there was a press report, 11 one of the articles in the Journal-World that in 12 late June described a meeting at John Emick's home 13 between the city attorney, I think other city 14 commissioners, in which there was discussion of 15 modifying the ordinance to have, have fair housing 16 complaints go directly to the city attorney rather 17 than to the, through the Human Relations 18 Commission. 19 involved and was that kind of an unusual thing do 20 you think to have kind of a private closed meeting 21 like that to discuss -- 22 JUSTICE SIX: 23 Do you recall that meeting? Were you I'm not familiar with that story, nor was I involved with that meeting -- 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 JUSTICE SIX: Okay. -- and I have no independent, �45 1 no recollection at all of that. 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 JUSTICE SIX: Okay. If that -- I'd be interested in 4 reading that clipping if at some time you have it 5 and I could, because this is, you're telling me 6 something I was not aware of. 7 8 9 [1:19:31] MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Sure. We can take a look at that afterwards. 10 I have two or three questions regarding the 11 substance of the ordinance that Scott Wagner had 12 wanted me to bring up with you. 13 First of all, was -- the ordinance called 14 for, besides potentially a hundred dollar fine, up 15 to 30 days in jail for a violation. 16 controversial? 17 jail time, although I know many of the other city 18 ordinances had similar stipulations in it, but was 19 there any pushback on, on that kind of, that form 20 of punishment? 21 Was that Did people view the potential of JUSTICE SIX: Not that I'm, not that I recall 22 at all, nobody raised that question. I think that 23 was, you know, that was the end of the line and it 24 perhaps was discussed in the vagueness argument 25 made by the attorney for the realtors. The �46 1 attorney was a gentleman Don Hults, who was a 2 state senator from this district, and he was a 3 fine man and our law office was, you know, right 4 down the hall from his, though he may have alluded 5 to that in his argument on vagueness, but I have 6 no recollection of the penalty. 7 8 9 [1:21:01] MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Do you recall why you all decided to include an anti-blockbusting clause in 10 the Lawrence ordinance? 11 some cities had that but small minority. 12 there particular concerns that that could be a 13 problem in Lawrence or was it just something you 14 all added for thoroughness? 15 JUSTICE SIX: Because that was not -Was I respond to that this way. I 16 have had no recollection of that before embarking 17 on reading through all the material of 50 years 18 ago, and I did come across, of course, our flow 19 chart and my remarks to the City Commission that 20 the blockbusting ordinance was taken from Wichita. 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 JUSTICE SIX: Uh-huh. And I probably said that, 23 telling them where it was from, so it would -- 24 they'd say, oh, well, if Wichita has -- but 25 blockbusting was in the news then and you may have �47 1 seen, you may have seen the movie or the play 2 Raisin in the Sun, the Lawrence, Theater Lawrence 3 put that on last year and then a sequel to it in a 4 fascinating group of characters 50 years later in 5 the same Chicago area, but blockbusting was a term 6 that -- and I, I'm just trying to put some reason 7 to it now, but no independent recollection. 8 can't tell you we said, oh, we need a 9 blockbusting, that since that was part of the I 10 fabric of open housing we reached out, saw that 11 Wichita had it, put it in. 12 13 [1:23:05] MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Kind of in the 14 introduction to the ordinance there was a 15 statement, is a statement that says: 16 Lawrence is a center of culture whose democratic 17 principles are being constantly observed by 18 foreign students and visitors from all over the 19 world." 20 21 22 "The City of Do you recall who added that and why it was added? JUSTICE SIX: No. I'll give you a couple of 23 places, maybe a couple of thoughts. Lawrence had 24 the ordinance creating the Human Relations 25 Commission and that ordinance became law in 1961 �48 1 and was signed by Mayor Dr. Ted Kennedy and it may 2 be that that was the prologue, that was some 3 language from the ordinance creating the Human 4 Relations Commission. 5 The second thought on that language is that 6 on January 4, 1967, during this crowded meeting of 7 the Human Relations Commission when we had 56 8 observers one of them was a lady, I think Louise 9 Lane, who spoke about working with foreign student 10 families and graduate student families and foreign 11 faculty families and trying, when someone would 12 come who was from Africa or from a geographical 13 location where the indigenous population was other 14 than white, coming to the university and she'd 15 encountered difficulty and she was sharing with us 16 her difficulty in working with those groups, 17 trying to explain to them why, why you just 18 couldn't go in and move in and so forth, so it 19 might have tied to that experience, or it might 20 have just been self-, a little self-polish that I 21 think every city that makes a proclamation 22 probably starts out about, you know, the sort of 23 boosterism that goes on with a whereas such and 24 such and whereas such and such. 25 [1:25:52] �49 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right. I just wondered if it 2 might have come from some influence of the 3 university because I know if you read the, and you 4 probably have the letter that Vice Chancellor 5 Surface sent in support of the fair housing 6 ordinance and that Ted Owens, which you read the 7 other night, both of them talked about, you know, 8 concern for Lawrence's image in attempting to 9 recruit foreign students, recruit diverse faculty, 10 recruit basketball players, and so that kind of 11 gets, falls into that category of being concerned 12 about what Lawrence's image is. 13 JUSTICE SIX: I was not aware of Vice 14 Chancellor Surface's letter. I'm sure I saw it 50 15 years ago but it wasn't in the packet of -- what I 16 did was I about five years ago, the Spencer 17 Research Library at K.U. contacted me and had an 18 interest in my papers, files, so I spent a summer 19 after I retired sanitizing and making sure that 20 there was no confidence that would be revealed and 21 included in that group was my file as secretary of 22 the Fair Housing Commission and so I turned that 23 over to the Spencer and so what I had, due to the 24 gracious acts of Scott Wagner, who went up and 25 copied my file and then presented it to me and �50 1 that's what I've reviewed and in there I didn't 2 see the Surface letter, but that would have been 3 certainly in the kit or the brochure that we 4 presented to the city. 5 6 [1:27:42] MR. ARNOLD: Right. You've already mentioned 7 Dick Raney having played kind of a key role in the 8 passage of the ordinance. 9 specific individuals who really stand out in your Were there any other 10 mind now that kind of played prominent or 11 important roles in making this, bringing this to 12 fruition? 13 JUSTICE SIX: I think Glenn Kappelman, being 14 a realtor with a prominent firm, Calvin, Eddy and 15 Kappelman, and I'm just reading between the lines, 16 but if I'd been a city commissioner and I see 17 Glenn Kappelman there, a realtor, successful 18 realtor that doesn't have any problem with this 19 ordinance what's -- I think his presence was 20 helpful. 21 And again, I've mentioned Jim Owens, Mike 22 Getto, and Ship Winter appearing and they would be 23 maybe having, maybe going to Rotary the next day 24 and city commissioners would be Rotarians or be in 25 the Kiwanis or be in a church group or something �51 1 and, and Mrs. Wallace, the chairman of the 2 commission, was so well spoken and I think well 3 thought of. 4 So, and I'd have to mention Mrs. Keltz was 5 prominent in the community as well. She grew up 6 in Lawrence. 7 the long-time refuse, or we called it the 8 junkyard, and as a Boy Scout our troop used to go 9 down there and sell paper during World War II. 10 We'd collect newspapers and take them down to 11 Mr. Cohen and Mr. Cohen's staff, so the Keltz 12 family, Mr. Keltz was in business here. 13 business on Massachusetts Street and she was 14 active in mental health and in things like the 15 food bank. Her father was Mr. Cohen that had He had a She was just a prominent individual. 16 And then the Williams tie-in with the 17 university and with the community generally, and 18 with the city, because at that time above the City 19 Hall on the top floor, that's where the Williams 20 boys had their office, because their father had 21 been the chauffeur for Mrs. Elizabeth Watkins and, 22 while their father was a student at K.U., and then 23 when Mrs. Watkins inherited all her wealth 24 Mr. Williams was her farm manager and executor of 25 her estate and part of the agreement with the city �52 1 was to have their office so the Williams folks 2 were right, right above or where the City 3 Commission was meeting. 4 [1:31:12] 5 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Do you have a sense at 6 the time that the ordinance was being considered 7 by the commission and then once it was passed that 8 there was fairly broad-based community support for 9 the measure? 10 JUSTICE SIX: I would think so. I don't -- 11 I'm persuaded by the exhibits you had Monday 12 night, or Scott Wagner did, of the photocopies of 13 986 names in the paper, pretty persuasive. 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 JUSTICE SIX: Right. And then another hundred in 16 another ad that didn't get in in time, and I, what 17 I don't recall is any arbitrations or any 18 complaints specifically that we dealt with, but I 19 don't have any record to refresh my memory. 20 think it just, everybody went to work the next day 21 and that was, that was it. 22 23 I [1:32:22] MR. ARNOLD: I know in the late 1960s and 24 early '70s following the passage of the Fair 25 Housing Ordinance there was some racial unrest in �53 1 Lawrence, and some of it violent, but do you feel 2 that the ordinance, along with, you know, the 3 changing practices of the businesses and public 4 accommodation, that over time have you seen, and 5 obviously we, improvement needs to be continuous, 6 but did you get a sense over time that Lawrence 7 made important changes in eliminating 8 discriminatory practices? 9 know, the Civil Rights Act and the Fair Housing 10 Act at the federal level played a role as well, 11 but do you feel like the community made 12 substantive observable changes that you felt 13 reflected well on the community over time? 14 JUSTICE SIX: And obviously, you The changes were made and at my 15 anecdotal observation they were precipitated 16 primarily by the quality and ability of black 17 athletes and the support of the university for the 18 athletic program. 19 were hired who were African-Americans and their 20 salaries were published and they were in relation 21 to others in Lawrence rather robust, they were, 22 they were purchasing housing I think anywhere they 23 wanted to, and then Danny Manning's father was 24 hired as an assistant coach. 25 Lawrence High School and he was a popular student I think when assistant coaches Danny came to �54 1 and of course an exemplary athlete, individual, 2 now he's a head coach at Wake Forest. 3 I think another influence that ought to be 4 mentioned, hasn't so far, the name just occurred 5 to me, and that would be Bob Billings, now 6 deceased. 7 Bob Billings was a contemporary of Wilt 8 Chamberlain's and played basketball for K.U. 9 grew up in Russell, Kansas, and he was a We have a parkway named after him, but He 10 preeminent business person here. 11 Alvamar Golf Course, Alvamar Homes, Alvamar Tennis 12 Center, contributed to the university and was just 13 an open-hearted, gracious individual who would not 14 tolerate for one split second any arbitrary 15 exclusion on the basis of one's race or religion 16 and I think he, I think his influence was 17 significant. 18 He developed I can't evaluate or measure what our work 19 did. Some observer who's studied the situation 20 could be more objective about that. 21 work permitted some African-American family, or 22 some minority family, to have an opportunity that 23 they might not otherwise have had, but I think 24 the, Chancellor Murphy, the Surface letter, by 25 1967 Dr. Murphy had gone on from here because he I hope our �55 1 left here in about I'd say 1960 and went out to 2 UCLA as president there and Dr. Wescoe came as 3 chancellor, who would have had the same feeling 4 about university and equal opportunity for all its 5 students, but I'm glad I thought of Bob Billings 6 in this context. 7 8 9 [1:37:41] MR. ARNOLD: Good. As you've mentioned, you were in 1987 appointed to the Kansas Court of 10 Appeals and a year later to a seat as a justice on 11 the Kansas Supreme Court. 12 experiences on the Human Relations Commission and 13 in seeking to address civil rights issues in 14 Lawrence in the 1960s in any way influenced your 15 judicial perspectives? 16 JUSTICE SIX: Would you say your Issues of race per se in the 17 years that I was on the State Supreme Court would 18 have been federal issues. 19 through HUD or up through the Federal Civil Rights 20 Act, Public Accommodations Act. 21 any housing case that the court considered while I 22 was on the court. They would have gone I don't recall 23 I do recall from reading cases in the past an 24 early Kansas Supreme Court case, maybe back in the 25 1920s, which might have been out of Pittsburg, �56 1 Kansas, that had to do with employment, maybe by a 2 school, school board. 3 It might have been a gender discrimination, but 4 for -- but then the associations that one has 5 wherever you are have some affect on your 6 personality and your thinking and, I think like 7 osmosis, just, you can't tell when it comes in or 8 when it comes out of what makes up your thinking 9 or your perspective on applying the facts of the 10 case and the law, because that's what judges are 11 to do, not their own personal viewpoint, what they 12 think, how they think, how it ought to be decided, 13 but what makes you an individual is really all of 14 the associations you have had through your 15 lifetime leading to the bench. 16 I'm a little vague here. And I remember specifically a meeting on 17 housing held in Manhattan at Kansas State 18 University and Mrs. Wallace and I were delegates 19 from our commission so I said to her, "Mayzelma," 20 we were on a first name basis, "why don't I come 21 by and pick you up and we'll go over?" 22 remember picking her up and how lovely she looked 23 and how well she spoke and how proud I was of her 24 being a colleague in Lawrence. 25 of the program and there were people from all over And I She had some part �57 1 the state. 2 And so that type of association, I couldn't 3 identify a time or a moment, but I certainly had a 4 point of view of equality for all, but I think 5 that was with me early on from my, from my 6 parents. 7 again, I referred earlier in my remarks, why 8 wasn't I in the principal's office at Lawrence 9 High School demanding that blacks be permitted to We had no -- yet having said that, 10 play basketball? 11 just a lack of sensitivity. 12 And I can't answer that. It was [1:42:18] 13 MR. ARNOLD: Reflecting back now on the role 14 you played on the Human Relations Commission, what 15 would you say you were most proud of? 16 JUSTICE SIX: Oh, I think the work on the 17 housing ordinance and the work the commission did 18 in preparing it, also the work, part of 19 arbitrating through the swimming pool crisis, but 20 the housing ordinance would stand out. 21 22 [1:42:54] MR. ARNOLD: In thinking back on that time 23 frame in your life and on what was going on not 24 only in Lawrence but in the country, what do you 25 think we can do today to kind of instill in young �58 1 people an understanding and appreciation for that 2 time and an appreciation for how important the 3 struggle of African-Americans to achieve equality 4 really was and how that legacy can be carried over 5 today in struggles that we're still facing in 6 other areas of inequality? 7 JUSTICE SIX: I have some views on that. I 8 think the City of Lawrence, the Churches United, 9 any -- the Chamber of Commerce, the economic 10 development, needs to look at minority families 11 and single parent families. 12 I have four grandchildren. If they need to 13 go to soccer practice we don't have any trouble 14 getting them there. 15 around, although I'm seldom called on, but we need 16 to give children opportunities so that the working 17 mother with three children, how is she going to 18 get the child to an enrichment program at 7:30 in 19 the evening at the library? 20 They have two parents and I'm The law faculty professor and her husband, 21 they can, they say, "Okay, Sadie, we're going to 22 go down to a special reading program; hurry up and 23 finish dinner, jump in the car and away we go." 24 But that single mother in a minority family, maybe 25 one of the children is a toddler. Who's going to �59 1 2 be at home while she drives? And I think a community really could stand 3 out in America if it formed a commission of 4 credible individuals from various sectors of the 5 community that the committee had gravitas, when it 6 spoke it had people that would be taken notice, 7 and that community came through with grants. 8 we write grants? 9 provide trans -- the elderly can call and get Can we get money? 10 transportation. 11 about the parents of the toddlers? 12 Can Can we What about the toddlers? What Because to me the root is education and 13 opportunity and you're not going to be a first 14 chair clarinetist if you don't have the 15 opportunity to get to the lessons, and sure the 16 school, when you get to middle school the school 17 will give you a clarinet or whatever you want but 18 it takes more than that. 19 So that is my thought, to give opportunity to 20 the children of Lawrence through implementing the 21 opportunity. 22 recreation center, but if the minority children 23 can't get to it or the low income. You can build a Rock Chalk Park, the 24 Monday night at the meeting you and I 25 attended one of the audience raised a question �60 1 about affordable housing, who is a disabled woman, 2 paid 850 a month rent and had a total check a 3 month of 1250 or something. Well, that opened my 4 eyes to affordable housing. And I understand the 5 city's working on that, but if we don't have 6 affordable housing, then the children growing up 7 don't have that opportunity, so education and the 8 opportunity for education and enrichment of arts, 9 sport, gives the child confidence, brings all 10 children together. 11 would be my answer. 12 MR. ARNOLD: They grow and that's, that Great. Well, Justice Six, thank 13 you very much. 14 to sit down with you and have you answer a lot of 15 questions and we went for quite some time but I 16 think it was quite worthwhile and I appreciate 17 your perspectives. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 This was a wonderful opportunity JUSTICE SIX: Thank you. ***** � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Six, Fred N. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Honorable Fred N. Six Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Jayhawk Plunge (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Fred N. Six, who was the secretary of the Lawrence Human Relations Commission at the time that Lawrence's fair housing ordinance was passed in July 1967. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on October 6, 2016, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Six, Fred N. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/5/2016 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/fred-six-interview-10052016?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>Click <a href="https://youtu.be/ig6wu13h6tY">here</a> to view the video recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SixInterview100616.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1950 - 1967 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/496a73e24c944d8b437381dc234ed9c3.pdf b31c358c3419c7efa599d84f6eea0796 PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Jesse Milan 12 October 21, 2016 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 (17:32:49) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Today is October 21st, 2016. I 3 am local historian Tom Arnold, interviewing Dr. 4 Jesse Milan in his apartment in the Victory Hills 5 Senior Living Community in Kansas City, Kansas, 6 for the City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 7 50th Anniversary Oral History Project [also 8 present were Scott Wagner and Kurt Henning of the 9 City of Lawrence]. 10 At the time the ordinance passed in July, 11 1967, Dr. Milan was a teacher in the Lawrence 12 public school system and the president of the 13 Lawrence chapter of the NAACP. 14 DR. MILAN: 15 MR. ARNOLD: That's right. Dr. Milan, please tell me a 16 little bit about your background, including what 17 brought you to Lawrence initially. 18 DR. MILAN: What brought me to Lawrence, when 19 I was in Kansas City I went my senior year at 20 Sumner High School. 21 graduate at Sumner, and I was on Kansas Avenue 22 delivering my paper, I sold The Call paper every 23 Friday, and on the Parallel streetcar was a sign 24 that says: 25 in college. In '46 I was going to Two years in the military, four years I said, what? �3 1 So I signed up and volunteered for the 2 military and when I got out of the military and I 3 applied for Kansas University and they assisted me 4 with federal government financial assistance from 5 that as my salary. 6 I spent two years in, one year in Anniston, 7 Alabama, with that and then I was stationed, I 8 couldn't tell you the name of the base there, and 9 I was, we were, for my place where I took my, what 10 do you call it, the initial -- 11 (17:34:50) 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 DR. MILAN: 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 DR. MILAN: Your basic training? Yes. Well, no, as a soldier. Okay. They shipped me to this, on this 16 base in Anniston, Alabama, I forget the name of 17 it, and it was, at that time it was very 18 segregated, only a black group that I belonged to 19 at that time, and when we arrived at the base the 20 base commander of that came to accept us and 21 receive us and talk to us and inspect us. 22 As he went around, and about 22 of us, and he 23 went to his office and made an appointment of one 24 of us to serve as a military policeman, Army 25 policemen they were, and guess who he chose? Me. �4 1 And I was surprised, because I was asked by the 2 leader to lead a demonstration of drilling the 3 squad and I drilled my squad, because I did that 4 in high school. 5 I was at Sumner High School. I was a 6 graduate of Sumner High School. When they took my 7 picture many years later after that -- it's on the 8 wall right there. 9 That's on Minnesota Avenue. See that picture behind you? I'm one of the first 10 black persons they put up there on that picture, 11 then they put a few after that. 12 But anyway, I was pleased, and we did a lot 13 of work there, and I was transferred from there 14 to, after one year I was transferred from there to 15 up north, I forget the name of that city, but 16 anyway, I was transferred from there to the base 17 in Honolulu, Hawaii, and made the football team, 18 played football. 19 And another big mistake, I was chosen, based 20 on my performance as a football player during the 21 seasons, as a quarterback and right halfback. 22 a black person. 23 many black quarterbacks playing professional 24 football period, and I had a great time playing. 25 I'm In those days there wasn't too I used to have fun coming to the line of �5 1 scrimmage when the ball got there I'd use 2 deception and I'd say to the big dude, "Hey, big 3 daddy, I'm coming your way." 4 a time, but I played good. 5 we lost games, we won a game, but that was an 6 honor to have been chosen for so many things like 7 that that I didn't apply for. 8 way you performed. 9 (17:38:10) 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 DR. MILAN: 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 DR. MILAN: 15 (17:38:22) 16 MR. ARNOLD: 20 21 22 They just liked the What years were those when you Oh, -Late 1940s? Yes. Yes. And then after you left the Army and decided to use your GI Bill to -- 18 19 We won the game, but were in the Army, do you recall? 12 17 Oh, it was a heck of DR. MILAN: To finish my work at, to go to K.U. MR. ARNOLD: -- go to K.U., why did you choose the University of Kansas and Lawrence? DR. MILAN: Well, I attended, my kids 23 attended school in Lawrence. I had four kids, 24 they graduated, they all over the years, and I had 25 a lot of friendships in Lawrence and a lot of �6 1 contacts, and I belonged to Kappa Alpha Psi, which 2 I lived in a fraternity house in Lawrence, new 3 chapter. 4 And so how I got there, there was a lady 5 teacher at the University of Kansas, she was in 6 charge of the women department for women attending 7 K.U. in the P.E. Department, and I did a lot of 8 teaching, members of the class, we all did, all of 9 us, we would have to do this this day, we would do 10 this day, one day, and I was appointed by her to 11 teach in the public school system. 12 give it a try; that's why I'm here." 13 I say, "I'll And, but she didn't just send me to the black 14 school, she sent me to Hillcrest, and I went up 15 there and I had a great reception, and I did a lot 16 of things. 17 One of my most famous philosophy was using 18 the thesis in the Matthew 30:32: 19 neighbor as yourself. 20 have them do unto you. 21 Love your Do unto others as you'd And so -- because at the elementary grades 22 they're not in their classroom solid in terms of 23 playing games. 24 the object, they'd come in and have very poor 25 listening skills, because teacher would come by I didn't just play games, I said �7 1 and do things with them, and I said, my 2 introduction to them was that I am here to help 3 you learn how to play games with each other and do 4 other things and the object of that is to help you 5 improve your listening skills to listen to the 6 teacher, to see what she says to you and how to 7 explain the -- one of the most, even today, 8 difficult problems for the students is 9 mathematics, arithmetic, and so they improved 10 that, and then the other way I, other activity 11 that I used, one of them, was not just that, was 12 square dancing. 13 14 Have you square danced? danced? 15 MR. WAGNER: 16 DR. MILAN: Oh, no. Huh? How could you grow up 17 without square dancing? 18 MR. HENNING: 19 20 21 22 Have you square I'm going with yes. I have, yes. MR. ARNOLD: I would say yes, when I was very young, but not in recent years. DR. MILAN: And one of my most mechanized 23 square dancing, I have all my records and things 24 that I did, was the Kansas, square dancing, Kansas 25 song called Home On The Range. �8 1 (Singing) "Now you dosey around your corner 2 lady one time around, then you see-saw once around 3 your toe, and then you add a minuet with the lady 4 on your neck, run right and left around the hall. 5 Home, home on the range, where the deer and the 6 antelope play, where never is heard a discouraging 7 word." 8 9 Home on the range. I still have it, and then I taught it in Lawrence, Kansas, and then my 10 population grew, so I went to every elementary 11 school in the city of Lawrence, Kansas. 12 (17:42:49) 13 MR. ARNOLD: So after you -- you taught there 14 as a student. Obviously the school system was 15 happy with you and they hired you as the first 16 African-American teacher in the Lawrence school 17 system, I think that was in 1954? 18 DR. MILAN: 19 MR. ARNOLD: Uh-huh. And what was it like being the 20 first African-American teacher in the school 21 system? 22 Did you feel welcomed or did you feel -- DR. MILAN: Well, I felt welcome because I 23 was hired in Lawrence to -- after that, I was 24 hired in Lawrence first, but I had a lot of 25 community relations. �9 1 There were not too many white folk but 2 when -- segregation was very, very difficult, 3 because I worked for the city Recreation 4 Department as assistant superintendent of 5 recreation for the City of Lawrence. 6 first one to do that for a black person and the 7 object was for me to improve the quality of the 8 performance and the program of the city Recreation 9 Department and so what I negotiated with K.U. and I was the 10 other was to bring students to the basketball 11 games and football games and so I did that, so as 12 a result of working with Hillcrest I reached out 13 to all of the schools I was recreation person to 14 work with the city to put a playground at Pinckney 15 Elementary School and Hillcrest Elementary School 16 and Watkins and all of that. 17 Now, one of my most fascinating experience 18 was that one day I got a call, after I received a 19 call from the Ku Klux Klan, and they did a lot of 20 things to try to keep me from being a black 21 teacher to white folks because that's a violation, 22 but I said, "The only thing black were the shoes 23 they wore to school." 24 25 And many of the white teachers were very friendly with me and asked me, say, "Well, Dr. �10 1 Milan, why don't we go and have a good time in 2 Kansas City?" 3 but in order for me to do that you would have to 4 give me a check for a thousand dollars." 5 said, "We can't do that." 6 can't go." 7 that time the relationship of the races were very, 8 very rigid, because the Ku Klux Klan, they threw 9 bombs at my house, they threw fire bombs at my -- 10 I lived in, when I first started teaching I lived 11 over in North Lawrence, I can't think of the 12 apartment, it's a little, a block south of that -- 13 what's the name of that school in, elementary 14 school in Lawrence? I said, "Well, we could do that, They I said, "That's why I You think I'm going to go and -- at 15 MR. HENNING: 16 DR. MILAN: Woodlawn. Woodlawn. And so I moved into 17 that apartment right there and a person in from 18 the city was interested in me expanding because my 19 family, I had a baby and we were looking for a 20 house, and he came by and introduced himself and 21 helped me build a house on 1211 West Fifth Street. 22 You know where that is? That's the end of 23 the white movement but the beginning of the black 24 population in the area in that section of 25 Lawrence, because the street that, Fifth Street �11 1 goes all the way through but on the west side of 2 me was one black person, on the right side of me 3 was a white male, but they told me he was a 4 businessman, and the Ku Klux Klan took and brought 5 a lot of fire things and threw them at my house 6 and in my garage and on my roof and the guy next 7 door would get it and put it out before it caught 8 on fire and had a lot of red stuff of those things 9 in my backyard, and I guess they finally stopped 10 because I was not in a white neighborhood. 11 vacant lot was at the end of the white 12 (indiscernible) movement and then he said, well, 13 I'll -- but he said, you can do it here. 14 That At that time my wife was working at the 15 hospital in Leavenworth and she was an 16 occupational -- 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 DR. MILAN: Therapist? Yes. And so it wasn't too far 19 from Lawrence to go the highway and go to 20 Leavenworth, so -- but across the street I had a 21 black family that really protected my house, 22 because they see a flame going to my house and I 23 was out teaching and they would go and put them 24 out, and one day I tried to get in my garage and 25 it was full of those ashes and I had to clean it �12 1 2 out. So I had a tremendous effort from the Douglas 3 County Ku Klux Klan, so one day I got a call to 4 meet some students on a lot in Lawrence, Kansas, 5 five white boys and five black kids, because I was 6 assistant superintendent for the City of Lawrence 7 and helped, and I can't think of his name now, he 8 was the superintendent, and we did a lot of things 9 together and he'd let me do a lot of things 10 11 together. And when I walked up at about 6:00 o'clock 12 that evening, five white boys over here, five 13 black boys over here. 14 taught all of them, and I say -- it's amazing to 15 see them. 16 said, "We have a special mission to kill you." 17 said, "You gotta be kidding. 18 to kill me when I taught you in school?" 19 ain't no school." They all had guns. "Why do you have those guns?" I And they I Why would you want "This 20 So I said, "Well, I'll do my best, but 21 remember," I said, "you have to remember what the 22 Bible says: 23 unto others as you'd have them do unto you. 24 I'm sure you haven't read the Bible, otherwise you 25 wouldn't want to kill me." Love your neighbor as yourself. Do And �13 1 Now, the black kids were there to protect me 2 but the white kids wanted to kill me, but guess 3 what? 4 well, you know, it's interesting how we get along 5 in the classroom, and they all remembered that. 6 They remembered one of the most fascinating things 7 was the activities that I would introduce them, 8 and I took them all, from 200, 300 kids, to every 9 home football game and had the Recreation After my talking with them and saying, 10 Department and the parents to buy their tickets. 11 I took them to the basketball games, and it was 12 white and black, and so the kids all enjoyed that, 13 so they both just turned away, walked away, and 14 did not kill me. 15 But the Ku Klux Klan did not give up. So I 16 bought a home, from 1211 West Fifth Street, to buy 17 a place that I wouldn't let them know where I'm 18 moving, so I bought a -- and my family grew, at 19 that time I had three kids, I ended up with four 20 kids, 10th and Alabama. 21 That's one block north of the stadium, two blocks 22 north of the stadium, right on the corner, big 23 two-story house. 24 25 You know where that is? Okay? And we had a great time and I had a great time with the friendship with the kids, and all �14 1 the summer I ran a playground for the kids in the 2 city, not just one place, at school districts near 3 their neighborhood, McAlister, oh, behind the 4 junior high school there on -- where's it located? 5 Not Maine Street but it's close to Maine Street in 6 Lawrence. 7 Lawrence and Woodlawn. 8 9 And Hillcrest and Sunset and North It was just a tremendous experience that I had, and I had many supporters from the white 10 family and I had many of them that were working 11 with the Ku Klux Klan, and they helped me and the 12 kids, I was reported some that would have a 13 meeting every Friday in their school how to 14 protect me, and they did a good job. 15 good lord. 16 They had the The last one was when on 10th and Alabama 17 they drove up, and I believe my house was on the 18 east side of the street, and they drove up on the 19 west side of the street and threw a bomb over my, 20 over their car and it went toward my house on 10th 21 and Alabama and it exploded while in flight. 22 Now, we were the only black family in that 23 neighborhood and all the white folks come running 24 down there to see what happened, to protect me, so 25 I had a tremendous population in the white �15 1 population as well that, that they were not all Ku 2 Klux Klan, male and female, and that's the reason 3 I'm still here today. 4 wouldn't be here. 5 (17:53:23) 6 MR. ARNOLD: Had not been for them I So your neighbors in that 7 all-white neighborhood, they were supportive of 8 having you live there, they welcomed you? 9 10 DR. MILAN: their kids. 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 DR. MILAN: 13 Yes, because they knew I taught Right. Okay? I had a tremendous child population. 14 (17:53:32) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. So as a teacher you 16 mentioned you were welcomed by your fellow 17 teachers, the Ku Klux Klan did not like having you 18 there. 19 parents? 20 students, did they welcome you? 21 hospitable? How about your students and the students' Did they, even the white parents and 22 DR. MILAN: 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 DR. MILAN: 25 children. Were they Yes. Good. Through the message of their One of the most, second most important �16 1 things is I developed a square dance club and they 2 enjoyed doing the Texas Star and this as well as 3 the kids, so my job as a Recreation Department for 4 the city, not just for black population but for 5 everyone, and one of the most popular things was 6 that I had many parents who support me because I 7 would take their kids to a basketball game at the 8 Allen Fieldhouse when it was built and I would 9 take them to the football games at Kansas Stadium 10 and help get the tickets through the Recreation 11 Department so that they wouldn't have to pay a 12 whole lot of money for it, and I got many gift for 13 tickets to take the kids to the -- and they all 14 was very, very pleased, so it was the way I 15 treated children, not because they were white, not 16 because they were black, because they were all 17 God's children. 18 And when I became a professor at Baker 19 University that was another wonderful experience. 20 Not only did I teach physical education activity 21 but I taught other kind of subjects of 22 anthropology, and what happened was that they 23 assigned me as the professor from Baker, from the 24 school system in Lawrence -- in Baldwin, I'm 25 sorry. �17 1 When I become the first black professor at 2 Baker University they assign me not just to teach 3 the students and work with the teachers and 4 performance of the school but to work as the 5 professor to go to the public school system in 6 Baldwin, Kansas, for the placement of student 7 teachers. 8 there were in Baldwin, Kansas? 9 Do you realize how many black schools None. But the most fascinating experience, I had to 10 go to talk to the white superintendent about the 11 placement of students at Baker University. 12 that'd be fine, they were familiar with Baker, but 13 they didn't know, but they were amazed because I 14 was not a white professor asking to do that, and 15 they were pleased, and it was very successful, not 16 because I was black but because the kids loved it 17 and I did it, because my philosophy was love your 18 neighbor as yourself and as a result the -- 19 (Phone ringing; off the record.) 20 (17:57:44) 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 Let me ask you, when you first arrived in 23 Lawrence and in the early years, the 1950s and 24 1960s while you were living there, how would you 25 describe the racial climate, the relationship Oh, You are in high demand, sir. �18 1 2 between the white and the black community? DR. MILAN: Very, very, very vitriol 3 (17:58:04), because the black population lived in 4 certain sections. 5 was in North Lawrence, the black folk lived on 6 this side and the white folk lived on that side, 7 and in a very limited space. 8 9 The most integrated population And what got me where I was in terms of increasing the performance and the relationship 10 was the -- who was it? 11 He was superintendent of the city Recreation 12 Department, and while I was at K.U. I was an 13 official of the Kansas Relays and he got to know 14 me quite well because I negotiated with him for 15 relay tickets and places to take the kids to, to 16 the games irrespective of race. 17 I did, I took black, white, white kids. 18 take them, they met me at the stadium, at the gate 19 to get in, and they had a special section for all 20 students and they went in. 21 I can't think of his name. That's one thing I didn't Now, one of the things that was fascinating 22 was that after I graduated from K.U. I was 23 assigned as an official in the K.U. Relays and I 24 was there for 40 -- 20 years, and I have a special 25 uniform that I wore; I still have it. It's in �19 1 there. It's when I was -- I'll be wearing it 2 tomorrow. 3 pants and my shirt, I'll show it to you, but what 4 happened is that at Baker there wasn't that very 5 strong relationship between the white students and 6 the black students but I created an organization, 7 because there were some black -- white students 8 who didn't, had never met a black teacher and that 9 was strange to them and I kept saying to them I 10 used the Bible as a thesis to help me understand 11 who I am and what my responsibility is. 12 I'm called a nigger and this and that and I'm 13 black, we couldn't do this and we couldn't do 14 that. 15 had to sit in a black section in the show. 16 you know that? Every Friday, or Saturday I wear my I know Even to go to the theater in Lawrence you Did 17 (Announcement on the loud speaker about 18 Happy Hour.) 19 DR. MILAN: Well now, what they do at that 20 session, they have token of some cake or 21 something, wine and beer and mixed drink. 22 (18:01:24) 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 DR. MILAN: 25 beer, get that wine. It sounds very nice. Oh, a lot of folk get to get that I don't drink wine. �20 1 When I was a student at K.U., course I ran 2 track in high school at K.U., at K.U. stadium. 3 Sumner High School would go there, but it was a 4 track session, it was mixture with the race, just 5 school. 6 sent their track team to K.U. for the relay on 7 Friday and Saturday and I was, while I was there I 8 was appointed to work on the PE department, 9 physical fitness department at the, K.U. wanted 10 one of the members of the school to help provide 11 officials so I was official for the high jump, 12 triple jump, discus throw, and javelin, boys and 13 girls. 14 that and I had many students to do what I wanted 15 them to do. 16 High schools across the state of Kansas Fascinating, and I had a great time doing And they gave me a, when I retired they gave 17 me a present here, this place, they gave me a cap, 18 one of the things you wear, and shirt and a 19 jacket; they didn't give me the jacket, I bought 20 it, and so I was a very proud person to be an 21 official (indiscernible 18:03:24). 22 I don't care where I traveled in Lawrence, on 23 both sides of the city very segregated. The most 24 integrated section in Lawrence was North Lawrence, 25 mainly because they were divided but they all �21 1 lived in the same damn place, and I had many, many 2 of the Ku Klux Klan to chase me down the main 3 street, but I had a car at that time, and -- but 4 the white folks protected me. 5 I wouldn't be here if it had not been for 6 them, those students, and the students and God 7 protected me, I wouldn't be, because at 10th and 8 Alabama they take the big bomb and threw it at my 9 house. It exploded before it arrived and all the 10 white folks came down, and gave me guns. 11 want no gun. 12 (18:04:19) 13 MR. ARNOLD: I didn't You had started describing some 14 of the forms of segregation and discrimination in 15 Lawrence besides the neighborhoods but also you 16 mentioned in the movie theater you had to sit in a 17 separate section. 18 19 20 DR. MILAN: Well, you couldn't buy a house anyplace. MR. ARNOLD: Yes, tell me a little bit about 21 the different kinds of discrimination, including 22 in housing. 23 DR. MILAN: You had to -- oh, there was a 24 limited section in East Lawrence. You ever hear 25 of the New York School, elementary school? �22 1 MR. ARNOLD: 2 DR. MILAN: Uh-huh, yes. That was where the first grades 3 go, up to sixth grade, and the only place there 4 was a change in education was when they got to 5 junior high and they ultimately, they had but one 6 high school and one junior high and they all went 7 together, and I taught at the junior high and the 8 high school. 9 Now, housing was limited along New York City 10 [Street] was a population in Lawrence, in East 11 Lawrence, a limited section along Alabama, because 12 I also (18:05:38) studied at a house in Alabama. 13 On Mississippi the fraternity houses were across 14 from the stadium. 15 across from the entrance on Mississippi Street and 16 the Alphas was down the street and across the 17 street on 11th and Alabama, I think that's the 18 main street, at least to the -- Mississippi 19 Street, Mississippi leads to the stadium, up to 20 K.U. entrance, was a black family that, on, right 21 on the corner there and lived right next door to 22 the Alpha house, and the other section that was 23 limited, there were no black family in the 24 Hillcrest section of the town, there were no black 25 family in a certain section in south Lawrence, The Kappa house was about, just �23 1 because they used to have farms out there. 2 were some farms in them areas where it was 3 Lawrence, but they were not mixed, they were 4 limited. 5 There So Lawrence was very segregated housing and 6 employment. Now, you could not go downtown to 7 Lawrence and go to any of those places to eat, 8 except some places had a special section for black 9 people to sit to eat in their place. You could 10 not just go in and you sit down. You couldn't got 11 in and go to the (18:07:20 indiscernible). 12 had to sit in a certain section. 13 deny the white folks to sit in there, because 14 they'd sit in that section because their section 15 was full, and we couldn't ask them to leave. 16 were asked to leave from this show. Now, that didn't 17 So it was a very segregated city. 18 (18:07:50) 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 21 You We How would you compare Lawrence to the city you spent some time in in Alabama? DR. MILAN: Alabama, I didn't spend time 22 (17:08 indiscernible), I (indiscernible) location. 23 It was very segregated in the south. 24 (18:08:07) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Was Lawrence as bad as the south �24 1 or not as bad as the south, or how would you 2 compare? 3 4 DR. MILAN: It was as bad because only, you could only live certain places. 5 MR. ARNOLD: 6 DR. MILAN: Right. You could only go certain places. 7 K.U. to an extent wasn't as integrated but they 8 couldn't segregate the stadium, those who tried, 9 we got rid of that, because I served as the 10 assistant superintendent for the city Recreation 11 Department so I didn't have recreation activities 12 just for the black students, I had them for all 13 students, and that's why my organization at 14 Baker's still going strong today. 15 about it in just a minute. 16 I'll tell you But so the city was segregated. It had 17 certain limitations. The housing law that was 18 being discussed in Topeka was not thoroughly 19 enforced because the persons who were selling 20 housing didn't just go in for anything, they were 21 very selective of who they would offer. 22 And I was one of those selected persons 23 because when I was living in North Lawrence in a 24 segregated community they said, well, we got some 25 land on Fifth Street over in Lawrence, West �25 1 Lawrence, and we would like to build a house for 2 you and your wife, and I had two kids, and said, 3 well, that's fine, and they built a house at 1211 4 West Fifth Street. 5 white population. It was well welcomed by the 6 Now, who they were, but -- I don't know who 7 they were that threw that stuff at my house, and 8 when I moved to 10th and Alabama they did the same 9 thing, because I was the only black resident on 10 10th and Alabama, 10th and Alabama. 11 go down Alabama that big white house is still 12 there because couple, not a couple weeks, about 13 three weeks ago my daughter was in town from 14 California and she was born in that house and she 15 went by and looked at the house from a history 16 standpoint. 17 It's still there. If you ever It's still there. But what really protected me were the white 18 kids I taught. 19 me. I thought they really protected 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 DR. MILAN: Very good. Because had they, if they had not 22 I'd have been gone, and God protected me. 23 treat them. 24 25 How you I would go to -- there was a grocery store right on the corner of Ninth and Massachusetts -- �26 1 not a grocery store, a drug store. 2 name of that drug store? 3 section in there. 4 (18:11:05) 5 MR. ARNOLD: 6 7 What's the It had a restaurant Round Corner Drug Store, was that it? DR. MILAN: It sat on the corner of the west 8 side of I think Ninth and Massachusetts. 9 know if it's still there or not, but it was, it 10 had a place where you could go in and buy your 11 drink, pop and so forth, and hamburger. 12 have an extensive cooking place but you could get 13 a sandwich and so forth and I could go there and I 14 knew who the people were serving because they knew 15 me from my teaching, but it didn't mean that I 16 could go anywhere in a store. 17 special place they'd provided. 18 (18:11:46) 19 MR. ARNOLD: I don't Didn't I could go to a Tell me a little bit more about 20 your experience trying to find, trying to move to 21 different neighborhoods. 22 some stories that the real estate agents would not 23 show you all the place -- And I know there were 24 DR. MILAN: They never did, they never -- 25 MR. ARNOLD: Tell me about some of your �27 1 experiences with the real estate agents and some 2 of the experiences that other black families had 3 trying to find housing and how the real estate 4 agents would try to steer you away from certain 5 neighborhoods towards others. 6 DR. MILAN: Well, mainly because the 7 population was located that way. The black 8 population was back over here and the white 9 population was everyplace else, so it was a very 10 interesting person who wanted to provide you a 11 house. 12 neighborhood, they built houses in the black 13 neighborhood. 14 They didn't build houses outside the black One of the most concentrated area was off of 15 the main street there, off of the highway, south 16 -- north, near north of the stadium. 17 Alabama, where I -- on Maine Street, where, I 18 forget what numbers, going to college, before I 19 lived in a fraternity house. 20 where that is? 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 DR. MILAN: Now, on 824 Maine. You know Roughly, yes. Right in the middle of the block. 23 There were two black folks in that neighborhood. 24 Okay? 25 didn't just take you anyplace. And those who were selling real estate �28 1 There was vacant land where a person had 2 given up the farming and had become a place for 3 building and they could not build a house just 4 anywhere, even the real estate they were selling, 5 one person in the real estate, can't think of his 6 name right now, because, see, my brother and my 7 (18:13:56 indiscernible) in Kansas City was in the 8 real estate business in Kansas, the same thing, 9 segregated stuff, so they knew how to look at 10 that, but I was lucky that they finally found this 11 land. 12 neighborhood, just a vacant piece of land next to 13 a white neighborhood and black neighborhood, over 14 that way. 15 He said he knew it was not in a white The other thing was that they would have a 16 parade, I got some of that stuff, in 17 Massachusetts, come down Massachusetts and you 18 would not find an integrated group, you'd find 19 black group playing their instruments going down 20 our neighborhood. 21 And back to the basketball games, they set us 22 in a section that wasn't segregated, because I had 23 white and black students that knew each other, 24 some didn't know each other, but that -- so it 25 was, Lawrence at that time was not a free city, �29 1 black folks, Mexican. 2 Now, the Mexican, they caught more problem 3 than we did because some of them couldn't speak 4 the English language but in the public school 5 system they went to the white school system, they 6 didn't go to the black school system, only black 7 folks went to public school system and when they 8 got to the high school, that's when they began to 9 integrate the school system, junior high and high 10 school. 11 (18:15:44) 12 MR. ARNOLD: So did Brown vs. the Board of 13 Education, when that passed in 1954 did that 14 affect the Lawrence schools? 15 DR. MILAN: 16 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Can you describe that? That was 17 about the same time you started teaching, so how 18 did that affect the schools? 19 DR. MILAN: Because they were segregated and 20 they didn't just open up, they improved the 21 quality of the brown school -- black schools and 22 as they built new schools there were no black 23 neighborhoods, though they were next door. 24 example, where I built my house on Pinckney 25 Elementary School is just east of it, 1211 West For �30 1 Fifth Street. Fifth Street was a street east 2 of -- what's that main street, main highway going 3 through Lawrence? 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 DR. MILAN: 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 DR. MILAN: Sixth Street. Sixth Street. Sixth Street, yes. Well, see, north, Fifth Street's 8 just north of that, and I can't think of the name 9 of the streets right now but I know that the black 10 neighborhood, that went from my house west for 11 three or four blocks and north of that were some 12 that had farmland (18:17:10 indiscernible) that -- 13 and the other section -- and there were none near 14 Hillcrest Elementary School, except on Maine 15 Street. What was the address on Maine? 16 MR. HENNING: 17 DR. MILAN: 18 824? 824 Maine. How you know that, man? 19 THE SPEAKER: 20 DR. MILAN: I'm taking notes, sir. That's right, 824 Maine. After 21 you leave there on the other side of that house 22 that they used to live was white families, on the 23 corner, older neighborhood, across the street. 24 How he got that house I don't know because when I 25 entered K.U. I stayed as a rent student in that �31 1 house and walked to campus every day. 2 There were not just anyplace you could go. 3 (18:18:09) 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 DR. MILAN: Right. So if you -- What helped me was when I was 6 teaching in the white public school system I 7 became a population to help move out of the 8 neighborhood, not our neighbor but where there was 9 another facility. It was very difficult, and real 10 estate agents were very careful of where they 11 found vacant housing for black people. 12 (18:18:41) 13 MR. ARNOLD: So if you were a black family 14 moving to Lawrence or a black student coming to 15 Lawrence to go to K.U. the real estate agents 16 would only steer you to certain neighborhoods and 17 -- 18 19 DR. MILAN: Yes, because there was not homes that provide housing for K.U. 20 (Announcement on the loud speaker; 21 discussion off the record.) 22 DR. MILAN: 23 several days a week. 24 25 And once every week that happens, But what, the real estate agents knew the segregated area, where to look for vacant land, �32 1 vacant houses, and apartment buildings was not 2 open until after the passage of the Fair Housing 3 Ordinance, and we were very interested in the 4 preparing of that. 5 I had some friends in Topeka that I would go 6 over and visit and we would talk about why it's 7 important. 8 Constitution, and what does it say? 9 are citizens so we should be enabled to access 10 whatever we want to do not because of our race, 11 but that white population, let me tell you, buddy, 12 it was very strong, very segregated, and I was 13 exceptional. 14 I said, oh, so you can take the Citizen. We That's why I got that first black professor 15 at Baker University. 16 end but -- what's the name of the place? 17 building by the green, I can't think of the name 18 now, but a black family owned it. 19 restaurant and a bar and a pool table, black kids 20 could go down there and play pool and drink beer 21 and it's a tavern, it's a black tavern. 22 trying to think, I can't think of the name of it 23 now, but I know where it was. 24 25 I was given the end, not the It's a It had a little I'm And one of the professors from Baker University knew the owner of that black facility �33 1 and he came once in awhile and I was giving a 2 speech to parents about recreational activities in 3 Lawrence. 4 students didn't belong to white teams but they 5 played each other, black teams, and so I was 6 giving a speech there and said that someday that 7 might happen but right now we have a segregated 8 facility, because I was assistant director of the 9 city Recreation Department, but he hired me It was very segregated because black 10 because I was an elementary teacher and he hired 11 me for that for the summertime to improve the 12 recreational activities for the black students in 13 Lawrence, black kids, and I did that. 14 And as we went along the Fair Housing 15 Ordinance was introducing a whole recreational 16 experience, because real estate agents had to open 17 up the door and parents who wanted a house, and 18 they looked at some neighborhood, like in 19 Lawrence, I never will forget the family that 20 moved up the street on the corner on Ninth & 21 Maine, because the real estate agent said, well, 22 the house is there, but at the time it was a 23 segregated neighborhood but the real estate agent, 24 who was a white agent serving the black community, 25 provided a house for this family and they moved �34 1 in. They caught hell for awhile but it gradually 2 changed as they lived and got to know the family a 3 little better. 4 So integrating neighborhoods were very rigid 5 because they were very stubborn and they were not 6 going to school together. 7 after they changed the school system to integrated 8 systems. 9 (18:23:25) 10 MR. ARNOLD: It didn't happen till Let's talk a little bit, since 11 you brought up the Fair Housing Ordinance, really 12 the work towards bringing that about started much 13 earlier with organizations like the League for the 14 Promotion of Democracy, which I know you were the 15 president of. 16 organization in the 1950s and what other 17 organizations -- 18 How did you get involved with that DR. MILAN: Well, the reason, because of the 19 students would talk about me to their parents, how 20 well I treat them, and when I treat the white 21 students, when I went to their schools they told 22 their parents about me as well. 23 treat a person. 24 25 It's how you One of the most fascinating experience, not just a game, how they grew when they integrated �35 1 system and before that how the boys in the same 2 school, white, came together on my square dancing. 3 I taught all types of dance, all types of 4 activities, dancing, and that was the most 5 valuable social adjustment activity. 6 I coached white girls, elementary and junior 7 high basketball teams where I was at Central High 8 School, Junior High, and I coached girl's 9 recreation in the summertime, boys and girls, but 10 my most fascinating integrated activity was track, 11 taking them to the track meet, because I ran the 12 track meet, on a black team, not a white team. 13 ran the quarter mile and I had a good time. 14 I So one of my impact on the city, not only was 15 I a prime character to get rid of, because I had 16 many efforts to try to do that, God blessed me and 17 so some of the parents and the kids really blessed 18 me, white parents and white children really 19 blessed me and I give thanks for them, but the 20 problem was Lawrence was not in favor from a major 21 standpoint the fair housing law, because they had 22 made too much money selling white folks white 23 stuff, but as the land began to move from a farm 24 area, because there was a lot of farms in that 25 area and the land became popular for building and �36 1 what have you, and when they were building they 2 were very selective who moved in them homes. 3 was one of them, and they didn't appreciate me in 4 that neighborhood because I was black and they 5 said all kinds of stuff, and it was, it was 6 interesting, so I was very popular. 7 (18:26:38) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 DR. MILAN: I So meaning -In improving the knowledge and 10 the purpose of the document of this country, the 11 14th Amendment. 12 specifically identify black people but they said 13 all persons will become citizen of this country, 14 and that's why on the East Coast a very rigid 15 population from the white population rejected 16 that, but it ultimately passed because it said we 17 must do this, because they had a black military. 18 The 14th Amendment did not My father was a member of the Army when he 19 was growing up in World War I and other relatives. 20 The military was very segregated. 21 the military in the '40s, in '46, it was 22 semi-integrated. 23 the years checked by. 24 difficult laws to get passed, the fair housing law 25 of Kansas, because there's a -- what was the name When I got in It increased its integration as That was one of the most �37 1 of that white organization that was really 2 opposing -- what you need to see? 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 DR. MILAN: 5 MR. HENNING: 6 7 He's taking some notes. Huh? Oh, I'm watching you and taking notes. DR. MILAN: Well, if you looked at all them 8 white books, that's what I developed when I was 9 teaching. 10 But Kansas even today does not a hundred 11 percent support the Kansas fair housing law. 12 There were many laws that were passed after World 13 War II to improve the flexibility of black people. 14 Now, Hispanics got even worse than that because 15 they had to live in a very segregated area where 16 they spoke the same language, Spanish language. 17 On New York City, state [Street], what was 18 it, McAlister Elementary School, south -- west -- 19 east, yes, east of McAlister Elementary School, 20 one of my schools, was a white school that 21 eventually they integrated it but behind that 22 school were a lot of Mexican families, so they had 23 a very limited, not just for us but for them. 24 However, sometimes they could go to the show and 25 not have to sit in the black section, they could �38 1 sit anywhere. Black people could not do that. 2 The main theater down there on Massachusetts, you 3 know where it is? 4 MR. ARNOLD: Uh-huh. 5 DR. MILAN: All right. 6 ticket but you couldn't just sit anywhere. 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 DR. MILAN: 9 Well, you could buy a make you get up. Right. If you would sit there they'd If you wouldn't get up they'd 10 put you out, so I didn't like to go, but I went, 11 and after I got married my wife would go, but it 12 was a very segregated city and one thing that we 13 had to really improve on was racial relations. 14 (18:30:30) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, tell me about some of the 16 organizations that tried to do that, like the one 17 you were involved in was the League for Promotion 18 of Democracy. 19 That was an integrated group with both white 20 people and black people working together to bring 21 about change. 22 What do you remember about that? Do you think that was a good group? DR. MILAN: PTA, Parent-Teachers Association. 23 Parent-Teachers Association moved, began to move 24 together. 25 they didn't walk the streets and beat but they That was one of the first powerful -- �39 1 improved the quality of the community by improving 2 the quality of opportunity for all persons. 3 And then the unions were very good at that 4 itself, okay? And now the teaching, teachers' 5 association were very interested in improving the 6 quality because now Lawrence was beginning to grow 7 and the area for the location of black people were 8 very limited, where they could build a house or 9 buy a house. Many people recruited from Kansas 10 City to Topeka and Lawrence, while those cities 11 themselves were segregated. 12 anyplace you want to in Topeka, until after the 13 passage of the fair housing law and the 14 enforcement of it. 15 You couldn't just go Now, sometimes the enforcement was not fair, 16 it just make sure that you knew damn well you 17 don't belong here, goodbye, get out of here. 18 lot of stuff took place, lot of arguments and 19 fights, but not me. 20 I had the kids who supported me because I was 21 their teacher, not their parents but their kids. 22 (18:32:33) 23 MR. ARNOLD: A I chose not to do it because Talk to me about the involvement 24 of the Lawrence NAACP, which you were a member of 25 and the president of. How did they try to promote �40 1 2 fair housing? DR. MILAN: Fourteenth Amendment. We used 3 that as the basis for our organization. 4 formulated for that. 5 I was responsible for bringing membership there, 6 because we have to be able to use two things: 7 God, because the churches were very segregated. 8 9 NAACP was It was brought to Lawrence, I grew up in Armourdale. You couldn't go to no white folks' church, even though it was 10 Catholic. 11 And so it brought about a change of putting in the 12 emphasis and the gospel in the Bible, love your 13 neighbor as yourself irrespective of his sex or 14 race. 15 you violate the Christian regulation. 16 I wasn't Catholic, I was a Baptist. If you love God and you don't do that, then I used that as a thesis for creating a 17 special organization at Baker University. 18 ever hear about it? 19 (18:34) 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 DR. MILAN: No. You Tell us about it. At Baker University it was very 22 segregated, except when they brought me there I 23 could go where black kids couldn't go. 24 no, this ain't gonna happen. 25 this. I said, We need to change We're all children of God irrespective of �41 1 your race and the Bible said love your neighbor, 2 not love your race neighbor, but love your 3 neighbor as yourself, and as a result I created an 4 organization, was because when I met with the 5 black students in my classroom -- I taught not 6 just black students, I taught all the students in 7 anthropology and in the physical education 8 classes. 9 I taught in P.E. Department at Baker and 10 anthropology and I taught the subject for 11 placement of teachers, not black teachers but 12 teachers. 13 black students in the Education Department at that 14 time. 15 I didn't have -- there was not too many But what happened, I was received and I would 16 get the kids to get -- and my thesis was this: 17 said, your women are God's angels. 18 God's angels, irrespective of their race, so 19 therefore, men, you are interested in human being, 20 opposite sex, not because of their race but you 21 should be interested in relating to them and 22 becoming friends to them irrespective of your 23 race. 24 25 I Women are And all of you women, you have to look at your relationship with God, not with the physical �42 1 being. 2 what they mean: 3 opportunity and employment, and that's what had a 4 real (18:36:14 indiscernible), because employees 5 will hire you and put you in a special section, a 6 black section. 7 The Constitution don't say that but that's All fair housing, all equal I worked at Armour's packing house when I was 8 in high school and I end up working in a black 9 section in the packing house, and after fair 10 housing law and the employment law was passed and 11 the union changed. 12 white and black. 13 of the black section, as the state legislatures 14 and other things began entry because of that. 15 The unions were basically You may be going to see the CIO In the Army it was segregated. I was in a 16 black partition in the infantry and the base 17 commander, when he saw me in Hawaii I was assigned 18 as a military policeman. 19 from a black section of where I lived, with the 20 black Army section, in that building, not an 21 integrated housing in the military, it was 22 segregated, but I was selected not to be a police 23 officer for just the black people but a police 24 officer to govern the performance of all soldiers. 25 That was interesting. They didn't have any Interesting. �43 1 (18:38:09) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Let's go back to when you were 3 the member of the Lawrence NAACP in I think 1964 4 and 1965, the Lawrence NAACP. 5 DR. MILAN: Well, I used the church as a 6 basis for expanding the teaching of God. 7 belonged to a black Baptist Church. 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 DR. MILAN: 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 DR. MILAN: I In Lawrence? No. I went to it. Okay. But I was, I had -- before I went 12 to Lawrence I was a member of the Episcopal 13 Church. 14 Kansas City, Kansas, on Third and Stewart, but the 15 population died, NAA -- only Alversa and me and 16 one other person, a member of the Trinity 17 Episcopal -- not Trinity, (18:39:16 indiscernible) 18 I'll get the name of it; black Episcopal Church in 19 Kansas City, Kansas, and St. Paul were responsible 20 for the district, for the bishop, sending him over 21 to continue that, because it was a black priest 22 that taught it, not a regular white priest, and 23 when he left, went someplace else, and the church 24 had to have a Episcopal priest, then one of the 25 priests from St. Paul's Episcopal Church, which There was a black Episcopal Church in �44 1 is, it's on, not 18th Street, 10th, it's not 10th 2 and Parallel. 3 about one block north or two blocks north of 4 Minnesota, and he would come over, and his church 5 was growing. 6 called the St. Paul, or Saint -- I still go to 7 that church -- St. Matthew's Episcopal Church out 8 on Saint -- not Saint Patrick. 9 it. 10 It was off of 10th Street, right He was assigned to what is now I can't think of I go there every Sunday, but when we started 11 there were 12 people. 12 black woman that came with us, and he had a few 13 friends that (18:41:04 indiscernible). 14 Episcopal -- not St. Paul's but -- I go every 15 Sunday. 16 think so. 17 you go 10th Highway and go west, and so I still go 18 there. 19 He and myself and that one St. Paul's Is it St. Matthew's Episcopal Church? I It's off of 10th and, 10th Street if But bishop at that time appointed me as the 20 population grew as an ordained deacon in the 21 Episcopal Church and I served to assist in the 22 development of the church service, as well as 23 performing it. 24 And every Sunday after church I took 25 communion to the sick and shut in, whole lot of �45 1 white folks. 2 theme songs when I walked in their home or the 3 hospital who were sick, I would walk in and after 4 I introduced myself, can Dr. Milan come in and 5 take me to the sick person and I'd come into 6 church, and even though they were sick we would 7 gather around a chair in a room and I'd open up my 8 song, I had my special song. 9 There ain't too many. And one of my The first song I would sing: (singing) "Lean 10 on me when you're not strong. 11 friend; I'll help you carry on. 12 long till you're gonna need somebody to lean on." 13 I'll be your Oh, it won't be And we all do, and that one person is God. 14 Lean on God. And once again, I'd say, if you 15 don't know where to go, go to chapter 30:32 and 16 listen and read the subject of God, about leaning 17 on each other. 18 you should become a friend of your neighbor. 19 was my thesis. Become a friend of God, and then That 20 But anyway, I served for 20, 25, 22, 25 21 years, when bishop said, "Dr. Milan, it's time for 22 you to retire." 23 bishop. 24 25 So I did, because he was the Because I traveled a lot, taught Sunday school, took kids camping. There were no black �46 1 families in that St. Paul's Episcopal Church -- 2 St. Matthew rather, but my wife and I and this one 3 lady that came with us from Trinity, and she died. 4 That's what happened to my population at Trinity: 5 They died. 6 me the congregation got together, after the Motor 7 Vehicle Department took my driver's license, and 8 developed a system to make sure I had a way to get 9 to church. And so the day when the bishop retired It's too far to walk from here out 10 10 Highway down the way to St. Matthew's Episcopal 11 Church. 12 (18:44:34) 13 MR. ARNOLD: That's wonderful. Let me take 14 you back to 1967, when Lawrence passed the Fair 15 Housing Ordinance, and there was a group called 16 the Fair Housing Coordinating Committee and many 17 organizations were part of that, the NAACP, the 18 League of Women Voters, -- 19 DR. MILAN: 20 MR. ARNOLD: I was a part of that. -- but also the churches were 21 very much involved. 22 churches, both white and black, helped to fight 23 for equality. 24 25 DR. MILAN: Tell me about how the Because I was a black member that taught their kids. I'd even come to their church �47 1 once in awhile. I knew all the black preachers and 2 I used that for the same way I used 30:32. 3 How can you teach love your neighbor as 4 yourself, how can you teach and you don't know how 5 to sit down and to help a child to overcome 6 looking at a white boy and a white girl and they 7 look at you and you look at them and separate each 8 other? 9 second place they began to integrate into Because generally the school was the 10 relationship, racial relation, not the military, 11 but it did after World War II, they say, oh, we 12 gotta, we gotta change this a little bit. 13 did. 14 They And I was a football player for the team in 15 Hawaii and made another mistake. I ended being 16 chosen as a second team quarterback in a 17 professional football team and played first team 18 quarterback, right halfback, first string, right 19 safety, (18:46:07 indiscernible), and I didn't 20 weigh but 150 pounds, but I knew how to hide the 21 football. 22 ball and go for that pass. 23 with -- they don't know how to take and hide that 24 football when you get it from the quarterback and 25 make a turn and do something (18:46:27 They don't do that today. They get the Don't do a damn thing �48 1 indiscernible), and them going that way and you go 2 that way, and they don't know where in the hell 3 the ball is. 4 But that was the purpose, not just to pass a 5 law for a law standpoint, but using the Bible as a 6 thesis for passing a law to improve the 7 relationship between human beings. 8 from a Christian standpoint. 9 it speaks from the Bible. 10 (18:47:02) 11 MR. ARNOLD: It wasn't sent I said it does, but Read it. Do you remember any of the other 12 people who were involved in that fair housing 13 coordinating committee? 14 Dulin from the Plymouth Congregational Church, who 15 was in charge of that organization? 16 17 DR. MILAN: (18:47:16) 19 MR. ARNOLD: 21 Many preachers of the church were in charge of the organization of that. 18 20 Yes. Do you remember Reverend The churches were very much involved in that effort? DR. MILAN: Uh-huh. They were. 22 know why? 23 just from a black standpoint. 24 relationship of God is all (18:47:37 25 indiscernible). Why? You They kept reading Christian emphasis, The racial You can't look at that. He ain't �49 1 a black God. 2 He's not a Mexican God. So that was my thesis and to improve the 3 quality of -- I don't remember all their names. 4 There were a lot of them. 5 (18:47:54) 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 DR. MILAN: 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 10 11 Right. Right. Many years ago? Yes. There were many, there were many -DR. MILAN: The reason I was selected, because I taught their kids. 12 (18:48:04) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Right. So you had a very good 14 reputation so people, did people look to you as a 15 leader of the black community because of your 16 strong reputation? 17 DR. MILAN: In part, but I was a leader of 18 the community period. 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 DR. MILAN: Very good. I was serving, the representative 21 of us as separate people, and square dancing was 22 one of my interracial activities, as well as 23 basketball, but not as famous, but -- and then we 24 had relay teams. 25 sport, not a race, et cetera. Relay teams made a runner, a �50 1 So I was emphasizing, that's the reason I 2 became very active, was that organization, but I 3 was also a very popular target -- 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 DR. MILAN: Right. -- from the black community that 6 didn't want to do that and the white community 7 didn't want it. 8 he really saved me, because there were folks, 9 black folks as well as white folks who did not 10 God saved me. I'm not kidding, want to come together. 11 (18:49:15) 12 MR. ARNOLD: So even some African-American 13 people were opposed to some of the things you were 14 trying to do? 15 DR. MILAN: 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 DR. MILAN: Yes. And why was that? Because they feel like it's not 18 providing them an opportunity. They could not go 19 anywhere and get a job; they had to get a special 20 job. 21 They could not go anywhere in the school system. They could not go anywhere and get a house. 22 (Knocking; off the record. 23 taken.) 24 (18:51:32) 25 DR. MILAN: A recess was Well, and see, as a teacher I �51 1 didn't teach about race, I taught as a child of 2 God. 3 And I didn't finish my story with you about 4 Baker. When I became a professor at Baker I was 5 the first black professor in the history of that 6 school. 7 Kansas? Are you familiar with Baldwin City, 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 DR. MILAN: A little bit. I've visited. It is not a populated system of 10 racial mixture, Mexican or black, mostly a white 11 population, agriculture, you're basically a 12 farmer, and the school system was 290,000 13 (18:52:13) white. 14 in that town. 15 were living...farming nearby, but not that many. 16 My point is only white students There were a few Mexicans but they Most of them were all white, and so when they 17 created an organization on campus there was no 18 black fraternity or sorority, none, but there was 19 what we call like a, there were members from the 20 black fraternity and white fraternity and white 21 sorority. 22 could not (18:52:56 indiscernible) open a 23 organization just for black people, so -- have you 24 ever heard that song God's Angels? 25 that song? I was a member of Kappa Alpha Psi but I Have you heard You don't sing that song? �52 1 2 3 MR. ARNOLD: No, I don't think I've heard that. DR. MILAN: How could you (18:53:12 4 indiscernible) with a woman you don't sing that 5 song? 6 That's what I did. I used the thesis, 30:32. 7 I said: You are all children of God, male or 8 female, but you are special creators. 9 have babies. Men don't God created you for the purpose of 10 reproducing the population, another human being. 11 That's why you are a special creator of God, and 12 so I say you are one of God's angels, and I taught 13 them that song. 14 (Singing) Oh, angel, earth angel, will you be 15 mine? My darling dear, I will love you all the 16 time. Yes, I will love you all the time. 17 angel, an angel of God. 18 Just an Love your neighbor as yourself, not the black 19 or the white, and the young men from South Africa 20 said, Dr. Milan, we use this term, maybe not 21 knowing about that Bible reference, but that's 22 what we say: 23 we use a special language, Mungano. Love your neighbor as yourself, but 24 And with a professor at Baker University, our 25 neighbors there, she sat right there in that chair �53 1 -- no, that chair right there. 2 she produced a book. 3 someone took a lot of special stuff out of my book 4 that they bought, and the title of it is The 5 History of Mungano. 6 taken out by (18:55:17 indiscernible) because 7 (indiscernible) population again. 8 (18:55:28) 9 MR. ARNOLD: I sat there, and I let them look at it and Many of my page have been Here you go. Well, Dr. Milan, let me take you 10 back again to the Fair Housing Ordinance in 11 Lawrence and in January, 1967, the fair housing 12 coordinating committee went to the Lawrence Human 13 Relations Commission and you were one of the 14 people who spoke -- 15 DR. MILAN: 16 MR. ARNOLD: That's right. -- and made the case for why 17 Lawrence needed a fair housing ordinance. 18 remember -- 19 DR. MILAN: 20 I use it today. 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 DR. MILAN: Do you Yes, and I used this the same as We are all creatures of God. Right. And I think you -- We are all creations of God and 23 God is not separating us, it's that the human 24 being are developing cultural ways of saying that 25 we can better off this way and maybe we'll think �54 1 about God later on. 2 black and white churches, not God's churches. 3 Even the churches develop You could not go to a white church and find a 4 black person in that church, yet they talking 5 about Christianity. 6 Christianity, you're not talking about God's 7 Christianity. 8 tell you. 9 I say you talking about white Oh, I caught my hell, I'm gonna The people did everything they can to try to 10 get rid of me, but God protected me. 11 their guns shooting and I had a lot of things. 12 (18:56:42) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Right. They had Well, so the Human 14 Relations Commission was very convinced by the 15 case that was made and so they took the ordinance 16 to the City Commission and you testified before 17 the City Commission. 18 DR. MILAN: 19 20 21 22 Do you remember that? I testified before them, yes, sir, the same thing I'm talking to you about. MR. ARNOLD: Did they seem very positive to your message? DR. MILAN: Some did, some didn't, because 23 this country was not built on people but they 24 think white folks were the reason this country 25 came into being and they don't think that other �55 1 folks have a right to come and do that. That's 2 why I'm going to say to you, my client works with 3 me and I work with her, Hillary Clinton, in 4 addressing some of these problems that people were 5 facing. 6 I said, how can you go to church on Sunday 7 and preach about this and this and this and yet 8 you cannot come out of the church and preach about 9 the gospel of God, of all people, because you are 10 a creator of God? 11 then you are sure enough a devil. 12 13 And that's my thesis. It's still my thesis, even here. 14 (18:57:59) 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 If you don't understand that, Well, the City Commission passed the ordinance four to one in favor and -- 17 DR. MILAN: And they didn't pass it simply 18 because it's the law, because of the thesis of my 19 -- 20 MR. ARNOLD: So they were convinced by people 21 like you that it was the right thing to do in the 22 eyes of God and of equality? 23 DR. MILAN: Exactly. You cannot improve the 24 relationship of people based upon physical 25 existence, you gotta do that on the improvement of �56 1 spiritual relationship and who are you related to. 2 Now, some people would say, yes, I'd say you 3 must be related to Satan. 4 hell. 5 are people today who still believe in Satan. 6 You give other people Satan came along to do just that, and there And my thesis said no, irrespective of your 7 physical condition. Mungano does not look at the 8 physical condition, they look at all of God's 9 angels, and the boys would come on and they'd say, 10 "yes, they're real angels, baby." 11 ha. 12 But -- and that's my thesis. 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 DR. MILAN: Ha, ha, ha, ha, Right. And what helped that law pass was 15 the emphasis of a Christian education about the 16 relationship of church and God's people, and when 17 you read the Bible, if you don't pay attention to 18 30:32, then you ain't a Christian, you're related 19 to the man downstairs called the devil. 20 (18:59:34) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Now, after the law was 22 passed do you think the real estate agents then 23 changed their practices? 24 better? 25 DR. MILAN: Do you think things got Not a hundred percent, no. White �57 1 real estate agents continued to go to primary 2 system of the white population, and when a black 3 person came along they tried, they'd try to find a 4 black location. 5 speaking experience, because putting a black 6 person in a white neighborhood, they caught hell, 7 then and now. 8 (19:00:12) 9 MR. ARNOLD: I'm not speaking theory, I'm Yes. But there were many white 10 families that supported having African-Americans 11 move into their neighborhoods. 12 13 DR. MILAN: I know -- After they understand their religion. 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 DR. MILAN: Okay. If the preacher didn't help them, 16 then they didn't cause them to change their 17 attitude. 18 (19:00:27) 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 21 22 So the churches played an important role in changing attitudes? DR. MILAN: They, they -- important role in changing attitude. 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 DR. MILAN: 25 (19:00:37) Okay. Some did then and some did now. �58 1 MR. ARNOLD: Now I want to talk to you about 2 the swimming pool in Lawrence. 3 involved -- 4 DR. MILAN: 5 MR. ARNOLD: 6 swimming pool. Ho, ho, ho, ho, ho. DR. MILAN: 8 MR. ARNOLD: 10 -- in efforts to integrate the Were you involved in the 1960 -- 7 9 I know you were You damn right I was. What was your involvement in the protest in 1960 against the Jayhawk Plunge? DR. MILAN: We couldn't go there. We could 11 not go to that pool when they opened up that pool, 12 just the same as we cannot go and sit anywhere in 13 a show. 14 long time to change that, after the swimming pool 15 was changed, letting them come and swim anywhere. 16 We could not go and swim anywhere. 17 special day they set aside for black people to 18 come, which we said, no, no, no, no, no, we are 19 not going to go just on a black day, we are going 20 to go when you open up the pool. 21 We had special seats. It took them a We'd go on See, because I was one of the city Recreation 22 Department. I said, "We don't just have things 23 for black students or white students, we have a 24 recreational activity for all students that come 25 to the community building down on the main �59 1 street." 2 downtown? You know the community building 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 DR. MILAN: Uh-huh. Well, we would go there and we'd 5 all play together. 6 together. 7 neighborhood. 8 school together, and when we come to school 9 together we got to look at our neighbor. 10 11 No, we must learn how to live Now, we're not in the same Now we're beginning to come to Have you ever had anybody throw bombs at your house? 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 DR. MILAN: 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 DR. MILAN: 16 MR. WAGNER: 17 DR. MILAN: 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 DR. MILAN: No, sir. You haven't? No. You have, haven't you? No, no, sir. You know, it's pathetic. It is. It's horrible. But my position was not just 20 recreation for black students, I was assistant 21 superintendent of the Lawrence Recreation 22 Department for all population and I didn't teach 23 based upon race, I taught based upon sexual 24 relationship, because you are God's angel and you 25 are God's angel, too, but not the kind of angel �60 1 that she is. She is created for the purpose of 2 taking that seed and producing another human 3 being. 4 relationship of being a human being, one of God's 5 children, and I still operate that way today. Your job is to communicate that 6 (19:03:15) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Now, in November, 1967, 8 the bond issue finally passed after it failed 9 twice to pass to -- 10 DR. MILAN: 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 13 You know why it failed twice? -- raise money -- tell me why it failed twice. DR. MILAN: Because the population in the 14 local population for the enforcement of the 15 opposition to what that law meant to them. 16 don't want mixed race, we don't want this, we want 17 to continue to be the boss, white folks. 18 (19:03:41) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. We Now, when it finally 20 passed in November of 1967 I know you had a role 21 in helping to get it to pass. 22 bit about that. 23 DR. MILAN: 24 25 Tell us a little I did, because I was reaching them the same as I'm telling you. MR. ARNOLD: Right. But didn't you encourage �61 1 some youths to go around door to door and 2 encourage people to vote yes? 3 DR. MILAN: Yes, I did. You know why? Not 4 just to vote yes, that you are going to 5 communicate God's message. 6 creatures. 7 not an angel that's a man but you are a supporter 8 of God's angels. 9 in marriage? You are one of God's You are one of his angels. You are Don't the man support the family 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 DR. MILAN: But a lot of time it's not looked 12 upon like that. We have a special role as a human 13 being irrespective of your race. 14 same role. 15 what Matthew says. 16 hell. 17 Absolutely. You have the Every man has the same role of doing If you don't you will go to So that was my thesis to communicate that to 18 the preachers, who didn't preach that, they 19 preached about God's relationship with the white 20 church. 21 talk about it from that perspective. 22 community some of them did not. 23 didn't want you coming to their church and some of 24 them didn't want white folks coming to black 25 church, because they were accustomed to He didn't say white church but he did not In the Some of them �62 1 nonreligious relationship, but that was my thesis 2 as a teacher, as a student, as I grew up. 3 (19:05:33) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Tell me a little bit about after 5 the Fair Housing Ordinance passed in 1967 and then 6 the pool bond issue passed. 7 necessarily get better in Lawrence, in fact they 8 got worse with the violence in 1969 and 1970. 9 Tell me about some of your involvements and 10 11 Things didn't experiences with the violent protests. DR. MILAN: That's why we brought the NAACP 12 to Lawrence and in Kansas and to this country. 13 That's why it growed up, because the object was 14 not to just look at your race, you were looking at 15 the 14th Amendment of the Constitution, it wasn't 16 just to protect black folk. 17 in this country must contribute to its 18 development, and that's what I use, I still use, 19 my mother, my father taught. 20 All people who live My mother was an Indian, my father was a 21 slave on the Milan, Tennessee, in Milan, 22 Tennessee, and she was a Depue Indian, and that 23 relationship increases my theory of God's 24 relationship. 25 It's a big difference. It was not easy. It was passed because many �63 1 people voted yes from a popular standpoint, not 2 for economic standpoint, not for social 3 standpoint, not for increasing the relationship of 4 American citizens. No. 5 Have you ever been someplace and they 6 wouldn't let you eat or in or go do this because 7 you were a black citizen? 8 American citizen, you were a black citizen, and 9 those things have -- I worked at Armour's packing 10 house and they had a black section, and as it grew 11 in population it gradually, the union changed the 12 integration of employment station, except for 13 women. 14 No, you were not an Women today are not equally treated in 15 employment. I had a lady that was the clerk for 16 Bonner Springs school district for 20, 20 some odd 17 years and when I moved in the area she contacted 18 me, because I was a member of the NAACP, and I am 19 still a member of the NAACP. 20 NAACP as just a black organization, I said we are 21 gathering together as black people to change the 22 relationship of us in this country in all 23 spectrums of the culture of this country, and 24 that's why we have to emphasize the improvement of 25 laws that emphasize God's message. I didn't see the �64 1 We are all children of God. 2 your face and your color's (19:08:54 3 indiscernible) you are still a child of God, and 4 that's how I still, I rate that way. 5 that still do not rate that way, even here. 6 (19:09:07) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Just because Got people Were you surprised in 8 1969 when violence broke out in Lawrence? 9 that surprise you or did you -- 10 DR. MILAN: 11 MR. ARNOLD: -- think there was -- 12 DR. MILAN: I tried to prevent it. 13 MR. ARNOLD: Did No. Tell us about some of the things 14 you were involved in in trying to prevent some of 15 it. 16 DR. MILAN: Through the church, ministry, 17 preachers. I'd say, "You have a responsibility of 18 improving the relationship," and the white 19 preacher I'd say the same thing, "You have a 20 responsibility of improving God's children 21 relationship, not just because of your church, 22 because you, the church is supposed to be a member 23 of God's community. 24 and still look at it independent as a race group, 25 then you will not make a change." If you don't recognize that �65 1 This country, the way they treated the 2 Indians when they came over here, because the 3 Indians were in charge of everything, they didn't 4 see it that somebody was in charge, living off the 5 gift of God, and so the white man, when he came 6 here he came here for the purpose of becoming the 7 owner, leader, director, and not -- and 8 controlling who did what, and it's still that way. 9 I was telling you about the employment of a 10 young lady who was employed as a clerk in the 11 cafeteria in the school system in Bonner Springs 12 and one day she'd been very successful and her 13 evaluation by the Board of Education and the 14 school board was very, was very excellent, 15 excellent as to education and working 16 responsibility, because it's now an integrated 17 school system; all children were treated the same. 18 As a black woman she helped the white kids and the 19 black kids and et cetera. 20 And one day a young man, a white man, came, 21 was hired and he had a daughter that needed a job 22 and they fired this black woman, and she didn't 23 know what the hell to do, except she heard about 24 me as a fighter for the improvement of black 25 people and she made a (indiscernible 19:11:52) and �66 1 came to me, and so what I did, I listened to her 2 and I says, "Okay, we're going to file a complaint 3 but before we do that we going to get some 4 information." 5 She gave me her record of history written by 6 the school education, how well she performed, 7 because Bonner Springs was then beginning to get 8 integrated, having white kids and black kids in 9 the same school and eat the same place in the 10 cafeteria, and she was treating all those kids the 11 same. 12 And so I said, "Okay, give me a copy." So I 13 got copies of those and I prepared them and I send 14 them to the court that made the decision, and the 15 lawyer got copies of it, and I said to them, "On 16 what basis did you see to fire this black woman 17 when her performance on the job was excellent, not 18 based upon race, upon the way of working with and 19 helping all of the people who came through her 20 cafeteria and how to help them, black or white or 21 Mexican or whatever? 22 you wrote the, this information about excellent in 23 work." 24 25 And guess what? So why do you fire her? And The court changed their decision but could not get her fired, they gave �67 1 her $35,000, and she called me up. 2 Milan, how much do I owe you?" 3 damn thing. 4 equality of American law." 5 6 She said, "Dr. I said, "Not a That's my job, to help you get And even today every month she'll come by and give me $20. 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 DR. MILAN: Wow. She developed a stamp population, 9 a stamp office as, with her money, (19:14:07 10 indiscernible) and she'll bring me stamps, 10 11 stamps a week -- a month. 12 any money. 13 momma and my poppa taught me. 14 and he was a man who lived on, who was a slave on 15 a white man's farm and they lived a different life 16 trying to create equality of all people and 17 equality of his children, and he did that, all of 18 us, four of us, his kids. 19 along with the white (19:15:52 indiscernible). I'm not hired. 20 (Phone ringing. 21 DR. MILAN: 22 MR. HENNING: 23 voting Democrat. 24 All right. 25 But I didn't ask for I'm doing what my She was an Indian We learned how to get Off the record.) I'm going to vote Democrat. Okay. The doctor will be Thanks so much for your call. Talk to you soon. DR. MILAN: The reason I'm going to vote for �68 1 Hillary Clinton, I don't call this guy, what's his 2 name, Donald what? 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 DR. MILAN: 5 MR. ARNOLD: 6 DR. MILAN: Donald Trump. No, it's not. Donald Dump. Oh. He preaches and he talks and he 7 do whatever he can to degrade her. I was 8 responsible (19:15:47 indiscernible) not just 9 degrading women for sex. 10 But when I went into this young lady's 11 apartment (19:15:57 indiscernible) and got that 12 population and presented it to the Board of 13 Education they were shocked. 14 when we didn't -- we give this kind of (19:16:08 15 indiscernible) for 20 some odd years, evaluation 16 of her, why did we fire her? 17 little white girl could take her place. 18 years they tried to fire the little white girl but 19 her daddy wouldn't let them. Why did we fire her, Only 'cause that After two 20 This country was established on racial 21 emphasis, because Indians were not viewed as same 22 human being as the white man when they came to 23 this country, so that's why there are white 24 population of white seniority became a part, a 25 part of American culture, and it's still a part of �69 1 2 American culture. (19:16:53 audio interference, indiscernible) 3 I wouldn't be living here if that had not been 4 improved, those laws had not been passed. 5 laws were passed to put into practice the practice 6 of God. 7 (19:17:12) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 The Dr. Milan, I know you've been working for equality for many, many years. One of 10 the things you did in Lawrence in the 1960s is you 11 ran for the City Commission twice. 12 you failed, but talk to us a little bit about why 13 you decided to run for the City Commission. 14 did you hope to accomplish? 15 DR. MILAN: Because I'm black. Unfortunately What I was black, 16 that's why, not because of my knowledge and 17 influence. 18 that position to tell white folk what to do. 19 That's why. 20 I was black, I would run because I wanted to 21 develop the thesis of the Bible of living together 22 and helping each other and building things 23 together. 24 don't change. 25 They didn't want to see a black man in I didn't care. I didn't run because I still have that same attitude. I'm only 88 years old. I I ain't gonna change. �70 1 2 I got this knee on my 88th birthday. I learned that from my mother and my father, 3 a black man and an Indian, living together and 4 raising us differently, because there were white 5 folks and black folks, they didn't like Indians, 6 they still don't, but that thesis, they still 7 operate that way, still operate of bringing kids 8 on -- two weeks ago a young man who was a graduate 9 of Baker University and he came here and knocked 10 on my door, said, "Dr. Milan, I gotta see you. 11 read about you in Mungano and I became a member of 12 Mungano and I enjoy it and I appreciate what you 13 did with them and for us." 14 appreciate what you do for me." 15 I I said, "Well, I But, you know, it's not interesting, so what 16 I did then and I still do, I use the Bible as that 17 thesis to improve relationships. 18 Lawrence was very tough, very tough, but I helped 19 the kids who went out for basketball at the high 20 school and changed the attitude about it, and made 21 the team, and the same way junior high. 22 (19:19:55) 23 MR. ARNOLD: Race relation in Now, when you first started 24 teaching in the Lawrence schools were the sports 25 teams segregated? �71 1 DR. MILAN: No. They -- you (19:20:05 2 indiscernible) see a black athlete has the 3 possibility of performing. 4 that time, slowly graduation of black folk in 5 professional sports. 6 It was gradually at I had a chance to go to a professional 7 football team and I went out (19:20:23 8 indiscernible), I was an all star, seventh 9 division in college basketball and a college team, 10 a northern school, and I was selected not because 11 I was black, because of the way I played football, 12 way I handled the ball, and increased the 13 population and success of the team. 14 look at that was he black, they looked at me as a 15 football player, and that's -- today they don't 16 have that. 17 stuff in professional football. They didn't They don't have very many creative 18 (19:21:09) 19 MR. ARNOLD: I don't watch it. Do you think K.U. sports played 20 a role in helping to improve things in Lawrence 21 with people like Wilt Chamberlain, who came to 22 play? 23 Did that help with -- DR. MILAN: No. My wife dealt with Wilt 24 Chamberlain, wife dealt with all them black 25 athletes that came through, because of me, and �72 1 they saw that and they saw how important it was to 2 not just to be a black player but to develop team 3 relationship on the team, during the game, not 4 after the game, not summertime, but during the 5 game you gotta look at team relationship, not as a 6 race but as a skill that you have and they have, 7 and teaching, that's what I do. 8 My mother and my father taught me how to 9 behave, because in my population there were games 10 that hated white folks and Mexican, they created 11 all kind of stuff. 12 Couple weeks ago I was in this group here 13 that took a tour to Armourdale. 14 grew up. 15 Black folk lived only in white section of 16 Armourdale, Mexican lived in the other section, 17 but they had a few white folks they lived with but 18 not black folks, and there were no excuse. 19 That's where I Armourdale was very, very segregated. You couldn't even buy, you couldn't go down 20 to the store and shop. You had to go to a shop 21 and come through the black section (19:23:04 22 indiscernible), Katz, all them stores. 23 that's changed, not because they changed it, 24 because we said we are citizens of this country 25 the same as you are, and we pursued that and we Today �73 1 2 have to teach racial relationship. We have to teach Bible relationship more than 3 racial. You don't understand the Bible, I can 4 appreciate that because Satan is telling you what 5 the hell to do, and I still do that right even 6 here, that I don't look at racial relationship, I 7 look at human relationship. 8 So that was my thesis whenever I get my 9 teaching and preaching and -- one of my most 10 difficult situation was the cause of maintaining 11 the black organization I created for equal 12 opportunity through the NAACP, still doing that. 13 The NAACP is seeking racial relation, not black 14 relation, improve the quality of life of all 15 people and opportunity. 16 because he or she is denied that opportunity. 17 don't think if you have evaluated the employment 18 of women white women get a better population than 19 black women but all women get discriminated, same 20 thing, they only get the second portion of 21 (19:24:54 indiscernible), the paycheck and what 22 have you. 23 You select a black person I One of the most famous songs I remember, I 24 still sing it, I still sing it, because they say 25 it every day. Every day at the packing house, I �74 1 was living in Armourdale and working at Armour's 2 packing house, my father worked there as well, and 3 every Friday at noon the paycheck, the clerk would 4 come through and hand you your paycheck. 5 dollar, another day, another dollar. 6 that: 7 spend that damn dollar anywhere. Another day, another dollar. Another I still say But you could 8 You ever hear that song, Kansas City? 9 (Singing) 10 City, here I come. 11 and I'm gonna get me, they say one, I say two. 12 Going to Kansas City. Kansas There's some busy little women Going to 18th and Vine. Lincoln Theater was 13 a very popular theater for black (19:25:58 14 indiscernible). 15 was owned and run by black people, sit any damn 16 where you want to in the hospital, at Lincoln. 17 Cole down the street from there, in Kansas City, 18 Missouri. They could go in that theater, it 19 In Kansas City, Kansas, they built a theater 20 on 10th Street, and I know it's on 10th Street, I 21 can't think of the crossing street, but only black 22 people could go there. 23 to, but a black man could not go to any school 24 downtown Kansas City, Missouri, Kansas City, 25 Kansas, until the law was passed, and then when White can if they wanted �75 1 that happened it was not an easy law for you to go 2 to that church or to go to that school or to go to 3 that show. 4 (19:26:45) 5 MR. HENNING: 6 7 The Gem, right, in the Gem? that what you're talking about? DR. MILAN: Uh-huh. Is Gem Theater? That's one of the 8 theaters that was located for black folks, and we 9 went, and only when they passed the law to improve 10 the equality of movie and educational, social, as 11 well as physical places for all races, it's not a 12 racial relation citizenship. 13 this country become citizens of this country, and 14 that's why we changed it, and we're still trying 15 to change it. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 DR. MILAN: All persons born in Right. Now, we haven't achieved it, 18 because the second most difficult issue is women, 19 changing the equality of women in this country, 20 because they are still being paid less money by 21 the man for the same damn job. 22 (19:27:58) 23 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Dr. Milan, you left 24 Lawrence in 1971. Why did you leave? Was it 25 because of threats or did you simply have other �76 1 opportunities that you wanted to take up 2 elsewhere? 3 DR. MILAN: No, I left because of the Ku Klux 4 Klan. 5 threat. 6 benefit of my children, and that's what I did. 7 found a house, and the last one I built in Kansas 8 City, Kansas, was right up the street, 7103 9 Waverly Avenue. 10 The whole time I was there I got the I said I need to make a move for the I I got more criticism from a section of the 11 white population, not the whole population, 12 because there were some who got to know us, my 13 wife and my four children, and I still operate the 14 same way, and the reason I got a better friendship 15 with the white families in the neighborhood is 16 because of my thesis. 17 What church you belong at? Told them, 18 Episcopal Church. 19 in one. 20 church but there was the Episcopal, black 21 Episcopal church, and I say, "I'm not going to 22 give up my religion because I'm the only black 23 person." 24 25 Not a black church. I grew up But when I moved there was no black So Trinity Episcopal Church in Lawrence, Kansas, you know where that church is? It's right �77 1 on the corner, downtown Lawrence. My family and I 2 went there and were well received, and they gave 3 me a heck of a responsibility, teaching Sunday 4 school and doing this and teaching the young, and 5 I had the youth group that really supported me, 6 not because I was race but because I preached 7 this: 8 woman because she's a woman and not just because 9 she's your race but that's human creation, You gotta love your neighbor, not just a 10 understanding your role as a creator of God and to 11 carry out God's responsibility. 12 Every day I sing that song as I walk around 13 the building outside and inside in the hallway: 14 (Singing) 15 just black folk, walk with Jesus Christ. 16 Just a closer walk with thee. Not with And when I sing that song I sing it to you. 17 We gonna walk with Jesus Christ and me because I'm 18 gonna think about you while I'm walking 19 irrespective of your race and your sex or your 20 gender, and that's how I operate. 21 everybody that knows me, I have many people who 22 hate me and have taken my life but I have more 23 people who protected me and more kids as well as 24 white kids and black kids and God, because I 25 strongly believe, if you ever go to Baldwin go and Nobody -- �78 1 sit with the people in Mungano. 2 that way. I don't have a car. 3 the show. I cannot go to church unless I walk 4 several miles to my church, Episcopal Church, over 5 there, here, but why should I give up my church? 6 And they said, "Because we're not gonna let you," 7 and they pick me up and doesn't cost me one dime. 8 (19:31:57) 9 MR. ARNOLD: That's great. I can't travel I can't even go to Now, after you 10 left Lawrence you went to work for the Housing and 11 Urban, Department of Housing and Urban Development 12 and still worked on fair housing issues? 13 about that. 14 DR. MILAN: Tell me Well, I became a fair housing 15 employee of the seventh district employment 16 office, it was, we were located downtown Kansas 17 City, Missouri, and I was assigned as a fair 18 housing responsibility and discrimination in other 19 areas and I investigated complaints of 20 discrimination in employment, in housing, and what 21 have you. 22 I found many cases where a house was changed 23 in an all white -- black -- white neighborhood and 24 they bombed the house and did everything they 25 could, and I am (?19:32:59), and there were black �79 1 folks who wanted to build guns up and become a 2 strong army against white folks. 3 that's not gonna work." 4 more than God? 5 care about particular integration, fair housing, 6 Satan (19:33:29 indiscernible) only black people 7 do what black people want, only white people do 8 what white people want, hate each other, don't 9 love each other. 10 Satan. I said, "Nope, You know who you respect Satan don't particularly But there are people today who still don't do 11 that. We still have that issue, and that's what I 12 preached, advocated as a -- I would take students 13 to put on demonstrations of a physical education 14 activity, and one was square dancing and one of 15 the games, to parents and other. 16 loved me not because I was black, because I 17 emphasized loving not just because you're white, 18 because we're working together. 19 teach you L-O-V-E, love. 20 physical activity, it's a social activity, and 21 today we haven't overcome that. 22 overcome that, but I don't care, I'm going to do 23 my best, my best. 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 DR. MILAN: The children My job is to Love is not just a We have not Very good. One of the most important things �80 1 in my life was singing to women. 2 don't sing to men. 3 us to sing to women, because I really view them as 4 God's angel, and we are angels, too, but God's 5 create them in a special way, to take the seed and 6 produce another human being, and we are to love 7 that human being because we gave the seed from God 8 with that potential, so God's gift to me, and I 9 pass it on through the process of sex and now look 10 I still do. I sing with them. I But I teach at me. 11 I have good friends, irrespective of their 12 race. 13 that needs to continue to be psychologically, 14 psychologically emphasized in that book, because 15 Satan's still teaching. 16 Race relation is a very strong relation Did you see what happened on TV the other 17 day? Do you ever listen to Channel 4? 18 still shooting women. 19 other. 20 not God. 21 the lessons of Satan today, in business, in social 22 activities, in homes, in group gatherings 23 (indiscernible 19:36:39) how women and men are 24 separated in two ways, how a Asian, 25 African-American, Indian, are treated differently. Why? Men are Men are still shooting each Satan is telling them what to do, There's still that population that takes �81 1 My dad was that way because he was a slave of 2 a white man population, a slave on a, of a white 3 man slave (19:37:21 indiscernible) in Milan, 4 Tennessee. 5 had sex with a slave woman. 6 (indiscernible 19:37:33) had sex with the same 7 woman and gave birth and then gave him the name 8 Milan. 9 wasn't no damn Milan. 10 That's how he got the name Milan. He didn't. He His boss That's how he got the name Milan. He She wasn't either. And that's where I use that name for. We 11 have every -- and my father's complexion was very, 12 very, not like this white. 13 from my mother, red. She was an Indian. 14 moved from Oklahoma. What's the name of that, 15 starts with a D? 16 was a cowboy. 17 had a big gun on his side. 18 I got my complexion And they They moved from that, because he He traveled like I don't know what, He moved from there to Omaha, Nebraska. 19 Omaha was very segregated, a northern city, and 20 they called themselves integrated because they had 21 a section of town for where black people could 22 live and the Mexicans could live, and they haven't 23 changed that much, because people didn't move out 24 of their property, they had kids and they moved to 25 the same neighborhood. �82 1 But they moved to Kansas City, to Armourdale, 2 and he went to work at Patman's packing house, and 3 that's where I grew up. 4 segregated in Armourdale. 5 familiar with Osage, it was one of the popular 6 cities(? 19:39:07) in Armourdale, Kansas City 7 street come through. 8 9 But it was very I don't know if you're On Seventh and Osage every Saturday the Olympic, the -- not Olympic. What do they call 10 it? 11 can't think of the name of it, but anyway, black 12 folks created an organization like that, but when 13 I was in second and third, third grade, third and 14 fourth grade I was a, my (19:39:45 indiscernible) 15 and some of the other boxers were beginning to 16 grow up and box and they developed the boxing 17 sport and this white organization created an 18 opportunity for the kids there in Armourdale, at 19 Seventh and Osage every Saturday they would 20 volunteer to sign up to box and some age and team 21 and race, not race, but they mixed it. 22 Optimist Club, it's a white Optimist Club, I And I was chosen to go boxing one day. Now, 23 if you win your three rounds you got a loaf of 24 Taystee bread. 25 that was tremendous, a loaf of Taystee bread, and Back in the late '30s, early '30s, �83 1 you take it home, but sometimes some folk didn't 2 get home, but when I won my round I got home, 3 because I took my loaf of bread and ran like hell. 4 They couldn't catch me. 5 track skills. 6 That's where I learned my My older brother's name is Clarence. He 7 taught me how to box, because boxing had become a 8 very interesting sport in this country, and he 9 taught me how to box, and I learned how to box. 10 didn't weigh very much, was third grade, second 11 grade, fourth grade, (19:41:24 indiscernible), but 12 when we moved to Wyandotte they didn't have that 13 kind of activity. 14 I So I gave up boxing and I was playing 15 baseball and I was teaching my brother how to bat, 16 my older brother, and I was pitching and I got hit 17 in the left eye by the bat, which was taken from 18 the wall of the garage with a nail in it, and it 19 went in my eye and as I grew up I had to have eye 20 surgery and I had to have eye surgery in my right 21 eye and my left eye and when I lost that vision, 22 because I was in high school and then married and 23 I was living right up the street, they took my 24 car, I gave it to the rest of the family because I 25 couldn't drive, because my wife took me everywhere �84 1 2 I needed to go, and so that's what I did. But that was where I learned that it's by 3 God's creation that I'm able to survive, and I do 4 that today. 5 So teaching is not just going to college and 6 learning from the classroom content and method 7 that you are to impart to collective bodies in the 8 school system by the grace of race -- not race, 9 but age and sex, women role, male role, and 10 whatever, but I don't do that. I said physical 11 education is not a subject to emphasize physical 12 being, the teaching you of various games and 13 activities and movement, it's teaching you how to 14 use the tools that you have, your arms, your legs, 15 your eyes, and your brain, and your mouth, how to 16 use that information collectively as a group 17 activity, and I still teach that. 18 But I had some white teachers when I was 19 teaching at the sixth and seventh grade said, "Dr. 20 Milan, why don't we get together and go to Kansas 21 City and have a good time?" 22 teacher. 23 to give me a check for a thousand dollars." 24 said, "I don't have that kind of money." 25 "Too bad. It was a white I said, "Okay, but before that you have We can't go." They I said, �85 1 She didn't want to go with me because I was 2 me. 3 other black men. 4 same as I did, respectful and (19:44:20 5 indiscernible) and so forth. 6 they liked the way I sang. 7 I'm a black man and I wasn't living like A lot of black men lived the And I sang a lot and And I sang this one song to my wife for 49 8 years. She died on our 49th year wedding 9 anniversary. And you probably have heard this 10 song but you probably don't sing it. 11 married -- and I had a couple wanted me to sing 12 that song at their wedding. 13 (Singing) When you get Since I met you, baby, my whole 14 life has changed. 15 life has changed, and everybody tells me that I 16 ain't the same. 17 Since I met you, baby, my whole (19:45:05 indiscernible) not the same because 18 you won't let me want to do what I want to do. 19 But God says love your neighbor as yourself, not 20 just with sex, not just for fun, not just to pick 21 up somebody, not just to beat up somebody or to 22 try this. 23 know that person and how to understand that person 24 and they you and your situation for the purpose of 25 your advancement, of growth and relationship of No. Develop a relationship of how to �86 1 human being. 2 yourself, and you gotta learn how to do that. 3 God says love your neighbor as I said, "Now the reason I teach you physical 4 education in the classroom is not just an activity 5 but learn how to take the message of a physical 6 activity to perform and how to join the 7 performance with your neighbor, they call it 8 teamwork, but how to do that and have a good time, 9 loving your neighbor through that." 10 And not only that, take the method of 11 listening to that instruction when the teacher is 12 giving you instruction in the classroom on how to 13 solve a problem, so listen to the parts of the 14 problem that she tells you about that you need to 15 address and relate, this and that, and as a result 16 improve your ability: 17 how to identify what is this thing you're writing 18 about called, the subject, and how to use the 19 other words to make it a valuable, easy 20 communication activity. How to write a sentence, 21 Excuse me. 22 And that was my teaching. 23 I still teach that that way. 24 (19:46:57) 25 MR. ARNOLD: That's wonderful. Dr. Milan, I �87 1 have run out of questions and we have been going 2 for a long time. 3 4 Scott, did you have anything you wanted to ask about? 5 MR. WAGNER: No. 6 MR. ARNOLD: Anything else you'd like to add 7 that we didn't cover? 8 DR. MILAN: 9 Now you want to take a can of pop to your wife or your -- 10 (Laughter) 11 MR. ARNOLD: Well, thank you so much. 12 has been wonderful. 13 DR. MILAN: This Well, I want to tell you another 14 thing. If you'd like to have me come to Lawrence 15 for a special occasion I'd be glad to come, except 16 I ain't got no way to get there. 17 MR. WAGNER: Okay. 18 DR. MILAN: 19 MR. WAGNER: Well, we can get you there. 20 MR. ARNOLD: We are actually thinking the It's too damn far to walk. 21 spring, in April, there's going to be some 22 commemorations of the fair housing ordinance and 23 this is part of that project, but I know Scott and 24 the City and probably the Watkins Museum would 25 love to have you come back to Lawrence and we will �88 1 figure out a way to get you there if you want to 2 come and participate in those activities. 3 MR. WAGNER: 4 DR. MILAN: 5 MR. ARNOLD: No. 6 MR. WAGNER: We'll have somebody -- 7 DR. MILAN: 8 MR. WAGNER: 9 10 Right. I could catch a bus. I have --- make sure we get you transportation to Lawrence. DR. MILAN: I don't have no money. My check, 11 my wife, Alversa, when I retired she developed how 12 to handle my check, because when they gave me the 13 check at work I brought it and gave it to her and 14 she decided what I needed and what I didn't need, 15 but what she would do, she would fry some chicken. 16 Man, she was a good chicken fryer. 17 we got married: 18 relationship, because she was a damn good cook. Not because of the sexual 19 Well, gentlemen. 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 22 23 24 25 But that's why Thank you so much. ***** � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Milan, Jesse Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Jesse Milan Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Jayhawk Plunge (Lawrence, Kan.) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Jesse Milan, who was a teacher in the Lawrence public schools and the president of the Lawrence chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) at the time that Lawrence's fair housing ordinance was passed in July 1967. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on October 21, 2016, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Milan, Jesse Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/21/2016 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/jesse-milan-leveled-audio?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>Click <a href="https://youtu.be/EocwV5K9Vkc">here</a> to view the video recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MilanInterview102116.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1946 - 1967 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/a0436dbe0390afea2ccde4462c97eae5.pdf abc6e66008ff8f71ca096e170538484d PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Richard & Barbara Dulin 12 February 20, 2017 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 (15:03:58) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Today is February 20th, 2017. I 3 am local historian Tom Arnold interviewing 4 Reverend Richard Dulin and his wife, Mrs. Barbara 5 Dulin, via telephone for the City of Lawrence Fair 6 Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History 7 Project. 8 At the time the ordinance passed in July, 9 1967, Reverend Dulin was the chairman of the 10 Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee. 11 Reverend and Mrs. Dulin, before we begin the 12 interview I just want to confirm that you are both 13 aware that I am recording this telephone interview 14 and have your permissions to do so. 15 REVEREND DULIN: 16 MRS. DULIN: 17 (15:04:31) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Yes. Okay, thank you. I would like 19 to start off by asking you both to share a little 20 bit about your backgrounds and what brought you to 21 Lawrence in the 1960s. 22 23 24 25 REVEREND DULIN: thoughts. (indiscernible) MR. ARNOLD: through. I'm trying to collect my The audio is not really coming Could the phone be held up a little bit �3 1 closer to Reverend Dulin. 2 MRS. DULIN: 3 REVEREND DULIN: 4 5 Okay. I have had a lot of experiences in race relations. (indiscernible) I had an experience (indiscernible) with a 6 demonstration when I was in seminary 7 (indiscernible) Nashville, sit-in. 8 MRS. DULIN: This is Barbara. 9 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. 10 MRS. DULIN: Helping Dick to get through all 11 this. Can you hear me? 12 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, I can. 13 MRS. DULIN: Okay. He was born in Kansas 14 City and his family and his mother and his father 15 were Kansans and then they moved to Texas and he 16 went to the junior high and high school in Dallas, 17 he went to TCU and got his B.A. there, and then he 18 moved to Vanderbilt Divinity School and he 19 graduated in 1960, which is a big day where all 20 the sit-ins and (indiscernible) his classmates, so 21 all that started with his seminary. 22 Then he graduated and he went to Tempe, 23 Arizona, and then Texas A & M and then Denton, 24 Texas, at North Texas and Texas Women's 25 University. He was being a campus minister for �4 1 all those jobs and he was, we were work, he was 2 working in Denton and then things, all the 3 churches were blowing up with the pastors in the 4 churches through all that period and finally JFK, 5 the President, was killed just 30 minutes away 6 from us, and so finally the big problem was that 7 the Christian churches that we were involved with 8 were blowing up and so he decided he would go to 9 United Church of Christ and they asked for a job 10 for campus minister and K.U. asked him to come and 11 so he was on the staff at Plymouth Congregational 12 there and he was on a floating ministry that went 13 into the campus and so that's why we came to 14 Lawrence, and so that's where we are at this 15 point. 16 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 17 MRS. DULIN: And now you can go a little 18 farther if you want to Dick. 19 (15:09:23) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. And then I'd just like to 21 ask, so when you arrived in Lawrence how did you 22 find the racial atmosphere in the city of Lawrence 23 to be at that time? 24 25 REVEREND DULIN: I really didn't find much conflict (indiscernible) civil rights. �5 1 (inaudible) 2 aware of. There wasn't any conflict that I was 3 (15:09:59) 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 fairly peaceful city? 6 African-Americans obvious at that time? 7 So Lawrence at that time was a REVEREND DULIN: Was discrimination against (indiscernible) I'm just 8 saying that I was not aware of any conflict except 9 in the housing area. 10 (15:10:30) 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 REVEREND DULIN: What -When I was at TCU there was 13 a white, completely white group and so K.U. saw a 14 different complexion through the sports program 15 and the growing black population. 16 (15:11:08) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Why did you decide, Reverend 18 Dulin, to get involved with fair housing issues at 19 that time? 20 REVEREND DULIN: 21 (15:11:21) 22 MR. ARNOLD: It kind of pursued me. So you were asked to become the 23 chairman of the Fair Housing Coordinating 24 Committee, or at least initially a member of the 25 committee? �6 REVEREND DULIN: 1 2 committee, appointed by the campus ministry group. 3 (15:11:56) 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 Yes, I was a member of the Can you tell me a little bit about what the committee was trying to accomplish? REVEREND DULIN: 6 They were trying to provide 7 fair housing to students enrolled in the college 8 (indiscernible) graduate students and their 9 families. 10 (15:12:31) 11 MR. ARNOLD: So at that time they were 12 subject to housing discrimination and you got 13 involved to try and address that? 14 REVEREND DULIN: 15 (15:12:42) 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 Yes. And do you recall how you became the chairman of the coordinating committee? 18 REVEREND DULIN: 19 MR. ARNOLD: No. Do you remember any of the other 20 people who were involved? 21 in your mind who were also on the committee with 22 you? 23 REVEREND DULIN: Does anyone stand out I remember one person who 24 was on the committee. She was the director of the 25 YMCA at the university and her support was �7 1 critical, but I can't remember her name. 2 Dulin is probably referring to Mrs. Anne Moore. 3 She was a known member of the Fair Housing 4 Coordinating Committee in 1966, and her husband 5 Tom Moore was the Director of the University of 6 Kansas YMCA]. 7 (15:13:39) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 10 that up. Okay. [Rev. Well, I think we can look Thank you. Do you remember why the committee chose in 11 early 1967 to go to the City Human Relations 12 Commission to ask for a fair housing ordinance? 13 REVEREND DULIN: Yes. It was an urgent 14 appeal because black students and African students 15 and students from Hawaii and all over the globe 16 were seeking good housing close to campus. 17 (15:14:53) 18 MR. ARNOLD: And when you appeared before the 19 Human Relations Commission in January, 1967, did 20 they seem very receptive to the proposal for fair 21 housing? 22 REVEREND DULIN: 23 (15:15:11) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Yes. And from looking at historical material it appears that the Fair Housing �8 1 Coordinating Committee that you were the chairman 2 of worked very closely with the Human Relations 3 Commission to draft the ordinance. 4 correct? 5 REVEREND DULIN: Is that As far as I'm aware I think 6 that was (indiscernible) the proposal by the Human 7 Relations Committee. 8 (15:15:58) 9 MR. ARNOLD: And were you and the members of 10 your committee confident that the City Commission 11 would be receptive to a fair housing ordinance? 12 REVEREND DULIN: I didn't have any 13 preconceived notions but really just had immediate 14 reactions in the community, individual students, 15 who were impacted, and they figured fair housing 16 was necessary to take care of the problem. 17 (15:17:14) 18 MR. ARNOLD: So it sounds as if many people 19 recognized that this was a problem that needed to 20 be addressed? 21 REVEREND DULIN: 22 (15:17:23) 23 MR. ARNOLD: That's right. Now, one thing we found 24 interesting was at the time the Human Relations 25 Commission was drafting the ordinance the Fair �9 1 Housing Committee that you were the chairman of 2 went out and conducted a signature campaign and 3 collected over a thousand signatures from people 4 in support of fair housing. 5 signature campaign? 6 REVEREND DULIN: 7 (15:17:49) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Do you recall that Yes. Do you remember whose idea that was to do that? 10 REVEREND DULIN: 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 REVEREND DULIN: 13 (15:18:05) 14 MR. ARNOLD: No, I don't think so. Okay. I can't recall. Were you surprised at how many 15 signatures you obtained? 16 signatures was very significant considering the 17 size of Lawrence at that time. 18 you that that many people were supportive? 19 REVEREND DULIN: Because over a thousand Did that surprise Yes, very much. It was 20 obvious that there was a great need for such a 21 committee. 22 (15:18:32) 23 MR. ARNOLD: The one thing I wanted to ask 24 you about was the support of the churches. Much 25 of the research we have done and other people I �10 1 have interviewed indicated that a large number of 2 Lawrence churches were very supportive of fair 3 housing and trying to create this ordinance. 4 you find that to be the case? 5 clergymen very supportive and fellow churches very 6 supportive? 7 8 REVEREND DULIN: Did Were your fellow Yes, but not, but not the realtors. 9 (15:19:07) 10 MR. ARNOLD: Right. The realtors appeared to 11 be the only people who were in opposition. 12 you say the support of the churches was a very 13 important element in getting the ordinance passed 14 by the City Commission? 15 REVEREND DULIN: 16 (15:19:25) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Would Yes. Do you remember any fellow 18 clergymen who were involved in this effort that 19 you worked with? 20 REVEREND DULIN: No, except for one other 21 campus minister, who became the chairman of the 22 Fair Housing Ordinance [Committee] shortly after 23 establishing it. 24 (15:19:57) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Do you remember his name? �11 1 2 REVEREND DULIN: No, I can't remember his name, but I remember he was Presbyterian. 3 (15:20:06) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Was there any controversy 5 within your church about some people being 6 socially active as you were or was all the 7 membership of the church very supportive, all the 8 congregation? 9 REVEREND DULIN: Well, I think that this kind 10 of issue would run a hard road to solution, with 11 the church support this was necessary, but there 12 was conflict within the congregations. 13 trouble for the realtors and some other people. 14 (15:21:07) 15 MR. ARNOLD: They made Do you remember working also 16 with members of the black churches in favor of 17 fair housing? 18 REVEREND DULIN: 19 (15:21:24) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Would you say that cooperation 21 was very good between your church and some of the 22 black churches in working issues like this? 23 24 25 REVEREND DULIN: Yes, particularly my church, which was United Church of Christ. (15:21:43) �12 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Can you think of any 2 other churches specifically that were involved, 3 either white or black churches? 4 REVEREND DULIN: Well, most of the churches 5 had a positive reaction to a Fair Housing 6 Ordinance. 7 (15:22:16) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Good. And I wanted to ask you about in May, 1967, when the City Commission was 10 considering the Fair Housing Ordinance, you 11 appeared before the commission and said you had 12 the signatures of 23 clergymen from throughout 13 Lawrence who were all in support. 14 obtaining those signatures and that support from 15 other clergymen? 16 REVEREND DULIN: 17 (15:22:41) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Do you remember Yes. And do you think that was an 19 important consideration for the City Commission in 20 passing the ordinance? 21 REVEREND DULIN: I'm sure it had a great deal 22 of importance to the committee to have the 23 churches line up behind it. 24 (15:23:08) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Good. And also the university, �13 1 some, the university vice chancellor and 2 basketball coach Ted Owens wrote letters in 3 support of fair housing to the City Commission. 4 Do you think that was also important in positively 5 influencing them? 6 REVEREND DULIN: Oh, definitely. That was 7 very important, because the basketball program 8 there (indiscernible) long-term relation to the 9 college. 10 (15:23:59) 11 MR. ARNOLD: I don't know if you remember a 12 gentleman named Fred Six. 13 and was a member of the Human Relations Commission 14 and he did much of the drafting of the Fair 15 Housing Ordinance, but do you recall if members of 16 your committee worked with him in drafting the 17 ordinance? 18 REVEREND DULIN: 19 (15:24:22) 20 MR. ARNOLD: He was a local attorney Yes. Do you remember a law professor 21 named Robert Casad? 22 committee and also helped in doing research. 23 REVEREND DULIN: 24 (15:24:35) 25 MR. ARNOLD: He was a member of your Yes, of course. Okay. Was he very helpful in �14 1 the process of developing the ordinance? 2 REVEREND DULIN: 3 (15:24:44) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Were there any other people who 5 you can think of off the top of your head who 6 played an important role? 7 REVEREND DULIN: 8 (15:25:02) 9 MR. ARNOLD: I just remember a few. Right. I know it's been 50 10 years, which is a long time. 11 Glenn Kappelman, who was a local realtor but who 12 was very much in favor of fair housing? 13 REVEREND DULIN: Do you remember Do I remember? Yes, he was 14 one of the positive realtors who supported the 15 housing ordinance right after, right off the bat, 16 and that was a great help. 17 (15:25:40) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Good. And I know many people at 19 the university supported fair housing and many of 20 the churches did, but would you say it was also 21 important to have people like Glenn Kappelman, 22 local businessmen, who were standing up in favor 23 of fair housing? 24 local people that this was something that needed 25 to be done? Did that help influence many �15 1 REVEREND DULIN: 2 (15:26:10) 3 MR. ARNOLD: I'm sure it did. Now I think it was in April, 4 1967, when the Fair Housing Ordinance was 5 initially presented to the City Commission. 6 the City Commission seem receptive to the idea of 7 a fair housing ordinance? 8 REVEREND DULIN: 9 (15:26:28) 10 MR. ARNOLD: Did Yes. Were you surprised that they 11 were receptive and that they eventually passed the 12 ordinance or did you expect that to happen? 13 REVEREND DULIN: I think that they had such a 14 level of support from the community that it was 15 almost inevitable that the City Council would have 16 voted for it. 17 (15:27:06). 18 MR. ARNOLD: There was one commissioner who 19 voted against it. 20 objections were, or do you remember what the real 21 estate community's objections were? 22 Do you remember what his REVEREND DULIN: They felt that that was an 23 interference with what the community tried to do 24 and they were opposed this interference from 25 outside the committee. �16 1 (15:27:55) 2 MR. ARNOLD: A couple of people I have 3 interviewed have suggested that there were some 4 real estate agents who actually welcomed the fair 5 housing law. 6 right thing to do but they were afraid to speak 7 out in support of it because they thought it might 8 hurt their business. 9 that some of them actually were supportive but 10 11 They thought fair housing was the Do you think that was true, just couldn't say so publicly? REVEREND DULIN: That's true. Course, Glenn 12 Kappelman was one of the, outspoken supporter of 13 the commission. 14 (15:28:46) 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 REVEREND DULIN: 17 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, I think -- go ahead. What? I said I think he played, many 18 people have said he played a very important role 19 because he was a member of the real estate 20 community. 21 committee to try to help promote fair housing? Did he work closely with your 22 REVEREND DULIN: 23 (indiscernible) 24 (15:29:20) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Reverend Dulin, can you tell me �17 1 a little bit more about what you personally did as 2 chairman of the fair housing committee, what types 3 of duties you had and what some of your ideas were 4 that you remember? 5 6 REVEREND DULIN: I was conscious of the chamber to support Fair Housing Commission. 7 (15:30:13) 8 MR. ARNOLD: I know there were many local 9 community groups that were in support of fair 10 housing and many of them had members on your 11 committee, the League of Women Voters, Church 12 Women United, the NAACP. 13 as the chairman to bring all those groups together 14 or was their support very strong and it made your 15 job easier? 16 REVEREND DULIN: Was it difficult for you Their reaction was very 17 strong in favor of the commission and we got a lot 18 of help from those people particularly League of 19 Women Voters, NAACP and the Church Women United, 20 and all, all the others that you mentioned. 21 (15:31:21) 22 MR. ARNOLD: Okay, good. I just want to ask 23 you about some people who were involved with those 24 groups. 25 African-American woman who was the president of Do you remember Dorothy Harvey, an �18 1 Church Women United? 2 REVEREND DULIN: 3 (15:31:36) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Yes. And also a gentleman named Jesse 5 Milan, who was an African-American teacher in the 6 Lawrence schools? 7 NAACP. He was the president of the Was their support very important? 8 REVEREND DULIN: 9 (15:31:51) 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 Yes. And do you remember working with them on this issue? 12 REVEREND DULIN: 13 (15:32:01) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Tell me a little bit about how 15 you worked with the leaders of these other 16 organizations. 17 REVEREND DULIN: 18 MR. ARNOLD: What was that? Can you tell me a little bit 19 about how you worked with those people, the 20 leaders of these other organizations? 21 attend your meetings? 22 discussions with them? 23 coordinated with those groups? 24 25 REVEREND DULIN: support these groups. Did they Did you have individual Do you remember how you Yes. It was necessary to �19 1 (15:33:03) 2 MR. ARNOLD: I wanted to ask you, in February 3 of 1967 as the Human Relations Commission was 4 starting to work on the Fair Housing Ordinance, 5 preparing it to send up to the City Commission, 6 your committee submitted a several page long 7 position paper on fair housing which had your 8 signature on it. 9 have members of your committee work together to 10 11 Did you draft that or did you draft that, do you remember? REVEREND DULIN: I remember participating on 12 that, working out the language and the issues and 13 how it would be spread around the community. 14 (15:33:57) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Do you remember any other people 16 who worked with you on that paper? 17 Casad, the law professor, one of the ones who 18 assisted with that? 19 REVEREND DULIN: 20 (15:34:12) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Was Robert Yes. And then also at the City 22 Commission hearings in which fair housing was 23 discussed, in which the ordinance was discussed, 24 large numbers of people turned out to speak on 25 behalf of fair housing. Did you arrange for all �20 1 those speakers to come or did many of them just 2 hear about it and came on their own? 3 REVEREND DULIN: They were voluntary that 4 supported the fair housing commission [committee] 5 and I worked with a lot of those people. 6 (15:35:14) 7 MR. ARNOLD: And when the city held its 8 hearing in which the, to hear the opposing views 9 the only people who showed up were I think one 10 real estate agent and a lawyer for the real estate 11 agents. 12 other opposition or did you think that really at 13 that point very few people were opposed? 14 Were you surprised that there was no REVEREND DULIN: I think that I believed that 15 the ordinance was fair, in sync with the 16 committee. 17 (15:36:08) 18 MR. ARNOLD: So I take it, then, that you 19 were very pleased that there was not very much 20 opposition other than just from the narrow group 21 of real estate agents? 22 REVEREND DULIN: 23 (15:36:20) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Yes. And do you think that helped influence the City Commission to pass it, because �21 1 so many people spoke in favor and only a very 2 narrow group spoke in opposition? 3 REVEREND DULIN: 4 (15:36:34) 5 MR. ARNOLD: That's right. Now, how would you characterize 6 the position of some of, I'll describe it as maybe 7 the city establishment, people like the local 8 newspaper? 9 doubts? Were they supportive or did they have I know your committee published several 10 articles in the paper in favor of fair housing. 11 Was the newspaper happy to run those or do you 12 think they were a bit more reluctant? 13 REVEREND DULIN: 14 (15:37:03) 15 MR. ARNOLD: They were happy. Okay, that's good. And I spoke 16 to, I don't know whether you remember Richard and 17 Phyllis Sapp. 18 a biology professor at K.U. but he said he 19 arranged for all those articles to be written as a 20 member of your committee. 21 REVEREND DULIN: 22 (15:37:30) 23 MR. ARNOLD: He was a law -- he was, I'm sorry, Do you remember that? Yes. So it sounds like you had some 24 very active support within your committee to help 25 you push the ordinance forward. �22 1 REVEREND DULIN: 2 (15:37:49) 3 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. And I also noted that, in 4 looking at the membership of your committee, many 5 of them were affiliated with the university but 6 there were also clergymen and some local 7 businessmen. 8 good cross section of the community on your fair 9 housing committee? Were you happy that you had a fairly 10 REVEREND DULIN: 11 (15:38:11) 12 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, of course. And do you think that helped 13 obtain the broad support across the community for 14 passing the ordinance? 15 REVEREND DULIN: 16 (15:38:23) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. And did the City Commission seem 18 to recognize that fact and that helped influence 19 them? 20 REVEREND DULIN: 21 (15:38:37) 22 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Now, once the ordinance passed 23 in July, 1967, obviously things didn't change 24 overnight, but did you have a positive feeling 25 that the ordinance would eventually bring about �23 1 positive change? 2 REVEREND DULIN: 3 (15:38:54) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Did you see any of that while 5 you were still here in Lawrence? 6 have an easier time obtaining housing close to 7 campus? 8 9 REVEREND DULIN: No. Did students I was too short of people who supported the commission and it was in 10 the dog days of August that things began to get 11 going. 12 (15:39:49) 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 So change did not come right away, even after the ordinance was passed? 15 REVEREND DULIN: 16 (15:39:57) 17 MR. ARNOLD: That's right. Now, were you still in Lawrence 18 when some of the violence erupted in the late 19 1960s on campus and in the city? 20 REVEREND DULIN: 21 (15:40:08) 22 MR. ARNOLD: No, I wasn't. Okay, when did you leave 23 Lawrence, do you recall? 24 REVEREND DULIN: 25 MRS. DULIN: In -- (Inaudible) �24 1 REVEREND DULIN: 2 (15:40:29) 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 In, it was August, '67. Oh, so you left almost immediately after the ordinance passed? 5 REVEREND DULIN: 6 (15:40:34) 7 MR. ARNOLD: That's right. Now, did your role in that 8 process influence your decision to leave? 9 anyone, were there any people who had hard Did 10 feelings about what you had done or was it just 11 career considerations that led you to depart? 12 13 REVEREND DULIN: I think probably it had a part of a mix. 14 (inaudible) 15 Yes. 16 MRS. MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT DULIN CLYATT: 17 W e're going to pass this on to Mom. 18 (15:41:13) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 20 MRS. DULIN: He's done pretty well, don't you 21 22 think? MR. ARNOLD: He's done wonderfully, and the 23 information we are getting is very useful. This 24 is -- he's filling in some blanks that we weren't 25 able to get from other people so this is really �25 1 2 wonderful. MRS. DULIN: Oh, that's good. There was, 3 there were just basic problems that I was not 4 involved with but he realized there was something 5 going on with the campus ministers and it was, and 6 the churches, and I don't think it was connected 7 with fair housing and they all of a sudden decided 8 they were going to eliminate all of the four 9 campus ministers and Dad was the youngest one that 10 came into the thing and he tried to find a job as 11 a campus minister through the U.C.C. [United 12 Church of Christ] where he used to be but there 13 was nothing ready at that point and so there was a 14 church in Massachusetts that wanted him and so we 15 had to move quickly, because we didn't have any 16 choice. 17 (15:42:43) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 19 MRS. DULIN: There were things happening at, 20 in the campus and there was a lot of things around 21 (indiscernible) the town that is always under the 22 surface and churches were not, you know, our 23 churches were white and you had the black churches 24 by themselves and south of us were the Indians, so 25 it was a family that, I mean, the Lawrence family �26 1 thing is that they were taking care of each other 2 but they had never integrated and, really, and it 3 took this joy here in Wilmington at this point in 4 our lives to have neighbors and friends of all 5 races, it's just lovely here. 6 (15:43:39) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Good. 8 MRS. DULIN: But the big thing was that there 9 was a lot of tension going through all of this and 10 they wouldn't seek it out, it was just coming very 11 slowly. 12 (15:43:56) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Yes, I wondered if even 14 if it wasn't Reverend Dulin's direct role in 15 playing such a visible role in fair housing that 16 created pressure to leave, but I know some of the 17 people that I have interviewed suggested that 18 there was even maybe within the church community 19 some of the more conservative members were 20 becoming unhappy with the active role that some of 21 the ministers and even other church members were 22 taking in pursuing social action issues and I 23 wondered if maybe just that kind of general 24 opposition may have influenced it. 25 MRS. DULIN: The whole country was like that, �27 1 and the other part was where we were from in Texas 2 it was open, you know, it wasn't under the surface 3 and it was a real fight between churches and 4 schools and all kinds of things, but Lawrence was 5 not doing that that much and so it was a relief 6 for us when we came into it (indiscernible) so you 7 were able to get a fair housing bill. 8 (15:45:17) 9 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 10 MRS. DULIN: I think that people were doing 11 12 13 Now, -- pretty well considering all that was there. MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: Tom, this is Elaine. 14 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. 15 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: 16 a little bit. 17 conflict in Lawrence. 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: I want to jump in There's always a town-gown kind of Right, absolutely. And I think that 20 at that particular point the churches were 21 becoming more and more nervous about the unrest on 22 campus. 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: 25 Right. And for whatever reason deciding to discontinue the campus �28 1 appointments from the different churches that were 2 involved happened about then, so we were caught up 3 in that. 4 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. 5 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: We were caught in 6 the churches being really nervous about the 7 conflict that was increasing on campus. 8 (15:46:05) 9 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And of course that 10 conflict would continue to build until really in 11 1969 and 1970 it actually broke out into, you 12 know, violence in Lawrence, which was occurring 13 all over the country, but -- 14 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: 15 (indiscernible) 16 MRS. DULIN: 17 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: Right. (indiscernible) Yes. We stayed 18 very tied in to Lawrence and Dad was actually the 19 chaplain for the Midwestern Music and Art Camp for 20 years. 21 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 22 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: We kind of stayed 23 in contact with the Lawrence area, and of course I 24 went back to school there, my husband was born 25 there. I mean, we have deep roots in the Lawrence �29 1 area. 2 (15:46:51) 3 MR. ARNOLD: Okay, very good. Yes, one thing 4 I wanted to ask, you know, Reverend Dulin had 5 mentioned that when you all came to Lawrence you 6 really didn't see too much open conflict, but I 7 assume the discrimination against 8 African-Americans in Lawrence was pretty apparent 9 from everything we have researched and read about. 10 You know, there was segregation in, not just in 11 housing but also issues with employment and to 12 some extent issues with access to things like 13 swimming pools. 14 obvious or was it a little bit more subtle in 15 Lawrence than say it had maybe been in Texas or 16 other parts of the south? 17 REVEREND DULIN: Was that kind of segregation Yes, I think that it was not 18 quite as rampant, but there were incidents of 19 violence that needed to be (indiscernible) and I 20 got involved in that. 21 (15:48:13) 22 MR. ARNOLD: Did you get involved at all, 23 Reverend Dulin, in the swimming pool issue? As 24 early as 1960 there had been protests over the 25 fact that African-Americans couldn't get into the �30 1 local private swimming pool and then it wasn't 2 until late 1967 that the city finally passed a 3 bond to build a public swimming pool, an 4 integrated public swimming pool, but there were 5 several years of struggle over the swimming pool 6 issue. Do you recall? Were you involved in that? 7 REVEREND DULIN: 8 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: 9 Yes. Well, Dad, you may recall it, but we moved to Lawrence in '64. 10 (15:48:56) 11 MR. ARNOLD: Okay, right. Were there any 12 other incidents during the time that you were here 13 in Lawrence? 14 very involved in fair housing. 15 social issues that you were involved in or other 16 incidents that you remember that you got involved 17 in trying to address? 18 I know, Reverend Dulin, you were REVEREND DULIN: Yes. Were there other There were items on 19 the, in the community that would need your 20 attention, people who objected to the 21 appropriateness of the conflict. 22 (15:50:20) 23 MR. ARNOLD: How would you characterize the 24 environment on campus as far as opportunities for 25 African-American students and their treatment at �31 1 2 3 K.U.? Were there many problems on the campus? REVEREND DULIN: To my knowledge there were some problems but I didn't see an outbreak. 4 (15:51:05) 5 MR. ARNOLD: So at least at that time they 6 weren't serious issues on the campus? One thing 7 many people have told us in interviews is a lot of 8 the violence that eventually took place on the 9 campuses, that it's difficult to look at it in 10 isolation as being related to racial issues but a 11 lot of it also was anti-war, anti-Vietnam issues 12 as well. 13 REVEREND DULIN: 14 (15:51:32) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. But at least up until the time 16 you left the campus it was fairly peaceful, would 17 you say? 18 REVEREND DULIN: 19 (15:51:45) 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 were in Lawrence? 22 segregated? Yes. Where did you all live when you And was your neighborhood 23 REVEREND DULIN: 24 (indiscernible) 25 REVEREND DULIN: No. No. �32 1 2 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: lived? 3 REVEREND DULIN: 4 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: 5 Remember where we Yes, we lived on -Princeton Boulevard. 6 REVEREND DULIN: 7 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: 8 REVEREND DULIN: 9 then (indiscernible). 10 MRS. DULIN: Princeton Boulevard? Yes. Princeton Boulevard, and We moved from the, from, we 11 built a house on Princeton Boulevard, the first 12 one, way back when it was so far away from the 13 campus we were spending a lot of gas going back 14 and forth, so we moved to Sunset (indiscernible), 15 2019 Sunset Drive, where (indiscernible) go to 16 school and to the campus and so we were there 17 (indiscernible) the time. 18 (15:52:54) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Okay, and I assume that 20 neighborhood where you lived was an all-white 21 neighborhood. 22 your neighbors about how they felt about 23 segregated housing and whether they would be happy 24 having African-Americans move into the 25 neighborhood? Did you ever have discussions with �33 1 MRS. DULIN: No, because where we were were 2 all usually professors and grad students and I had 3 a piano studio and most of my students were from 4 the law school, I had about 20 to 28 students 5 there, and we were very close to the elementary 6 school there and so people could walk from the 7 school to my house, (inaudible) but most of it 8 just was, most of the church, at the church and in 9 the studio were connected to the university and 10 completely white. I don't think, there was no 11 African families in, at our church and so it was 12 really more of a white community but it was 13 connected with professors who were very, very busy 14 with their families and (indiscernible), but we 15 didn't really talk about this with our neighbors 16 that I would think about, but I just, I don't 17 remember. 18 (15:54:36) 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: Right. My best friend at 21 Hillcrest -- was it Hillcrest Grade School? 22 Was a young woman who was adopted who was Native 23 American and I saw her suffer all kinds of 24 discrimination all the time. 25 (15:54:57) Yes. �34 1 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 2 MRS. DULIN: (indiscernible) she would, when 3 we were there that didn't happen. 4 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: 5 MRS. DULIN: 6 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: 7 MRS. DULIN: 8 Yes, it did, mom. It did? Okay. I was there. She was one of my students, too. 9 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 10 MRS. DULIN: I didn't know about this. 11 (15:55:11) 12 MR. ARNOLD: Well, it's interesting, as we 13 researched some of the groups that were involved 14 in pushing for fair housing, the League of Women 15 Voters, obviously the Fair Housing Coordinating 16 Committee, but there was a very large university 17 community presence in all these organizations. 18 MRS. DULIN: Right. 19 MR. ARNOLD: So the university and its 20 community definitely played an important role in 21 pushing for social change, but one interesting 22 observation that Phyllis Sapp made when I 23 interviewed her and her husband was that 24 university people not only came from more diverse 25 backgrounds but also they lived in a somewhat more �35 1 insulated community and therefore they could be in 2 favor of change without having to worry too much 3 about their job being put at risk or their friends 4 ostracizing them. 5 MRS. DULIN: 6 That's Phyllis. 7 (15:56:15) 8 MR. ARNOLD: Did you find that to be true? Yes, yes, that's pretty good. Yes, whereas if you were a local 9 businessman who maybe favored fair housing if you 10 spoke out publicly you could lose customers, you 11 could have friends who would ostracize you, so 12 they were taking a bigger risk, people like Glenn 13 Kappelman, who was the realtor, and Dick Raney, 14 who was then the mayor and was very much in favor 15 of fair housing but he was a drug store owner. 16 REVEREND DULIN: 17 (15:56:49) 18 MR. ARNOLD: I remember that. Well, we are getting close to 19 the one-hour point and I know I have taken up a 20 lot of your time so I don't want to take this on 21 too much longer, and you have been very helpful in 22 sharing some information, but I just wanted to 23 give you, Reverend Dulin and Mrs. Dulin, the 24 opportunity, if there's anything we haven't talked 25 about that you think is important to share, is �36 1 there anything else you can think of that you'd 2 like to share with me that I haven't asked about? 3 4 MRS. DULIN: You might put Elaine's name on your tape here. 5 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, I -- 6 MRS. DULIN: Her name was Elaine Dulin 7 Clyatt. The Clyatts were big members of the 8 Methodist Church downtown and so all of that is 9 connected with all of our history, but we enjoyed 10 being in Lawrence, we just would not want, we 11 didn't want to leave, but it was really a 12 wonderful place to be and so that's why I think 13 that all of us came back so many times. 14 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 15 MRS. DULIN: We still have relatives, Elaine, 16 her husband's aunt and so we still have 17 connections there. 18 that were there, it's just lovely. 19 (15:58:20) 20 MR. ARNOLD: I still enjoy all the people Lawrence is still a wonderful 21 town. I've lived here for about 11 years and of 22 course those of us who are relative newcomers look 23 at Lawrence as a very progressive university town, 24 and of course it has its free state history, but I 25 don't think many people, if you weren't around at �37 1 that time, realize how segregated Lawrence was in 2 the 1940s, '50s, and '60s, and often are shocked 3 to hear about it. 4 MRS. DULIN: 5 (15:58:55) 6 MR. ARNOLD: Well, I'm sure that's true. I will be sending you all what 7 are called release forms, actually the city will 8 probably be sending them to you, Scott Wagner, who 9 I'm working with at the city, but to have you sign 10 those forms, which just gives the city permission 11 to use this interview for promoting fair housing, 12 and also we are going to archive the interviews at 13 the Spencer Research Library at K.U., so he'll 14 have a form for each of you to sign, and then we 15 are also going to transcribe the interview, and I 16 will make sure the transcriptionist knows everyone 17 who spoke, including you, Elaine, and I appreciate 18 your perspectives as well. 19 Is there anything else you can think of? 20 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: 21 22 Is it possible for us to get a copy of that transcription? MR. ARNOLD: Yes, absolutely. I can e-mail 23 it to you. I'll be reviewing it after she sees 24 it, and I can also try to e-mail you an audio file 25 if it's not too large, or I can send you a copy of �38 1 the audio file on a thumb drive or a disk or 2 something. 3 4 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: Yes, that would be great. 5 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 6 MRS. ELAINE DULIN CLYATT: Dad has 13 7 grandchildren and I just would like to share it 8 with them. 9 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, I think that would be 10 wonderful, so I will definitely make sure that you 11 get copies of both the transcript and the audio 12 file. 13 14 15 MRS. DULIN: this. God bless you, Tom, for doing It is a beautiful thing for us. MR. ARNOLD: Well, thank you for 16 participating. You know, Reverend Dulin's name 17 came up in almost every one of my interviews for 18 the important role he played and I think that the 19 historical record wouldn't be complete without 20 getting his perspective, so I thank all of you, 21 and him in particular, very much for 22 participating. 23 REVEREND DULIN: 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Thank you very much. Okay. Thank you, sir, and thanks again for what you did for Lawrence in your �39 1 short time here. 2 MRS. DULIN: Thank you, Tom. 3 MR. ARNOLD: All right, thank you. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ***** � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Dulin, Richard Dulin, Barbara Clyatt, Elaine Dulin Location The location of the interview This interview was recorded over the telephone. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Richard and Barbara Dulin Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Richard and Barbara Dulin and their daughter Elaine Dulin Clyatt; Reverend Richard Dulin was the chairman of the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee at the time that Lawrence's fair housing ordinance was passed in July 1967. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on February 20, 2017, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dulin, Richard Dulin, Barbara Clyatt, Elaine Dulin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2/20/2017 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/rev-richard-mrs-dulin-20-feb-2017-22017-1010-am?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DulinInterview022017.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1964 - 1967 Lawrence (Kan.) https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/345e053f38e33e3fabecda209a70b297.pdf e17d547205642066381f977ab94ccf80 PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Richard & Phyllis Sapp 12 October 28, 2016 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 MR. ARNOLD: Today is October 28th, 2016. I 2 am local historian Tom Arnold interviewing Dr. 3 Richard Sapp and Mrs. Phyllis Sapp at the Lawrence 4 Public Library in Lawrence, Kansas, for the City 5 of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th 6 Anniversary Oral History Project. 7 At the time the ordinance passed in July, 8 1967, Richard was a professor on the faculty of 9 the University of Kansas and Phyllis was active in 10 community organizations, such as the Lawrence 11 League of Women Voters. 12 To start off, I would like to have both of 13 you tell me a little bit about your backgrounds 14 and what you were doing in Lawrence in the 1960s. 15 MRS. SAPP: 16 DR. SAPP: You go ahead. We came to Lawrence in 1957 when I 17 got a position with the University of Kansas in 18 the Physics and Astronomy Department, and that was 19 just at the end of the era when Wilt Chamberlain 20 had made some inroads in the civil rights areas by 21 the sheer size of his presence, such as 22 integrating barber shops and movie theaters. 23 A big issue right after we came was the 24 swimming pool. There was a private pool called 25 the Jayhawk Plunge down on Sixth and Florida �3 1 Street and it was open only to members, white 2 members was understood, and an attempt was made to 3 try to integrate that pool and instead it was 4 closed and so the city was doing without a public 5 pool at that time, and later there was a temporary 6 one down in the south part of town, before the 7 swimming pool complex was constructed downtown. 8 9 I was invited to participate in the picketing and protesting at the Plunge but I had just 10 arrived in town and didn't have a firm grasp on 11 the local politics by any means and I also felt I 12 didn't have any tenure at the university and I 13 just didn't want to stick my head out at that 14 time. 15 footing and then I could participate in these 16 things that I wanted to. 17 Later, of course, I was on more firm MRS. SAPP: Well, I came because Dick came. 18 We'd just been married a few months before but we 19 knew each other at Ohio State University, where I 20 did my undergraduate work and Dick did his 21 graduate work, and I was very happy to move west 22 from Ohio. 23 parents had come from South Dakota so I always 24 felt that going west was best and happy to move 25 out here. I grew up in northern Illinois and my �4 1 I had been to Lawrence once with a group from 2 Ohio State coming to a conference so I liked the 3 place, and I liked the fact that it was near a 4 city, that's been a big advantage, or two cities 5 actually. 6 But Dick's right about the swimming pool. I 7 don't remember it was members only because I 8 actually went there with a neighbor or friend 9 asked me one time and I wondered about this, but I 10 decided I would go and see what it was like. 11 Wasn't that much, that great a swimming pool, for 12 that matter. 13 So after that we did not participate in it, 14 and we didn't go to any pool unless it was open to 15 the public until the one downtown was opened. 16 would not join a swimming pool, and our children 17 remember that. 18 or one of their early lessons in, you know, 19 everyone needs to have access to these public, 20 what should be public, like the pool. We It was one of their first lessons 21 (9:58:13) 22 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And I'll come back to 23 the swimming pool, I've got a question about that 24 later, particularly in what involvement you may 25 have had in the effort to get the bond issue �5 1 finally passed after the Fair Housing Ordinance 2 passed the same year but later. 3 When you arrived in Lawrence in those early 4 years how did the racial environment, the climate 5 of racial relations strike you, how did the 6 degrees of discrimination, segregation strike you 7 as compared to what you may have been used to and 8 the attitudes that you had grown up with in Ohio? 9 MRS. SAPP: I moved to Ohio when I was about 10 14. I don't -- it was pretty usual -- well, no, 11 it was worse than in northern -- in northern 12 Illinois, very near Wisconsin border, there wasn't 13 much said about, at least about black/white kinds 14 of things. 15 against Jews, to a small extent anyway, at least 16 talk about it, but not, I don't think excluded, at 17 least not from anything I knew about it. 18 course, I was pretty young and I didn't know about 19 things like country clubs and that kind of thing. 20 So when we moved to Columbus, southern Ohio, 21 I was taken aback by some of the segregation, and 22 particularly in our high school. 23 fellow who was very active and well liked. 24 went on a senior class trip to Washington, D.C., 25 and he was not allowed to eat in the cafeteria I know there was discrimination Of We had a black We �6 1 where we were eating. 2 I went into the cafeteria. 3 what to do at that point, because I remember one 4 of the teachers staying out with him and I don't 5 know where they went to find some food. 6 shocked me, so that was part of the whole thing. 7 (10:00:32) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 10 11 I've always regretted that Right. I guess I didn't know That Richard, how did you find Lawrence compared to your experiences growing up? DR. SAPP: Actually my small hometown in 12 southwestern Ohio was very much like Lawrence when 13 we came. 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 DR. SAPP: Okay. It was understood that blacks had 16 to use certain facilities and not others, certain 17 area in the theater where they could sit but not 18 others. 19 to me and I didn't like it, I never liked it, but 20 I had never really taken any public stands against 21 it up to this time. 22 (10:01:07) 23 MR. ARNOLD: All that kind of thing was very familiar Right. To describe Lawrence a 24 little bit, what you found once you came here, you 25 have already mentioned the inroads that Wilt �7 1 Chamberlain and some of the K.U. athletes made and 2 also the swimming pool issue. 3 of discrimination or segregation in Lawrence 4 struck you at that time as being, you know, 5 particularly objectionable? 6 segregation quite obvious? 7 MRS. SAPP: What other aspects Was housing Well, it certainly was there. 8 was very much so, fairly obvious, I think, yes, 9 and I think there was still some segregation in It 10 the theater. 11 really, or in just, in some of the public places 12 like this, because I think with Wilt coming they 13 got the theaters desegregated. 14 Well, I don't know in the theaters The restaurants, I'm not really -- well, we 15 didn't have that many restaurants. In fact, 16 Lawrence was really, when we came here Lawrence 17 had something like 27,000 people, which to me was 18 very small, because I'd always lived in bigger 19 cities, and I don't know, the kind of restaurants 20 that were here, I don't really know too much about 21 that. 22 But, yes, and we kept hearing about 23 segregation, and this Lawrence League for the 24 Practice of Democracy had started working against 25 segregation and toward integration and what could �8 1 be done there. 2 very indignant to see people not able to buy homes 3 and such. 4 It made a person, well, it made me Now, this is getting toward the ordinance and 5 what we did for that so maybe Dick wants to speak 6 before I do. 7 DR. SAPP: Well, I was just going to comment 8 that this is leading right into our first kind of 9 involvement. We think it was somebody at the 10 League of Women Voters who told us about a program 11 of white people visiting in negro people's homes 12 in Lawrence and talking about their experience 13 with housing segregation, so we went to one of 14 these meetings at James and Elizabeth Chieks' 15 house, C-h-i-e-k-s. 16 MRS. SAPP: 17 DR. SAPP: 18 MRS. SAPP: 19 20 Near the hospital. It was over in that area -That's where they could buy a house. DR. SAPP: -- near the hospital, and there 21 were six or eight of us visiting there and we 22 talked about their experience in trying to buy a 23 house where they saw a realtor and he told them 24 where he could show them a house in Lawrence and 25 it was only in areas where black people already �9 1 lived, essentially redlining. 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 DR. SAPP: 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 6 Right, right. Yes. Yes, that's what we've heard. It's been described by several people to us. DR. SAPP: So that really fired up my feeling 7 of this is very unfair and play along to our other 8 activities, I think. 9 (10:04:39) 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 Right. How about your own neighborhood where you all lived? 12 DR. SAPP: 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MRS. SAPP: 15 (10:04:45) 16 MR. ARNOLD: Was it -- All white. All-white neighborhood? All white. Yes, pretty much the surveys 17 that were done at the time showed that most of the 18 neighborhoods were either -- 19 DR. SAPP: 20 MRS. SAPP: 21 DR. SAPP: 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 DR. SAPP: 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 North Lawrence, East Lawrence, -The hospital. -- some in the northwest, -Right, kind of Pinckney, -- -- around Pinckney. -- West Lawrence neighborhood, but even within those neighborhoods usually it was �10 1 confined to a block or two -- 2 DR. SAPP: 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 5 Yes. -- where they tended to be congregated. Any other forms of discrimination that were 6 apparent? Employment discrimination? 7 to a store downtown would you most likely find 8 only white clerks in most of the stores or -- 9 MRS. SAPP: Yes. 10 (10:05:19) 11 MR. ARNOLD: If you went Yes, I would say so. What would you say, before I get 12 into -- and I want to talk to you about not only 13 what motivated you all to get involved, which 14 you've already touched on, but also talk about 15 kind of what motivated other people that you 16 recall, but what do you think were the major 17 impediments to bringing about changes to those 18 things? 19 you to name names, but groups or local interests 20 that were opposed to change that you can remember? I mean, were there, and I don't expect 21 MRS. SAPP: 22 DR. SAPP: Oh yes. Well, about this time in the 23 middle '60s was when there was a fair housing bill 24 in the Kansas Legislature and people in Lawrence 25 were amazed to find that the fight against that �11 1 bill was led by realtors from Lawrence. Four, 2 four agencies sent people over there to testify 3 against it. 4 probably not important anymore. I could name some names but it's 5 (10:06:20) 6 MR. ARNOLD: You can probably find those 7 names in the newspaper if you wanted to look for 8 them. 9 DR. SAPP: Yes. And so, again, that was 10 motivation for us to try to do something better 11 here, since we were not going to get it on the 12 state level apparently. 13 (10:06:40) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Right. So would you say, and 15 I'm jumping a little bit ahead, but was part of 16 the motivation of moving forward to pursue a local 17 ordinance the disappointment -- 18 MRS. SAPP: 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 wasn't taking action? 21 DR. SAPP: 22 MRS. SAPP: 23 DR. SAPP: 24 MRS. SAPP: 25 Yes. -- with the fact that the state Yes. Definitely. Definitely. The Human Relations Commission had been formed, what, around, around '64? You �12 1 2 probably have the date better than I. MR. ARNOLD: Little bit earlier than that, I 3 think about a year after the swimming pool, '61, 4 '62 time frame. 5 MRS. SAPP: 6 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Okay. But they really didn't become a 7 very active organization I would say until 8 probably '64 and after. 9 MRS. SAPP: All right, yes. So people there 10 took up the cause, and the League of Women Voters 11 had helped or encouraged the Human Relations 12 Commission to get started, and I just don't 13 remember who specifically set up this program 14 where we'd go and visit at the Chieks' or at 15 someone's house and hear firsthand what their 16 experiences with housing were but I think it 17 probably arose out of the study that the League of 18 Women did. 19 research and study an issue, will take a stand on 20 issues, not on political candidates, so I can't 21 say exactly but -- and it was a small -- it wasn't 22 that huge a number of people did this but I think 23 there were several groups that -- They always, and they still do, 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 MRS. SAPP: Right. I can actually -- -- did this and it just was so �13 1 powerful to hear people actually, you know, say I, 2 you know, I was not allowed to buy a house 3 anywhere but here or here or here, and they had 4 the money. 5 necessarily, this was people who were what we 6 might say middle class economically and they could 7 have afforded a house in other areas. This was not low cost housing 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 MRS. SAPP: Right. I also, this probably should come 10 later, but I will say that in our neighborhood on 11 our street we had a couple of black families move 12 in after, after the ordinance. 13 (10:08:59) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Well, that's good, because we've 15 tried to get a sense in some of the interviews as 16 to whether people saw change come about. 17 often change comes about slowly, but that is 18 something I'd like to raise with you to kind of 19 get a sense of how apparent change was after the 20 ordinance was passed. 21 22 Yes, actually in the probably '64, '65 time frame the NAACP did a housing survey -- 23 MRS. SAPP: 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 I know Yes. -- and they found that of all the new neighborhoods built since the early 1950s, �14 1 not a single black family resided in any of them 2 and I think then at the time the ordinance was 3 passed somebody else had done a survey and found 4 by then there was only one African-American family 5 in all those neighborhoods, so it hadn't changed 6 much in that time. 7 The United Church Women of Lawrence did a 8 housing survey and I think did some housing visits 9 and gathered signatures in support of fair 10 housing, the League of Women Voters I know did 11 their own study, so there was quite a bit of 12 interest and activity. 13 Now, we've already touched on it a little 14 bit, but a group that actually started looking 15 into it even earlier was the League for the 16 Promotion of Democracy. 17 involved in that organization? 18 MRS. SAPP: Were the two of you We were not members of that 19 Lawrence League for the Practice of Democracy. We 20 did know about it. 21 moved here and I think we were just getting into 22 the community and into the university and what was 23 going on and that, then into the League of Women 24 Voters, which had many of the same members in 25 these groups, so we were not actually members but We were told about it when we �15 1 we certainly supported -- they were the very first 2 grassroots, I would say. 3 (10:10:41) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Right. They actually started in 5 1946 and the story is in their own little history 6 that they wrote that it came about because an 7 African-American World War II veteran had come 8 back to Lawrence after fighting in the war and was 9 ejected from a movie theater in Lawrence because 10 he wouldn't sit in the colored-only section and 11 that upset enough people that they formed that 12 group to start fighting discrimination. 13 You have talked a little bit about what 14 motivated the two of you to get involved in these 15 types of groups and to work on bringing about 16 these kind of changes. 17 other people who were involved and what kind of 18 motivated them in general and was there pretty 19 significant involvement of the university 20 community in that? 21 some of your colleagues and -- 22 MRS. SAPP: 23 DR. SAPP: 24 MRS. SAPP: 25 the university. Can you kind of generalize Were they particularly active, Yes. Yes, yes, I would say. I'd say a big part of it was from University people didn't worry �16 1 about the customers; they had the customers, the 2 students. 3 jobs, or losing friends, for that matter. 4 there would be some but, you know, it tended, I'm 5 going to reinforce what a lot of people think, 6 that university people, people who work and teach 7 at universities are liberal and -- at least in 8 these views. They didn't worry about losing their 9 (10:12:08) 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 MRS. SAPP: 12 MR. ARNOLD: I mean, Right, and generally -I would say so. -- far more diverse because 13 they've come from all parts of the country so they 14 have a different, broader world view. 15 MRS. SAPP: Yes, this is very true. As I 16 said, my experience of like, I don't -- I'm sure 17 where I grew up in Rockford, Illinois, there was 18 no -- blacks were able to sit anywhere in the 19 theater. 20 segregated, so all this was a surprise; not a 21 surprise but, you know, just foreign to me, 22 different. 23 I don't remember a thing about being DR. SAPP: Another source of my motivation 24 was that in the middle '60s we had become members 25 of First Methodist Church and I became first a �17 1 member and then the chair of what they called the 2 Committee on Social Concerns and so I was sort of 3 casting around for a direction to lead some 4 activity in the area, in that area and fair 5 housing popped up on my horizon partly through 6 that, so when I went to Fair Housing Coordinating 7 Committee I was recognized as a representative of 8 a fairly substantial church in town. 9 (10:13:32) 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 Okay. Very good. So that was kind of your entree into that organization? 12 DR. SAPP: Yes. 13 MR. ARNOLD: Now I was going to ask you about 14 the churches, because we've also found that there 15 was quite a bit of activism coming out of a number 16 of churches and certain churches in particular. 17 Plymouth Congregational Church had a Social Action 18 Committee, I think the Unitarian Church had one, 19 -- 20 DR. SAPP: Yes. 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MRS. SAPP: 23 MR. ARNOLD: -- and so -Unitarians were active. So would you say that the 24 churches were very much kind of a, provided a 25 foundation of support, in addition to really �18 1 university people, in trying to bring about 2 change? 3 DR. SAPP: Yes, and I imagine some of the 4 names on this list here are people connected with 5 the black churches in town. 6 of the members of the Fair Housing Coordinating 7 Committee from 1966] 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 MRS. SAPP: [referring to a list Right, right. Well, I would also say, though, 10 about churches, there were a number of people who 11 I'm sure were not as enthusiastic about it. 12 did not have everybody agree on things in the 13 church and we really didn't stay with -- well, we 14 stayed with the church for awhile but got a 15 little, not so happy with some of the attitudes. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 DR. SAPP: We Okay. I can illustrate the way pressures 18 could be brought to bear to people who didn't have 19 protections. 20 of a savings and loan on Ninth Street, it was 21 Anchor Savings & Loan, his wife wrote a letter to 22 the editor in the Journal-World in support of fair 23 housing and some of these realtors came to his 24 office and said shut your wife up or you've lost 25 our business. The young man who was local manager �19 1 (10:15:31) 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 Wow. That's an eye-opening story. 4 DR. SAPP: Yes. 5 MR. ARNOLD: I actually heard a similar story 6 from one of the other people I interviewed about a 7 visit that he actually personally got by people 8 who didn't like some of his activities. 9 Would you say, then, following up on that, 10 that there was, towards the university people, 11 towards especially the ones who were involved in 12 bringing about change through the churches, that 13 there was a degree of resentment among certain 14 segments? 15 DR. SAPP: Certainly resistance. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MRS. SAPP: 18 MR. ARNOLD: Resistance? Resistance. And who did that primarily come 19 from? 20 but who did it come from and kind of what were 21 their motives in fighting change, other than just 22 an acceptance of this is the way it's been, don't 23 rock the boat? 24 25 And again, don't mention names necessarily, MRS. SAPP: Well, they were afraid of losing business, business people, people who own �20 1 2 restaurants or stores or things like this. And what else would you say? I would say 3 just like this. 4 up I thought rather specious arguments, but it was 5 important to them. 6 somebody else would get the business if they gave 7 in to this, and one of the very valuable things 8 about having a law we found was that the, and the 9 realtors found was that they could say "This is 10 the law" to people who were selling homes, you 11 know, "You don't have a choice of who you sell 12 to," and they found that actually it worked in 13 their favor. 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 MRS. SAPP: The realtors themselves brought They felt, I'm sure they felt Right. We heard that from a man who had 16 been very much against the law and within a couple 17 years was very much for it. 18 (10:17:36) 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 Do you recall any, as you started getting That's an interesting point. 21 involved and working on the fair housing issue do 22 you recall any particular individuals who played 23 kind of important leadership roles, who stood out 24 as having, you know, taken on particularly 25 prominent roles in helping to mobilize support? �21 1 MRS. SAPP: Well, Glenn Kappelman, who was a, 2 I know you've heard of him, a realtor, and he was 3 very much for equal rights, for fair housing. 4 stayed with the realty board and worked from the 5 inside, this is how he put it, and we found that 6 that was very valuable. 7 quitting and saying, "Well, I don't like your 8 attitudes," he worked -- Glenn was very good at 9 talking with people and he had patience. He Instead of, you know, Where I 10 would tend to say some, become quite indignant, he 11 would be much more patient with it, so I think 12 Glenn was one of the most valuable people that we 13 had working with this, because he was involved 14 with the business community. 15 member of the Chamber of Commerce, all that kind 16 of thing. I'm sure he was a 17 Who else, Dick, would you say? 18 DR. SAPP: I think Reverend Dick Dulin was 19 useful as chair because he was pretty much not 20 subject to any pressures, although he was only 21 associate pastor and so forth, but he was, as I 22 recall, he was a very calm person and kind of kept 23 us focused and moving toward objectives and he was 24 a good leader. 25 (10:19:39) �22 1 MR. ARNOLD: Good. Since you bring up his 2 name, and he, of course, was the youth, or I think 3 the campus minister at Plymouth Congregational 4 Church, so you're right, he wasn't necessarily 5 under any particular pressure from, even maybe so 6 much from the congregation itself, but as the head 7 of the Fair Housing Coordinating Committee he 8 obviously played an important role in that group, 9 but describe the Fair Housing Coordinating 10 Committee to me, how you recall that it came 11 about, who the members were, what organizations 12 sort of supported it and were involved with it, as 13 best you can recall. 14 DR. SAPP: We were not involved with it at 15 its inception so we don't know about that at all. 16 The list of people who were members in 1966 pretty 17 much identifies the groups who were being 18 represented there, if you know who the people are. 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 MRS. SAPP: Right. Well, okay, [reading from the 21 1966 list of Fair Housing Coordinating Committee 22 members,] Ann Moore, Tom Moore was with the K.U. 23 Y. 24 had been involved with the YWCA when we came here, 25 the campus one, and then it became a joint one and I don't think we even called it YMCA, YWCA. I �23 1 Tom was hired with that, and Tom and Ann were 2 Quakers, Friends, and with all the attitudes that 3 go along and very good in the community; again, 4 patient, kind people, working that way. 5 Reverend Louis Branch was black. 6 DR. SAPP: 7 With the church at New York, Ninth and New York, Saint -- 8 MRS. SAPP: 9 DR. SAPP: Oh, St. Luke's? St. Luke's. 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 DR. SAPP: 12 MRS. SAPP: Okay. Yes. That was a black church, and 13 that's still, of course, going on. The churches 14 are still very much black or white I'd say. 15 MR. ARNOLD: Right, right. 16 MRS. SAPP: 17 DR. SAPP: They were members of that church. 18 MRS. SAPP: And Ben Hanan was pastor of the The Stanfields were black. 19 First Christian -- 20 DR. SAPP: 21 MRS. SAPP: 22 Dorothy Adams was the wife of a professor at First Christian. -- Church, and his wife. 23 K.U. and I'm not sure what other things she did 24 but she was very active in the community so -- and 25 Jean Shaw was, too. Ed Shaw was at K.U. �24 1 We women who didn't have paying jobs did a 2 lot of League of Women Voter type things and other 3 work. 4 5 I don't remember Jim Griffiths. Do you, Dick, -- 6 DR. SAPP: 7 MRS. SAPP: No. -- a reverend? Mike Marr was at 8 the university and was very active in these kind 9 of things. 10 "Petey" Cerf, Ann, Mrs. Raymond Cerf, Ann 11 Cerf was involved with all kinds of things in 12 this. 13 (10:22:58) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Tell me a little bit about her. 15 Her name comes up quite a bit as a real leader in 16 the early '60s. 17 MRS. SAPP: Well, she had a forceful 18 personality. I wouldn't say that she got mad -- 19 well, I'm sure she did get mad about things but 20 she didn't show it in that way, but she was 21 forceful and when she talked about something you 22 listened, you heard. 23 most -- well, I don't know that most people did 24 but most people who were on her side or felt she 25 was on their side. I liked her tremendously and �25 1 She got a lot of things started and done and 2 she did have some financial, was in a financial 3 position to put money toward some things, too, so 4 she got a number of things going in town. 5 (10:23:52) 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 10 MRS. SAPP: She certainly had been here awhile when we came and I don't know when they came. Her husband -- 11 DR. SAPP: 12 MRS. SAPP: 13 Was at the university. Yes, taught -- wasn't he a violin -- 14 DR. SAPP: 15 MRS. SAPP: 16 DR. SAPP: 17 MRS. SAPP: 18 THE SPEAKER: 19 MRS. SAPP: 20 (10:24:13) 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 23 Had she been a long-time Lawrence resident, do you know? 8 9 Good. Musician. Musician. Raymond Cerf. Yes. Cello. Cello. Okay. So she was involved in community organizations? MRS. SAPP: And her son, William Dan, is 24 involved in things now, more financially than 25 anything else right now. I see his name on �26 1 various things. I don't really know him. 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 DR. SAPP: Right. He writes, or at least he was 4 writing trenchant letters to the editor of the 5 Journal-World. 6 MRS. SAPP: Yes, yes. Well, "Petey" died a 7 number of years ago, I can't tell you when, it's 8 just that she's still a presence. 9 (10:24:43) 10 MR. ARNOLD: Right. As I said, her name has 11 come up. 12 leadership role, spurring action by a number of 13 people. 14 15 Fred Six said that she played an early MRS. SAPP: live. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MRS. SAPP: 18 She also lived near where we Okay. Which meant I saw something of her, I guess. 19 Marion Boyle, her husband was in the Art 20 Department at K.U. and didn't know her real well. 21 I think she worked at Haskell for awhile and then 22 at K.U., too, with students, with students needing 23 tutoring, needing help, students who were 24 disadvantaged, I guess we might say. 25 Howard Rosenfeld. �27 1 DR. SAPP: 2 MRS. SAPP: History professor. Yes. And Lee Ketzel, who has 3 been involved in all kinds of things, I'm sure 4 you've come upon her name, and she's someone you 5 could interview I'm sure. 6 other day to see what she remembered about League 7 of Women Voters. 8 community. 9 I talked with her the She's doing a lot still in the Ada Swineford. 10 DR. SAPP: 11 MRS. SAPP: At the university. (indiscernible) and she, yes, she 12 was at the university but she left to go to 13 Washington State so she didn't do a whole lot. 14 15 16 And I don't know Reverend John Ayres, that doesn't -DR. SAPP: I think the list makes pretty 17 clear that the religious institutions and the 18 university provided a lot of the -- 19 (10:26:17) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Right, exactly. And then so 21 really the university community, the church 22 community, and then groups like the League of 23 Women Voters, United Church Women, which I'm sure 24 there was a lot of involvement of people among 25 those groups, the NAACP, -- �28 1 MRS. SAPP: 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 Commission at -- 4 Yes. MRS. SAPP: Now Dorothy Keltz, -- She was on the Human Relations But I don't know, her husband 5 wasn't at the university I don't think. See, all 6 these people who had to watch what they said and 7 did because of business were, I don't know whether 8 you say -- 9 DR. SAPP: 10 MRS. SAPP: Harold Keltz. 11 DR. SAPP: Hal Keltz, yes. 12 MRS. SAPP: 13 DR. SAPP: He was not at the university but 15 MRS. SAPP: And she was very active so that 16 would be somebody -- 17 (10:27:05). 18 MR. ARNOLD: 14 19 I forget what Keltz' job was. I don't -- Hal Keltz. -- Right, and I think she was actually on the Human Relations Commission -- 20 MRS. SAPP: 21 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, she was. -- at the time the ordinance 22 came up. She was in charge of their little 23 housing subcommittee so she was probably very -- 24 MRS. SAPP: Ah, I know that she was involved. 25 MR. ARNOLD: -- (indiscernible) so obviously �29 1 2 she had been involved with housing. MRS. SAPP: That would be very interesting to 3 know what her husband did just in light of this, 4 you know, was there pressure. 5 (10:27:26) 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MRS. SAPP: Right. she felt any pressure. 9 MR. ARNOLD: that out. 11 store] 12 I -- -- didn't see any pressure, that 8 10 I certainly -- -- can probably go back and find [Hal Keltz owned the Lawrence Surplus Just for the record for the transcribist, I 13 just want, because I can't remember if we 14 mentioned it when you first started reading the 15 list, the list you just read was of members of the 16 Fair Housing Coordinating Committee in 1966. 17 MRS. SAPP: Yes, as of April 25th, 1966. 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 DR. SAPP: 20 MRS. SAPP: Okay. Somewhere I -Says beginning list of interested 21 persons, actually, rather than members, but 22 beginning list of interested persons, so that's 23 when it was just getting formed. 24 25 DR. SAPP: Well, somewhere in our collection I found a letter I had written to Dorothy Keltz �30 1 expressing my personal opinions about the need for 2 fair housing and it's just now become apparent why 3 I wrote her on that subject. 4 (10:28:13) 5 MR. ARNOLD: Exactly. And the other 6 interesting thing that this brings to light is, 7 and I had asked a couple people previously and 8 they just weren't sure, but was there, before the 9 Fair Housing Ordinance proposal was even brought 10 to the Human Relations Commission by the Fair 11 Housing Coordinating Committee had there been some 12 interaction between Human Relations Committee 13 members and the committee talking about this 14 beforehand, and it sounds like if she was involved 15 both in the housing -- 16 17 MRS. SAPP: I'm sure there was because there was so much go-between -- 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MRS. SAPP: Right. -- between them. The League of 20 Women Voters sent observers to various City 21 Commissions and committees and such and Lee Ketzel 22 was one of the observers -- 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 MRS. SAPP: 25 Commission. Right. -- of the Human Relations �31 1 (10:28:57) 2 MR. ARNOLD: So let me ask you why fair 3 housing, of all the, you know, employment 4 discrimination, the swimming pool issue, the 5 schools and educational opportunities, of all the 6 different things why did so many people seem to 7 coalesce at that time around the fair housing 8 issue? 9 Do you have a sense of that? MRS. SAPP: I think that the people who were 10 being discriminated against brought it to our 11 attention somehow, you know, that it really did, 12 this -- we were aware of it in various ways but 13 this going to the Chieks' home and having them 14 say, you know, "We could afford a house other 15 places but we were only allowed to buy over here 16 by the hospital or one of those other places." 17 was so unfair. 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MRS. SAPP: Right. So, and perhaps maybe a little 20 easier to work on than employment. 21 such a great, huge, big issue to try to do 22 something about. 23 DR. SAPP: It Employment is Discrimination and segregation was 24 such a huge, massive problem, an individual needs 25 that focus, place to enter it, fair housing seemed �32 1 like one of them but we quickly realized, you 2 know, that jobs, education, there are other very 3 important things. 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 DR. SAPP: Right. But this was something that we 6 could address directly so that's where we focused 7 our attention. 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 MRS. SAPP: 10 11 Sure. And certainly now we're realizing so much about low cost housing. DR. SAPP: We, well, -- Oh, that was so interesting, it 12 came up at our recent meeting that they quickly 13 leaped beyond housing discrimination to the 14 problem of -- 15 MRS. SAPP: 16 DR. SAPP: 17 The meeting at the library. -- affordable housing, which has been a problem in Lawrence ever since. 18 (10:30:59) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Lawrence has always 20 been, as I understand it, one of the more 21 expensive communities in Kansas. 22 MRS. SAPP: The younger people who weren't 23 involved with this, you know, took on that, which 24 is very good. 25 MR. ARNOLD: Right. �33 1 MRS. SAPP: I'm glad people are taking it on 2 because I think that's very important, too, and I 3 don't know -- well, I think the city and county 4 need to have a fund. 5 DR. SAPP: 6 Well, there seems to be some activity in that area, so -- 7 (10:31:25) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Right. And it's actually interesting, a thought that crossed my mind when 10 that woman brought it up at that program we 11 attended, that there is a lack of affordable 12 housing for older people and someone who is 13 disabled like her, but I can actually recall in 14 reading some of the history of the work being done 15 towards fair housing there were at least some 16 voices at that time, and I'm not sure anything 17 really got traction to work on it, but who 18 expressed concern about affordable housing, 19 particularly for older retired people and lower 20 incomes being a problem, so clearly that's been on 21 people's agendas for a very long time. 22 MRS. SAPP: Oh, so many things came in. 23 know, the nursery schools for children or 24 prekindergarten education came up also in the 25 early '60s. You �34 1 Now, Jesse Milan, have you heard about -- 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 4 We interviewed Jesse last Friday. MRS. SAPP: Oh, wonderful. He was just a, he 5 and his wife are terrific people, and Alversa was 6 very much involved with getting the first nursery 7 school for, what, low income, The Children's Hour, 8 it's called, and a number of us worked on it. 9 Hilda Enoch was one of the people who helped get 10 that started, and Alversa Milan, and the ideas 11 came, and the need was certainly there, so some of 12 us got to work. 13 families for -- 14 DR. SAPP: I remember interviewing people, Jesse Milan ran for the City 15 Commission more than once. 16 strongly, tried all ways to get him on. 17 preliminary, primary voting he was always first 18 and -- but then in the general election he was 19 always fourth out of the three to be chosen. 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MRS. SAPP: We supported him In the Right. It was very discouraging for them 22 and for us, for, I mean, all kinds, the people who 23 wanted him, and they eventually moved back to 24 Kansas City. 25 this. I'm sure he told you about all of �35 1 (10:33:46) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Jesse's role in Lawrence 3 is really fascinating, I mean, not only being the 4 first African-American teacher but then I guess he 5 became I think the assistant director of youth 6 programs for the city's park and recreation system 7 and really fought for a lot of causes but took a 8 lot of heat from people who didn't like the 9 leadership role he was playing and the kind of 10 changes he was trying to bring about and he says, 11 "I probably wouldn't have lasted as long as I did 12 in this town except for some of the students I had 13 taught and their parents, white students and white 14 parents, who kind of helped protect me," but a lot 15 of other people were very much against him. 16 MRS. SAPP: Well, he did so much good for 17 children who had problems, physical problems. 18 would work with them. 19 kids loved him. 20 you know, he was just so good with them, so good 21 with people, such a good -- they were a wonderful 22 family and terrible that they weren't accepted. 23 mean, nowadays they would just be part of 24 everything. 25 MR. ARNOLD: He Well, and all kids, the He was there with our kids and, Yes, and they were actually I �36 1 themselves victims of housing discrimination when 2 they tried to move up to larger houses. 3 MRS. SAPP: Yes, sure they were. It's -- but 4 they helped bring about change by being who they 5 are. 6 I brought up that about the nursery schools 7 because that tied in with then, with getting into 8 housing, too. 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 MRS. SAPP: 11 Right. The whole thing, the education part. 12 (10:35:21) 13 MR. ARNOLD: There were certainly arguments 14 made at the time, and I think you can still make 15 very good arguments and I think Robert Casad's 16 article that was published in February of '67 made 17 the argument that to a significant extent housing 18 is the root, if you segregate everybody into one 19 area that means they all go to the same what 20 generally turn out to be substandard schools, 21 their employment opportunities tend to be limited 22 because there may not be as many jobs available in 23 that area so often integrating housing opens up 24 opportunities and so that's sometimes the best 25 place to start. �37 1 MRS. SAPP: That's another thing with lower 2 cost housing because of job opportunities and one 3 of the reasons that we got the bus system started, 4 and I don't think I worked on that, but to have a 5 bus system so people could get from where they do 6 live to where the jobs are, one of the most 7 important parts of having the bus system, and 8 certainly in those days that would be a, would 9 have been a problem. 10 (10:36:21) 11 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. Well, up to now we have 12 kind of talked about background so let's jump into 13 focusing a bit more on the process for bringing 14 the Fair Housing Ordinance to the Human Relations 15 Commission and then getting it passed. 16 Do you recall, again, I think we talked about 17 this a little bit earlier, but what sort of drove 18 the timing? 19 1966, Reverend Dulin signed out a letter to 20 whoever was the mayor of Lawrence at the time 21 saying, you know, I'm representing the Fair 22 Housing Coordinating Commission, we intend to 23 bring a proposal for a Fair Housing Ordinance to 24 the Human Relations Commission, and then at their 25 first meeting in early January, in fact I think And I think actually in December, �38 1 probably was a record attendance, 60 some of you 2 attended that Human Relations Commission meeting 3 in which the idea for the ordinance was proposed. 4 Do you remember what drove the particular timing 5 of it in late '66 or early '67? 6 MRS. SAPP: Well, the state ordinance was -- 7 DR. SAPP: The failure of the state ordinance 8 certainly turned up the heat. 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 MRS. SAPP: 11 DR. SAPP: 12 Okay. I think that's -- I don't know how long it took from -- 13 MRS. SAPP: 14 DR. SAPP: Not long. But it wasn't very long. We sat 15 in the Fair Housing Coordinating Committee talking 16 about this and I finally said let's go to the City 17 Commission and try to get them to do something. 18 19 MRS. SAPP: -- 20 DR. SAPP: 21 MRS. SAPP: 22 23 Get something local, we can't get six months? Yes, yes. And it went fast. What, it took July they passed the ordinance? MR. ARNOLD: Right. Yes, from the 4th of 24 January it was presented to the Human Relations 25 Commission and passed in the middle of July, so �39 1 2 that was pretty impressive. MRS. SAPP: And the people on the HRC, like 3 Fred [Six] and others, you know, got the 4 information and got the thing written in record 5 time I would say. 6 (10:38:11) 7 MR. ARNOLD: And was your impression that the 8 Human Relations Commission was quite receptive to 9 the idea and -- 10 MRS. SAPP: 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 you move it forward? 13 MRS. SAPP: 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 DR. SAPP: Oh yes. -- very interested in helping Yes, yes. Good. I have a quote from that time 16 nobody else seems to remember but I do very 17 clearly. 18 younger Raney, commented when the ideas were 19 presented, he said, "You know, I've never 20 understood why realtors have any right to tell us 21 where we can live." 22 MRS. SAPP: 23 24 25 The mayor at that time, Dick Raney, the That was at the meeting where it was passed. DR. SAPP: So when he was there at the recent meeting I reminded him about that. He didn't �40 1 remember it. 2 (10:39:03) 3 MR. ARNOLD: Right, yes. It's interesting 4 how some things stand out in your mind and you 5 recall and for somebody else -- 6 7 MRS. SAPP: It impressed us because he was a businessman. 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 MRS. SAPP: Right. His father was a businessman, and 10 he was -- well, Jim Owens is another businessman 11 who was involved with all this. 12 shop and -- 13 MR. ARNOLD: He had the floral Yep, and he was on the human 14 relations, had been on the City Commission but by 15 then was on the Human Relations Commission. 16 MRS. SAPP: 17 (10:39:22) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Right. So it comes up to the Human 19 Relations Commission in January. 20 receptive and start, obviously, researching -- 21 MRS. SAPP: 22 MR. ARNOLD: They're very Right. -- and drafting. And who do you 23 recall kind of played the main role in pulling it 24 together? 25 MRS. SAPP: Well, I'm not sure, except Fred �41 1 was so involved, but I'm sure -- 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 MRS. SAPP: Fred Six? Fred Six, but I'm sure, I think 4 they virtually all worked on it and I'm not sure 5 how much the coordinating committee did from then 6 on. 7 DR. SAPP: 8 MRS. SAPP: I don't think -- I think -- 9 DR. SAPP: It seemed almost like it just 10 I don't -- needed somebody to say let's move ahead. 11 (10:40:05) 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 DR. SAPP: 14 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, I think -- Let's do it. -- Professor Casad was involved 15 and I think he had been involved with the Fair 16 Housing Coordinating Committee, -- 17 MRS. SAPP: 18 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. -- although when I interviewed 19 him he didn't remember being heavily involved, he 20 sort of had the impression he was kind of brought 21 in for his expertise. 22 MRS. SAPP: I think he was, I think he came 23 in for expertise, yes. 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 MRS. SAPP: Right. Now, a -- I think he had the right, you �42 1 know, he would, he could have been involved but 2 not everybody could be active. 3 MR. ARNOLD: Right. As the Human Relations 4 Commission was working on the ordinance a couple 5 other things were going on on the side that the 6 Fair Housing Coordinating Committee seemed to have 7 been orchestrating. 8 that were published in the Journal-World in 9 February. 10 DR. SAPP: 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 DR. SAPP: 13 One was the seven articles That was my idea. Was it? Tell me about that. Typical university professor, get some experts to tell about things. 14 (10:40:58) 15 MR. ARNOLD: What was your intended audience 16 or who were you hoping to influence by those 17 articles? 18 DR. SAPP: Anybody with a reasonable mind. 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 MRS. SAPP: 21 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Were you hoping -- The thinking public. Yes, this was hoping that kind 22 of the general public would therefore be convinced 23 that they shouldn't oppose this or was it targeted 24 at the City Commission to try and get them 25 pressure? �43 1 DR. SAPP: No, it was general. 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 DR. SAPP: General public? Okay. The last article, the one by the 4 sociologist, Jack Barr, I remember he said, "Well, 5 said it would be good if we could progress past 6 these discriminations, but," he says, "but it will 7 take a long time with human people being what they 8 are." 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 MRS. SAPP: 11 MR. ARNOLD: Right, yes. Yes. And sadly we're still seeing 12 some truth to that. 13 DR. SAPP: 14 MRS. SAPP: 15 16 Yes. I remember your contacting people. DR. SAPP: Yes, some of the first people I 17 thought of contacting, you know, said, well, I 18 kind of, I'd like to, I have some ideas in this 19 area, but I don't think I can stick my neck out at 20 this time. 21 (10:42:02) 22 MR. ARNOLD: That's interesting. So you 23 actually reached out to people you thought would 24 be good candidates to author these articles and 25 some were more receptive than others? �44 1 2 DR. SAPP: Well, as I say, they were just, felt like they were subject to pressures. 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 MRS. SAPP: Right. But enough people did, although 5 when I go back and read them I think those are 6 learned articles, very well written, but I wonder 7 if the man on the street or the woman on the 8 street, so to speak, paid a lot of attention to 9 it. 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 MRS. SAPP: Right. Because they were just written in 12 a, what would I say, a more professorial or just 13 for an audience that -- but we needed to get the 14 people who were thinking people who would say, 15 well yes, this is right, and if so and so, if, you 16 know, if enough other people are doing it I'll 17 join in. 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MRS. SAPP: Right. You know, I won't, we won't feel 20 the pressure if there are ten of us instead of one 21 or a hundred instead of ten or whatever. 22 DR. SAPP: 23 MRS. SAPP: 24 DR. SAPP: 25 And I think the -I think the --- list of authors also illustrates the importance of the religious and �45 1 2 educational communities within Lawrence. MRS. SAPP: You know, the university has had 3 such a big impact on Lawrence because say when we 4 came Lawrence was something like 27,000, 5 university had 12,000 students. 6 (10:43:31) 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 9 Yes, Lawrence really was a small town. MRS. SAPP: You know, the university has 10 always been a really important part of Lawrence in 11 all kinds of ways, providing employment for not 12 only people who are teaching there but all these 13 people who help in one way or another, and so it 14 has a big influence really. 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 MRS. SAPP: Right. And some people view it 17 negatively, I've run into that. 18 don't anymore. 19 (10:44:02) 20 MR. ARNOLD: I used to; I Yes, Fred Six, when I 21 interviewed him he said that he did not think that 22 that kind of change could have been brought about 23 at the time if Lawrence wasn't a university town 24 and the diversity and more, freer thinking that 25 university people brought to challenge things that �46 1 2 they thought were wrong. DR. SAPP: I remember when Leonard Clark and 3 his then fiancée, later wife, came to the first 4 meeting and told about their problems trying to 5 rent an apartment where the apartments were 6 advertised in the paper but when he went he was 7 told they were all taken but the advertisement 8 continued in the paper and I said to him, I said, 9 "Leonard, you are in a position to embarrass this 10 town." 11 (10:45:02) 12 MR. ARNOLD: And another university couple 13 that we've been told also suffered discrimination, 14 unfortunately we've been trying to track them down 15 to interview them, but did you know Bob and Gladys 16 Sanders? 17 DR. SAPP: 18 MRS. SAPP: Oh yes. Yes, yes, yes. 19 their information. 20 DR. SAPP: 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 DR. SAPP: 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 MRS. SAPP: 25 phone number? I can get you They moved back to Carolina -North Carolina. -- fairly recently. Right. We've been trying to -- Do you have their address and �47 1 2 MR. ARNOLD: The city does and the city has -- 3 MRS. SAPP: 4 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Well, if you have their phone 5 number that will be great. 6 them at their new -- 7 MRS. SAPP: 8 MR. ARNOLD: The city has mailed I know who does. -- address and e-mailed them but 9 has not heard back. 10 MRS. SAPP: 11 MR. ARNOLD: I know who does. Okay. Shirley does. If you could get that for 12 us that would be great because I'm actually, as I 13 said, I'm hoping to go back and interview Reverend 14 Dulin. 15 MRS. SAPP: They came, they came after fair 16 housing. They came in the '70s, didn't they? 17 the Physics Department had two black professors 18 come. 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 MRS. SAPP: And Okay. One was a graduate, I guess he 21 was a graduate but he'd been teaching, he wasn't a 22 real young person, and they were great, you know, 23 really good people and all, and one of the black 24 families who lived on our street was Marilyn, I 25 can't say her last name, she was in -- �48 1 DR. SAPP: Law. 2 MRS. SAPP: 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 MRS. SAPP: A law professor. Okay. And these people didn't stay too 5 long and you know why, because they were offered 6 more money at other places -- 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MRS. SAPP: Sure. -- because there were not that 9 many minority professors or people qualified to 10 teach and all the universities and colleges were 11 trying to diversify their faculties, -- 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 MRS. SAPP: 14 DR. SAPP: Right, right. -- were under pressure to, so -- Our physics (10:46:34) black 15 professor was quickly lured away by the federal 16 government for some sort of black education 17 project, paid him a lot more than what -- 18 19 MRS. SAPP: the people either. 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MRS. SAPP: 22 Yes, the pay, and you can't blame Sure. But the Sanders, yes, they did stay here and Bob taught in some form of biology. 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 MRS. SAPP: 25 MR. ARNOLD: Could be microbiology? Microbiology. Something in the biosciences. �49 1 DR. SAPP: 2 MRS. SAPP: 3 DR. SAPP: 4 MRS. SAPP: 5 And the -Well, Gladys -Taught math. Well, she taught math at the high school. 6 DR. SAPP: 7 MRS. SAPP: Yes. Yes, or junior high, high school, 8 but not at first. They came and they lived in the 9 Sunflower duplexes, which was where we had lived 10 for several years when we first came here, and 11 they had two children, Sylvia and William. 12 think they had Sylvia when they came but William 13 was born after they came here. 14 well for a number of years and then kind of -- the 15 university grew so much we, and a lot of other 16 people, you kind of ended up in more your area, 17 like the physics, astronomy, -- 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MRS. SAPP: I We knew them quite Right. -- chemistry people and just 20 because it was so big you didn't see the other 21 people. 22 at K.U. now, the Endacott Society, and one of the 23 wonderful things about it is getting reacquainted 24 with people from all areas of the university. 25 We're very active with the retirees group But anyway, -- �50 1 DR. SAPP: 2 own department now. 3 MRS. SAPP: 4 I don't even know everybody in my -- Gladys would, Gladys is very forthright, and she's a very good artist, too. 5 MR. ARNOLD: 6 MRS. SAPP: 7 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. She, yes, she's -Okay. I hope we can get ahold 8 of them and see if they'd be willing, because 9 while I'm back in North Carolina interviewing the 10 11 Dulins I would love to do them as well. MRS. SAPP: That would be great. I think 12 they would, I really do, and I will get the phone 13 number. 14 (10:48:36) 15 MR. ARNOLD: And even if they ended up, if 16 they came a little bit later it would still be 17 interesting to see what their experience was post 18 Fair Housing Ordinance as compared to pre Fair 19 Housing Ordinance. 20 21 22 23 24 25 MRS. SAPP: I'm not sure when, I thought it was -MR. ARNOLD: Yes, I'd have to go back and look. MRS. SAPP: a minute. -- after '70, but it -- no, wait I'm trying to think -- �51 1 DR. SAPP: 2 MRS. SAPP: I thought they'd come in the --- of from the ages of our 3 children. It must have been in the later '60s, 4 because our kids were born in '61 and '63 and they 5 were still fairly young. 6 we went to Berkeley or after? 7 got a sabbatical and we spent a semester out 8 there, and that, talk about integration, they had 9 integrated the schools by busing, I mean really 10 integrated them. 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 MRS. SAPP: 13 It was -- was it before That was a, Dick Okay. Our children were in the minority as whites, -- 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 MRS. SAPP: Right. -- which was I thought excellent, 16 and they had very good teachers at the whole 17 school, which isn't very good or hasn't been very 18 good for quite awhile but was excellent in 1970. 19 They were really working to bring all children 20 up -- 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MRS. SAPP: 23 (10:49:45) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Right. -- to standards, so -- Yes, my own children went to a -- I was a career naval officer and spent my tour �52 1 before coming to Lawrence, we spent quite a bit of 2 time at a big U.S. Navy base we have out in Japan 3 and we have DOD school system there and the DOD 4 high school, my children were minority in that 5 high school and they had a wonderful experience 6 and I thought there wasn't any better way for them 7 to really learn other cultures and be exposed to 8 -- 9 MRS. SAPP: 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 Wow. Which is why we -- -- that kind of diversity, which I think is important for everybody. 12 MRS. SAPP: Yes, why we need it. 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 DR. SAPP: Yes, absolutely. They've got to be carefully taught 15 one way or the other. 16 MRS. SAPP: This whole schools, getting the 17 schools integrated, which Lawrence did to some 18 extent by busing, our children went to Hillcrest 19 school and a lot of the kids from Stouffer Place 20 from graduate students from other countries went 21 there, too, so that was I thought very good. 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MRS. SAPP: Good. But, oh, kids are, you know, if 24 they're not told that they shouldn't accept people 25 they just accept them so well. �53 1 (10:50:59) 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 Let me take you back again to those articles Right. Yep, absolutely. 4 we were talking about. Was there any negative 5 reaction? 6 response to any of them, that you recall? Was there letters to the editor in 7 DR. SAPP: No reaction that I remember. 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 DR. SAPP: Okay. But the realtors did have their 10 turn. They had a big ad in the Journal-World 11 about forced housing and that was rebutted by the 12 local chapter of the NAACP. 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MRS. SAPP: 15 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Have you seen that ad? I've seen an ad that was 16 actually run at the time the state was considering 17 it in which, is this the one in which the realtors 18 basically called fair housing kind of a 19 Marxist-socialist doctrine? 20 MRS. SAPP: 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MRS. SAPP: 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 25 '65. That was probably the one. Is the one I've seen, -Yes, that's the one. -- and I think this was run when the state was first considering -MRS. SAPP: Yes. �54 1 DR. SAPP: Now locally -- 2 MR. ARNOLD: -- and describes a philosophy of 3 curbing the property-owning class is a 4 Marxist-socialist doctrine, so they took their 5 position pretty strongly. 6 DR. SAPP: Now locally a lawyer, Don Hults, 7 who had been a former state senator, appeared to 8 testify against the Lawrence ordinance -- 9 10 MR. ARNOLD: DR. SAPP: Right. -- on behalf of the Lawrence 11 realtors board. 12 MRS. SAPP: 13 (10:52:39) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Yes, do you kind of recall the 15 nature of their arguments against it? 16 Fred Six gave us a very good description. 17 18 19 DR. SAPP: Although I think I had a copy of the newspaper article that quoted him. MR. ARNOLD: Right. Yes, Fred went into a 20 great deal of legal detail about what their legal 21 positions were, which he just thought were not 22 worth very much. 23 DR. SAPP: Yes, right. 24 (10:53:05) 25 MR. ARNOLD: The other thing I wanted to ask �55 1 you about is the other part of the campaign that 2 the Fair Housing Coordinating Committee kind of 3 had going in parallel to the Human Relations 4 Commission working on the ordinance in addition to 5 those articles was a signature campaign in which 6 they published the signatures of, -- 7 MRS. SAPP: Oh, right. 8 MR. ARNOLD: -- in two different times, I 9 think there was like 900 in one full page ad that 10 they published and then three or 400 more, so well 11 over a thousand signatures of people, and not only 12 did they have the people's names but also their 13 addresses, and the city mapping people have 14 actually mapped where all those people live and 15 found it was a pretty widespread group of people 16 who lived all over town, and were you surprised, 17 do you remember, at that widespread level of 18 support or do you feel like Lawrence, there was a 19 fairly broad-based group of people who were ready 20 for this kind of change? 21 MRS. SAPP: 22 DR. SAPP: I felt they were ready, yes. Yes. I was heartened. I don't 23 remember being personally involved in that idea 24 even but, so the list just appeared in the paper 25 and I thought, gee, this is great for Lawrence. �56 1 MRS. SAPP: 2 knew about it. 3 DR. SAPP: 4 MRS. SAPP: 5 Well, I think we signed it and Yes. But no, we didn't -- we weren't among the people who got it going. 6 (10:54:34) 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 Right. And it's interesting that even -- 9 MRS. SAPP: I don't think -- 10 MR. ARNOLD: -- I think about three years 11 before the United Church Women of Lawrence did a 12 similar campaign which they worked through the 13 churches and got about 845 signatures, so there 14 clearly was, again, Lawrence was a pretty small 15 town so if you get over a thousand signatures was 16 not insignificant at the time. 17 MRS. SAPP: Yes. 18 DR. SAPP: Right. 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 21 So it does show that there was a fair amount of support out there. MRS. SAPP: I think the realtors were finding 22 themselves kind of in the minority and I think 23 once the ordinance was passed, which was, what, on 24 a six month, it was really just, I don't remember 25 any problems that like people said I'm not gonna �57 1 follow this or that kind of -- they may have said 2 it but you didn't read about it in the paper or 3 hear about it. 4 (10:55:24) 5 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And there didn't appear 6 to be a big backlash in terms of letters to the 7 editor. 8 very many that objected to the ordinance. 9 There were a couple of voices but not When the ordinance, in April, I don't know 10 whether you were at the meeting at the City 11 Commission, but Fred Six presented the ordinance 12 to the commission. 13 MRS. SAPP: Uh-huh. 14 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, we were there. And everything that I can tell, 15 the commission seemed fairly receptive, at least 16 the majority of them. 17 that there wasn't a whole lot of pushback? 18 mean, Dick Raney even was quoted in the paper 19 after it was presented praising it as a great 20 piece of work, so were you confident in the time, 21 at that time that you thought it was going to pass 22 the City Commission? 23 DR. SAPP: Was that your impression, I Did you feel like -- Yes, there was just one, one guy 24 who was very conservative businessman downtown who 25 -- and the farthest he could go was to say, "Well, �58 1 I don't know, I have to think about this," you 2 know. 3 MRS. SAPP: I probably, I was a whole lot 4 younger then, but I was sure it would pass. 5 wasn't surprised that it passed. 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MRS. SAPP: 8 people worked on it. 9 time. 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 MRS. SAPP: 12 I Good. I mean, we worked, all -- so many No, I think it was, it was Right. I think people realized it was time. 13 (10:56:41) 14 MR. ARNOLD: And Fred Six kind of pointed out 15 that really the members of the Human Relations 16 Commission at that time he felt was a pretty broad 17 and prominent cross section of the community and 18 their influence on, not that most of the city 19 commission wasn't receptive anyway but that just 20 gave a little extra weight to it with those kind 21 of people behind it. 22 MRS. SAPP: Well, yes, and I think people in 23 the community said, oh, accepted having a Human 24 Relations Committee, -- 25 MR. ARNOLD: Right. �59 1 MRS. SAPP: -- accepted that we needed -- 2 (10:57:12) 3 MR. ARNOLD: A couple other things that were 4 sent up to the City Commission at the time they 5 were considering the ordinance was a letter from 6 Vice Chancellor Surface which said the university 7 is fully supportive of this, it's in accordance 8 with the university's housing policy, which had 9 already, the university some years earlier had 10 gone through its own process of finally getting 11 around to integrated housing policy, so the 12 university administration was behind it, and then 13 also there was a letter, I don't know if you 14 recall, from Ted Owens, the basketball coach. 15 MRS. SAPP: Yes. 16 MR. ARNOLD: And he said, you know, I go 17 around the country recruiting athletes to come to 18 K.U., I tell their parents that they're coming to 19 a wonderful town where they'll be treated fairly 20 and we need this, an ordinance like this to back 21 that up. 22 expressions of support were influential in helping 23 to push it through? 24 MRS. SAPP: 25 DR. SAPP: Do you think that those types of Oh, I think so. I think so, yes, yes. �60 1 MRS. SAPP: Yes. It's, again, having, being 2 in a university town that helped but certainly 3 people have always been very enamored of K.U. 4 basketball so if they thought, people thought, you 5 know, you might not get a recruit because of this 6 I'm sure they would -- 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MRS. SAPP: -- pretty much say, "well." 9 DR. SAPP: You know, housing for students Right. Every little bit helps. 10 really underwent a great change just since we came 11 here. 12 students still lived in private -- When we came in '57 most of the men 13 MRS. SAPP: Rooming houses. 14 DR. SAPP: -- rooming houses. 15 16 There were no Daisy Field dorms at all. MRS. SAPP: But it was integrated through -- 17 wasn't the stadium housing integrated, their 18 housing below the, underneath the stadium? 19 think the housing was integrated. 20 (10:59:07) 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MRS. SAPP: 23 MR. ARNOLD: I It wasn't initially but -No, I mean by then --- it was one of the first 24 things, it became integrated, then the big fight 25 was whether the university would continue to allow �61 1 private landlords to advertise housing on 2 campus -- 3 MRS. SAPP: That's right, that's right. 4 MR. ARNOLD: -- that would not allow 5 African-Americans into that housing and the 6 university finally, under some pressure, finally 7 took a position that yes, we're not going to allow 8 those landlords to advertise on campus. 9 10 MRS. SAPP: Yes, I do remember, now that you remind me. 11 (10:59:35) 12 MR. ARNOLD: I think that was kind of the 13 last fight, and Gale Sayers was actually involved 14 in the protests related to making that change, so 15 the athletes at K.U. definitely played a role in 16 -- 17 MRS. SAPP: 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 Definitely. -- helping to bring about change? 20 DR. SAPP: Yes. 21 (10:59:48) 22 MR. ARNOLD: One thing I noted in reading the 23 meeting minutes of all the human relations council 24 meetings, and I, or Human Relations Commission 25 meetings and then also I think the City Commission �62 1 meetings on this issue were that the two of you 2 were present at every one of them. 3 because of your involvement with this particular 4 issue or did the two of you normally attend those 5 on just general issues? 6 MRS. SAPP: 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MRS. SAPP: 9 DR. SAPP: 10 Was that just No, we didn't normally. Okay. It was because of this. We were very committed to this issue. 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 MRS. SAPP: Right. I would say we were interested in 13 others and we did go to some other meetings but we 14 didn't go regularly. 15 (11:00:23) 16 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Now, when the City 17 Commission held, during two different sessions, 18 one the proponents of the ordinance presented 19 their case and then later Don Hults and I think 20 one other realtor were the only people who showed 21 up speaking against it at a separate session, but 22 do you recall in the session of the proponents 23 people, as I recall, spoke in favor of it, like 24 Jesse Milan, Homer Floyd, who was the director 25 then of the Kansas Civil Rights Commission, do you �63 1 think voices like theirs, voices of people who had 2 been discriminated against, played an important 3 role in swaying the commission that this was the 4 right thing to do? 5 MRS. SAPP: I think so, yes, and the -- do 6 you want to say something about the Kansas 7 Advisory Commission, or Committee for Civil Rights 8 with -- Dick was a member of this. 9 10 DR. SAPP: local level and I got involved at the national, -- 11 MRS. SAPP: 12 DR. SAPP: 13 We kind of progressed from the At the state. -- I'm sorry, at the state level, too. 14 (11:01:27) 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 17 Yes, I'd like to hear about that as well. MRS. SAPP: Yes, I was not on the one that 18 went to that, but first let me say, Ruth Shechter 19 in Kansas City was director or head of that Kansas 20 Advisory Council for Civil Rights and I found a 21 copy of a letter she sent saying thank you for 22 sending a copy of the Lawrence ordinance and 23 congratulations and we got, at least we got 24 something through after losing at the state level. 25 MR. ARNOLD: Right. �64 1 MRS. SAPP: She was very pleased with that. 2 She was a very good person to have directing this 3 and just spent all kinds of time involved. 4 think she had come through from the Jewish, what, 5 I don't know what organization but I think she'd 6 started out in that way, but, yes, you can go 7 ahead. 8 Kansas Advisory Council and we both attended a 9 number of the meetings when Dick was on it. We've got oodles of material from the 10 (11:02:33) 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 I Yes, describe that organization and how you were involved with that. 13 DR. SAPP: I didn't know whether you -- I 14 think we both went. 15 were very social minded, involved in things, told 16 us about a meeting in Topeka where they were going 17 to talk about fair housing and so we were coming 18 right off of this hot topic in our minds so we 19 wanted to go to this meeting, and they had a 20 realtor from someplace in Colorado as the 21 principal speaker, spoke about they had gotten 22 fair housing ordinance in Colorado and what was 23 involved, but he seemed amazed that they had been 24 able to do that. 25 be done until it got done out there, so he was George and Mandy Caldwell He didn't realize that it could �65 1 kind of there to encourage us, but the executive 2 director of the Kansas -- 3 MRS. SAPP: 4 DR. SAPP: 5 MRS. SAPP: 6 DR. SAPP: Carl Glatt. Carl Glatt. Glatt. Kansas Civil Rights Commission, he 7 was a white man and with I would say a very 8 abrasive approach to things and he was under 9 considerable fire and so at this meeting then we 10 heard black people testifying against Carl Glatt. 11 They didn't like Carl Glatt, they wanted to get 12 rid of him, and so this was kind of a new 13 phenomenon to me, so after the meeting we went to 14 talk to their spokesman, who had presented their 15 objections to Carl Glatt, and we just said, you 16 know, we're just getting into this, we don't know 17 much about it, but what if you get rid of Carl 18 Glatt? 19 we have a man in mind who I think can do a very 20 good job in that position. 21 So that's when -- 22 MRS. SAPP: 23 DR. SAPP: 24 25 What are you wanting? And he said, well, Homer Floyd. -- Homer Floyd came on the scene there. MR. ARNOLD: Okay, that's very good. �66 1 MRS. SAPP: Here is a -- oh, there were 2 things about was this constitutional, too, that, 3 you know, fair housing. 4 (11:05:24) 5 MR. ARNOLD: Fair Housing Ordinances. And 6 that was probably resolved the next year when the 7 federal fair housing law was passed. 8 9 Now, I had seen a letter that I think the two of you signed to the U.S. Senator from Kansas -- 10 MRS. SAPP: Yes. 11 MR. ARNOLD: -- in support of fair housing 12 nationally, so you all were obviously looking much 13 bigger picture than just -- 14 DR. SAPP: By then, yes. 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 MRS. SAPP: Right. Yes, here's one, Kansas Advisory 17 Council on Civil Rights. 18 from the Kansas City Star on November 2, '66, 19 realtors help write Colorado housing law. 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MRS. SAPP: 22 (11:06) 23 MR. ARNOLD: It's an article then Okay. That's kind of interesting. And I know there was some 24 effort, people like Glenn Kappelman, and even 25 Homer Floyd went and talked at one point to the �67 1 Lawrence realtors to try and bring them on board 2 and get them involved in the process, like it 3 sounds like happened in Colorado, but they tended 4 to be resistant. 5 DR. SAPP: Still licking their wounds. 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MRS. SAPP: 8 DR. SAPP: Right. They just -- On that trip to Topeka I got 9 acquainted with the woman that Fred mentioned as 10 the chair of their local civil rights commission 11 here in Lawrence, Mayzelma Wallace. 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 DR. SAPP: Right. And I got acquainted with her on 14 that and she was really a remarkable individual. 15 I was very impressed with her. 16 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Fred said he got to know 17 her very well and was thoroughly impressed with 18 her. 19 MRS. SAPP: I did go to those meetings, I'm 20 just not listed as a member of the committee and 21 it's all kind of fuzzy to me, but I know Dick took 22 an active part and I know I went to meetings in 23 Topeka with that, and Georgella Lyles was another, 24 a black woman in Lawrence who did quite a bit with 25 this kind of thing. I remember Georgella well, �68 1 2 who was a good person, really good person. Yes, Fred was really very involved with the 3 whole thing at a time when he was establishing his 4 own career and such, too. 5 (11:07:49) 6 MR. ARNOLD: Right. I'm sure he -- Earlier in the 7 conversation we talked about, I asked you about 8 kind of if you could name some people who played 9 kind of a prominent role in general in Lawrence in 10 bringing about change. How about specific to the 11 Fair Housing Ordinance? Can you name any other 12 key individuals who you think played an important, 13 particularly important role in making it happen 14 and getting the ordinance up before the City 15 Commission and getting it passed? 16 MRS. SAPP: 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 a group effort? 19 MRS. SAPP: I would say -Or was it pretty much a kind of Well, I think that's true but I 20 think like Glenn Kappelman, who was not on the 21 Human Relations Commission, -- 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MRS. SAPP: 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 become a member. He actually was. Oh, was he? He was. In 1967 he actually had �69 1 MRS. SAPP: Okay, I didn't realize, I didn't 2 remember that. 3 Human Relations Commission, Jim Owens and -- 4 5 6 7 8 DR. SAPP: I would say all the people on the I can't think of anybody you haven't already mentioned. MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Just wanted to make sure we didn't leave anybody out. MRS. SAPP: You know, the thing, it just 9 seemed to go through this, it was such a fight on 10 the state and defeated but locally it just seemed, 11 you know, I think maybe partly because the state 12 one was defeated, that people, that enough people 13 were rather indignant about that, too, and just 14 said we'll go, because the City Commission just 15 came along. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MRS. SAPP: 18 Right. Course, they'd heard from people about it. 19 (11:09:20) 20 MR. ARNOLD: And after it passed do you 21 recall any particular grumbling among the local 22 public or -- I've read somewhere that some people 23 said, well, maybe this should have gone to a 24 referendum, that there should have been a -- 25 MRS. SAPP: Oh, well, that's always said. �70 1 MR. ARNOLD: But do you recall there was any 2 significant pressure at all against it or was it 3 pretty well accepted, to the best of your 4 recollection? 5 DR. SAPP: I don't think I have a clipping 6 but somehow I remember a report of a woman who 7 owned and operated an apartment complex and she 8 objected to this on the basis, you know, private 9 property, I can choose to associate with whoever I 10 want or not, and she pretty much expressed that 11 forced housing point of view that the realtors 12 were putting. 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MRS. SAPP: 15 16 DR. SAPP: professor, too. 18 MRS. SAPP: 20 21 DR. SAPP: Did she write an article? How That's what I can't remember now. I didn't find a clipping in our collection. MRS. SAPP: 23 there about it. 25 She's the wife of a university did you hear about it, do you remember? 22 24 Did she write a, do you remember -- 17 19 Right. DR. SAPP: Well, I didn't see anything in I don't really remember that. I don't remember her name so I can't name names. �71 1 (11:10:53) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Well, the reason I bring that up 3 is we had looked earlier at that letter to the 4 editor that the two of you signed some weeks after 5 it passed and I was wondering, do you think that 6 was a response because there were some other 7 negative letters about it and you were just trying 8 to lay out the positive argument or did you just 9 feel like at that point the City Commission 10 deserved an "attaboy" for having gotten this done? 11 MRS. SAPP: 12 DR. SAPP: 13 MRS. SAPP: 14 Probably both. Some relief. I don't really remember but I don't think we would have heard too much about it. 15 (11:11:26) 16 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, because you really, your 17 letter to the editor both praised the fact that it 18 passed, couple of paragraphs you kind of 19 summarized here's what's in the ordinance, just to 20 make people aware, and -- 21 22 MRS. SAPP: was another thing. 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 MRS. SAPP: 25 Publicity, I think that was, that Right. Make sure people -- some people read letters to the editors and they don't read �72 1 other things. 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 MRS. SAPP: Right. But, you know, that there's 4 support for this. 5 grumbled about it and I'm sure there were people 6 who owned, you know, a couple duplexes and don't 7 want this done, but there were some exceptions for 8 duplexes. 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 MRS. SAPP: I'm sure there were people who Right. And I don't know, I think for a 11 lot of people the whole idea of selling your house 12 to people, to, well, in this case, of course, to 13 black people was losing money and that that comes 14 with the redlining and somebody going in and 15 saying your property values are going to drop and 16 that kind of thing. 17 18 Financial, in other words, because a lot of people really couldn't afford to lose money. 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 MRS. SAPP: Right. If you had enough money you could 21 take a stand on that way, so there again, having a 22 law meant that -- 23 24 25 MR. ARNOLD: Everybody was on an equal playing field. MRS. SAPP: Yes. That's a help. �73 1 DR. SAPP: I have one other experience. 2 About that time, after it passed, we had next door 3 neighbors who at some point got separating and 4 divorcing and so they were going to sell their 5 house and so I saw the woman in the driveway one 6 day and I walked over and I said, "I just want you 7 to know that as far as we're concerned we'd be 8 happy if you sold your house to negroes or whites 9 but we, don't think that we wouldn't like that, 10 discrimination like that," and the woman, her jaw 11 dropped. 12 anything ever to me again. She just stared at me. 13 (11:13:59) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Interesting. She never said But you commented 15 before we started the interview that in fact your 16 neighborhood did become integrated, 17 African-American families moved in after the 18 ordinance had passed? 19 MRS. SAPP: 20 They just didn't stay long because they were university. 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MRS. SAPP: 23 Yes, a couple. Right. We lived right near the university, just down the hill, so it's -- 24 (11:14:16) 25 MR. ARNOLD: And you all were on Avalon, is �74 1 that -- 2 MRS. SAPP: Avalon, and it's a very -- well, 3 there are a number of people who aren't associated 4 with the university but it's, at least it used to 5 be mostly university people because they wanted to 6 live right close to campus, which is what we've 7 always liked. 8 (11:14:34) 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 Right. So you all can say that you actually saw some actual change come about -- 11 MRS. SAPP: 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 MRS. SAPP: 14 (11:14:41) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, right. -- as a result of the ordinance? Right. And would you say that the 16 neighborhood accepted these families without any 17 issues? 18 19 MRS. SAPP: I never heard any problem about it. 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MRS. SAPP: Good. I'm quite sure it would be 22 accepted by the people who lived there. We have, 23 well, we have gay people, we have, I don't -- 24 we've had people from other countries or of other 25 nationalities, we -- I don't believe there's a �75 1 black couple there now. 2 feeling for who all lives there. 3 -- we've been there longer than anybody but I 4 would say people are neighborly but don't have 5 time to really neighbor. 6 of, you know, get-togethers that we once did. 7 (11:15:30) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 MRS. SAPP: I don't have as good a As we've gotten We don't have the kind Right, right. And also there are not many 10 children right now in the neighborhood and when 11 there are children that's how you get out. 12 (11:15:38) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Right. This may not be a fair 14 question to ask because it asks you to kind of 15 give me a general impression, but would you say 16 that what happened in your neighborhood, did you 17 have any observations that that was starting to 18 happen more broadly in Lawrence after the 19 ordinance passed, that -- 20 MRS. SAPP: 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 I think so. -- neighborhoods were starting to integrate? 23 MRS. SAPP: 24 (11:15:56) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, I think so. So you all can say based on your �76 1 observation and impressions that the ordinance did 2 make a difference? 3 MRS. SAPP: Oh yes, I think it made a 4 difference in attitudes. I think there were a lot 5 of people -- this is my impression, I don't have 6 any facts or, you know, really to base -- that 7 there were people probably just waiting for 8 something like this that were relieved or found, 9 at least, as they went on, and people found -- 10 well, we did have friends, again, associated with 11 the university who lived not many blocks from us, 12 toward downtown, I think on Alabama, and they were 13 in, I'm not sure whether they owned or rented the 14 house, I remember Thelma telling me -- and she was 15 at the high school as a counselor or something, 16 but across the street the woman wasn't too happy. 17 Now, Thelma was very low key and she said, I just, 18 essentially she overcame this with kindness. 19 was very friendly, she would take things over to 20 the woman and such and came around, so some of 21 that is getting to know people. 22 MR. ARNOLD: Absolutely. 23 MRS. SAPP: A lot of it. 24 (11:17:13) 25 MR. ARNOLD: That's one of the biggest, She �77 1 biggest arguments for integration is when you get 2 to know the people you didn't think you liked 3 before but then you find out they're just people 4 just like you your attitude changes. 5 MRS. SAPP: Yes. Well, we find that 6 underneath everybody is pretty much, everybody 7 wants the best for their family, they want a home, 8 you know, they want employment. 9 (11:17:37) 10 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Let's shift away from 11 fair housing for just a second and we had brought 12 up earlier the swimming pool. 13 the city finally in a public vote passed a bond 14 issue to build the public swimming pool after it 15 had failed a couple time previous, times 16 previously. 17 MRS. SAPP: 18 MR. ARNOLD: In November of '67 Yes. What do you think finally 19 convinced -- and I understand it didn't pass by 20 much, but it passed. 21 convinced a majority of the public that the time 22 had come to build an integrated swimming pool and 23 passed that bond issue? 24 25 MRS. SAPP: What do you think finally Well, I think people were worn down and I think the children had a lot to do with �78 1 it, I suspect, insisting they wanted a swimming 2 pool, and not only the white -- white children 3 wanted a bigger swimming pool, a good swimming 4 pool. 5 23rd was not very big, and we took our kids to 6 that. 7 knew that we wouldn't, that they wouldn't, unless 8 there was a public one, and eventually we did join 9 one out near the West Junior High because that's 10 where they went and their friends were there and 11 they could ride their bikes there. The little one they opened down south at We would not join a private pool, and they 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 MRS. SAPP: Right. But that was after we had the 14 downtown public pool open, and they did go to the 15 one downtown, too. 16 17 So, okay, so why it passed then. think people, it's this issue is not going away. 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MRS. SAPP: 20 Well, I Right. There are enough people pushing for it. 21 (11:19:20) 22 MR. ARNOLD: And obviously the fact, as you 23 point out, there didn't seem to be much pushback 24 to the fair housing issue so maybe attitudes were 25 just starting to change. �79 1 MRS. SAPP: 2 DR. SAPP: 3 MRS. SAPP: Yes. I can't think it was -- Yes. I think, I think coming up with 4 the money for it. 5 many people who were against it. 6 enough -- there were other swimming pool things. 7 If you didn't want your kids swimming with 8 children of other races or nationalities you could 9 join a private one. 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 MRS. SAPP: 12 I'm not sure there were too There were Right. But you needed, but we needed one that was available to all children. 13 (11:19:52) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Somebody told me, it might have 15 been Professor Casad, that he thought that both 16 Baldwin and Eudora had integrated public pools 17 before Lawrence did. 18 sense of pressure in Lawrence that other 19 communities -- Do you think there was any 20 MRS. SAPP: Oh, I don't remember that but -- 21 MR. ARNOLD: -- had integrated pools and you 22 23 24 25 were behind? MRS. SAPP: so, yes. (11:20:15) Yes, I think so. I would think �80 1 MR. ARNOLD: Another thing I wanted to ask 2 you is obviously there was a lot going on 3 nationally in that time frame, racial tensions and 4 of course action at the national level. 5 Rights Act had passed, the Voting Rights Act. 6 you think that national events put pressure on 7 people here locally that they needed to recognize 8 that change is coming, let's start adopting it 9 locally because it's the right thing to do? 10 MRS. SAPP: 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 MRS. SAPP: 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 Did you have that feeling that people were -- 16 MR. ARNOLD: -- more and more, yes. -- cognizant of what was happening around the country and feeling like -- 18 MRS. SAPP: 19 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. -- it's time for us to change here, too? 21 DR. SAPP: 22 MRS. SAPP: 23 (11:20:56) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Right. I think people -- MRS. SAPP: 20 Do And it's going to come. 15 17 The Civil I think so. I certainly think so. And certainly a university town, again, you would have had people who were very �81 1 well read and aware of what was going on and -- 2 MRS. SAPP: And coming from other places. 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 MRS. SAPP: Right, exactly. And, you know, the library, I was 5 thinking about this, we had too small a library, 6 it was outdated, and wanted a library and pushing 7 for a bond issue for that, which happened, as I 8 remember, in 1970, the bond issue passed. 9 of goes along. 10 It kind It's, again, something our children need a better library facility. 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 MRS. SAPP: Right. We all need a better library 13 facility. On, there's fair housing, there's the 14 swimming pool. 15 because the library had been open to, of course, 16 everyone, but just the idea of having a better, 17 bigger, for the children, as well as for other 18 people. 19 that wanted things for its children, -- The library is a little different I think Lawrence was very much a town 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MRS. SAPP: 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MRS. SAPP: 24 (11:22:05) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Good. -- were aware of this. Right. I think it always has been, so -- Now, unfortunately, even as this �82 1 progress was happening in '69 and '70 Lawrence 2 erupted in some violence, -- 3 MRS. SAPP: 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 Yes. -- some of it related to the Vietnam War -- 6 MRS. SAPP: Yes. 7 MR. ARNOLD: -- and some of it also related 8 to racial issues. 9 of, when that happened or did you sort of have a 10 sense that there was kind of a lid on a boiling 11 pot and that something was going to happen at some 12 point? 13 DR. SAPP: Were you surprised when kind We were on my sabbatical out at 14 Berkeley for six months, in the first six months 15 of 1970, -- 16 MRS. SAPP: 17 DR. SAPP: When the Union burned. -- and that was just the end of 18 the violence in Berkeley, the city park bust had 19 happened the previous fall and things were 20 beginning to quiet down there, so I picked up the 21 San Francisco Chronicle and on the front page was 22 a picture of Lawrence police macing black students 23 at Lawrence High. 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 DR. SAPP: Wow. And people said, "Ooh, what's �83 1 2 going on in Lawrence, in Kansas?" MRS. SAPP: Gee whiz. We, of course, heard from some of 3 the people here, and, Dick, but they were still 4 using tear gas on campus. 5 DR. SAPP: 6 MRS. SAPP: Out there, yes. Out there. 7 over. 8 the west coast. 9 (11:23:28) 10 MR. ARNOLD: It wasn't completely Oh, it was a very interesting time to be on Did it surprise you when it 11 happened in Lawrence or did you have a sense 12 before you left that maybe things were kind of 13 build-, that that tension was building? 14 15 16 DR. SAPP: I had not imagined that kind of thing happening. MRS. SAPP: It was a shock to me. I don't know. It's -- I wasn't 17 too surprised. I wasn't anticipating it but I 18 wasn't too surprised because just, again, you're 19 aware in a university town, the high school 20 students, the younger students are aware of so 21 many things because of that. 22 (11:24:04) 23 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Actually that's been 24 brought up to me by a couple of people is that it 25 wasn't just the university but the high school �84 1 also was kind of a focal point of some racial 2 tensions. 3 MRS. SAPP: 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 that time frame? 6 high school? 7 8 MRS. SAPP: Yes, yes. How old were your children in They were still younger than In, well, let's see, in '69 they would have been eight and six or so. 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 MRS. SAPP: 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 personal experience -- 13 MRS. SAPP: Okay. Yes, they were well below that. So you wouldn't have had And out in Berkeley they were in 14 grade school and they got excellent education and 15 a very diverse, among, in a diverse setting. 16 Teachers were diverse as well. 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 MRS. SAPP: Right, right. And of course exposed to a lot 19 of, a lot of other things around there, so -- 20 which we thought was very good for them, and, you 21 know, children just accept these things. 22 suppose if their parents have taught them 23 otherwise, but the friends our children, the kids 24 they went to school with, that they chose to 25 become closer to, there was no bearing on race, I �85 1 you know, it was just various races and whatever 2 and nobody seemed to be paying attention to what 3 color your skin was, what your eyes looked like 4 or, you know, I just never heard anything about 5 that, and I volunteered in the art classroom once 6 a week and so I was around the children some and 7 such, because I was very involved in our workshops 8 and activities out there. 9 time. 10 You could just participate in all kinds of things without any formal basis really. 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 DR. SAPP: 13 MRS. SAPP: 14 DR. SAPP: 15 It was so, such an open Right. They also had a good anti-drug -Oh yes. -- education program at Berkeley and that was very good. 16 MRS. SAPP: 17 (11:26:05) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Starting, you know, first grade. Interesting. Well, I'm coming 19 close to the end of my questions, you'll be glad 20 to know, but I want to give you the opportunity to 21 blow your own horns a little bit. 22 two of you most proud of of the contributions you 23 made to these groups and to these accomplishments 24 back in that time frame? 25 MRS. SAPP: What are the Well, getting other, working with �86 1 other people, getting other people involved, 2 promoting the fact that we needed fair housing 3 law, promoting integration of things, I would say, 4 for me. 5 Fact that you stuck your neck out, but you 6 got -- well, did you have tenure? 7 you had tenure. 8 DR. SAPP: 9 MRS. SAPP: Yes, by then Yes, right. It took me quite awhile, I think, 10 to realize that, the pressure that could be on 11 people about their livelihood and such things. 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 MRS. SAPP: 14 Right. You know, because we -- I just didn't worry about that. 15 (11:27:19) 16 MR. ARNOLD: Dick, do you have any thoughts 17 on what you are most proud of of your involvement 18 at that time? 19 DR. SAPP: I was just resisting the concept 20 of personal pride. 21 satisfaction out of doing the things that we did 22 in connection with this. 23 worked out. 24 (11:27:46) 25 MR. ARNOLD: I just got a lot of Right. I'm so glad it all The final question, in �87 1 reflecting back on how you were able to accomplish 2 these things back then, if you were to talk to a 3 group of young people today who wanted to know how 4 they could bring about positive change what would 5 you tell them based on your experiences back then? 6 What lessons would you pass along? 7 8 9 MRS. SAPP: Go ahead. You dealt with young people for more years than I did. DR. SAPP: Well, I just, I guess I would try 10 to modestly say this is one way to go about it, 11 but some people don't have the temperament to do 12 it that way, they've got to storm the Bastille and 13 sometimes that accomplishes things, too, so -- but 14 that's not the way I like to work. 15 this whole fair housing thing I felt like I was 16 kind of working behind the scenes somewhat. 17 surface here and there, but like arranging those 18 newspaper articles, my name does not appear 19 anywhere in any of the newspapers that carried 20 those articles. 21 MRS. SAPP: In fact, in I did And not because you were afraid 22 to put it in but because you didn't feel it was 23 necessary. 24 DR. SAPP: 25 MRS. SAPP: It wasn't -You didn't have the standing in �88 1 the community -- 2 DR. SAPP: 3 MRS. SAPP: 4 5 I didn't have --- or known in the community in the way these others -DR. SAPP: As a physicist I had no expertise, 6 that I've entirely an avocation to meddle in civil 7 rights affairs. 8 MRS. SAPP: Yes, I don't call it pride but 9 just feeling good that we were active in it, I was 10 active in it, and tell people to go ahead and act 11 on your beliefs as much as you can, but think 12 about it, not just go out -- 13 DR. SAPP: The other thing I'd say is it can 14 be quite exhausting and I can't personally imagine 15 myself involving myself in a series of issues like 16 that over and over again, doing all this pushing 17 through to -- I kind of exhausted my energy for 18 that kind of effort. 19 (11:30:15) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, did the two of you get 21 involved in anything along those same lines later 22 on or was that -- 23 MRS. SAPP: Not, not to that extent. 24 DR. SAPP: 25 MR. ARNOLD: No. Okay. �89 1 MRS. SAPP: Not to that extent. Yes, I think 2 we were doing that while having small, but not, 3 not infants but small children. 4 where you were working on research and -- 5 DR. SAPP: 6 MRS. SAPP: You were still Still building my career, yes. Yes, working on career and the 7 teaching, which can take, as you know, as much 8 time as you put in on it, and -- 9 10 11 DR. SAPP: We went from advocacy to just being supportive of positive -MRS. SAPP: I, you know, I'd say I was still 12 involved with the establishing the nursery schools 13 and things like that, but working with that 14 somewhat, with the, whatever the league was 15 working with at -- well, for the library, we 16 worked for getting that bond issue passed. 17 not to that extent. 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 end of my questions. 20 opportunity. 21 touched on or any other memories you had which you 22 really were hoping to have the chance to share, 23 that this is your opportunity to do that, or have 24 we covered everything you can think of? 25 Okay. No, Well, I have come to the I want to give you one last Is there anything that I haven't MRS. SAPP: I think we've covered it. �90 1 DR. SAPP: Covered it. 2 MR. ARNOLD: Great. Well, thank you so much 3 for your time. 4 Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance is a real 5 testament to how a group of concerned citizens can 6 come together kind of at the grassroots level and 7 push for change and make it happen, so I think 8 your involvement in that is something both of you 9 can be very proud of. 10 DR. SAPP: I think the passage of the Yes, this is all preliminary. 11 Next year will be the actual observance of the 12 50th anniversary. 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 MRS. SAPP: Right. But you've done good -- I thought 15 Fred gave a very good talk. 16 mic? 17 MR. ARNOLD: We are still on the Yes, but I can turn it off since 18 I think we've wrapped up the formal interview. 19 ***** 20 21 22 23 24 25 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Sapp, Richard Sapp, Phyllis Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:38:35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Richard and Phyllis Sapp Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Jayhawk Plunge (Lawrence, Kan.) League of Women Voters (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Richard and Phyllis Sapp; Richard was a faculty member at the University of Kansas, and Phyllis was involved with community organizations such as the League of Women Voters at the time that Lawrence's fair housing ordinance was passed in July 1967. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on October 28, 2016, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sapp, Richard Sapp, Phyllis Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/28/2016 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/richard-and-phyllis-sapp-hi?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SappInterview102816.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1957 - 1967 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/c5a3e9da15474b150b7e3e0d7ad3f230.pdf 4e337652dbeda16a1ff4c8746a0f1d24 PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Richard Raney 12 October 19, 2016 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 (16:30:45) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Today is October 19th, 2016. I 3 am local historian Tom Arnold interviewing Dick 4 Raney at the Lawrence Public Library for the City 5 of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th 6 Anniversary Oral History Project. 7 At the time the ordinance passed in July, 8 1967, Mayor Raney was serving as a city 9 commissioner and as the mayor of Lawrence and as 10 11 mayor he signed the ordinance. Mayor Raney, I would like to start off by 12 having you tell me a little bit about your early 13 background, including what brought you to Lawrence 14 and what you were doing here in the mid 1960s. 15 MR. RANEY: I was a middle 30s pharmacist, 16 owner of three drug stores in Lawrence. Beyond 17 that, decided to run for the City Commission and 18 served four years, did not choose to run for 19 reelection. I got sort of busy. 20 (10:23:33) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. And you had told me 22 before that you came to Lawrence to attend K.U. 23 and then stayed, or had you moved here before 24 that? 25 MR. RANEY: I really stayed, came here from �3 1 Osborne, Kansas, my hometown, and skipped my 2 senior year in high school, thinking that World 3 War II might be demanding of my presence and that 4 maybe a year at K.U. before getting drafted would 5 be helpful. 6 before I matriculated. As it is the war was over a month 7 (10:24:06) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 MR. RANEY: 11 (10:24:09) 12 MR. ARNOLD: 14 15 And was your degree in pharmacy? 10 13 Okay. In business. In business, okay. And so you opened the pharmacy after you graduated? MR. RANEY: Yes, three, actually in the first decade of my being here. 16 (10:24:19) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Okay, great. Where did you live 18 at the time or -- I know you had mentioned that 19 you, after you were married you and your wife 20 moved into a neighborhood up near Iowa. 21 MR. RANEY: We lived across from the 4-H 22 grounds for the first year and a half of our 23 marriage. 24 '54, Rich in '55, and moved to our current 25 address, my current address, 5 Westwood Road in Then we had two children, Michelle in �4 1 Lawrence. 2 (10:24:53) 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 Okay. And was that in an all-white neighborhood at that time? 5 MR. RANEY: 6 (10:24:58) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Oh, certainly. Okay. And would you, how would 8 you kind of characterize Lawrence at that time in 9 terms of the degrees of segregation and some of 10 11 12 the observable discrimination? MR. RANEY: Well, certainly economically and residentially very segregated. 13 (10:25:15) 14 MR. ARNOLD: You had mentioned that as a 15 pharmacist many African-Americans were customers 16 of yours because of your willingness to work with 17 them and provide them credit as needed and that 18 that gave you some insights into the 19 African-American community and their struggles. 20 Can you describe that a little bit? 21 MR. RANEY: Provided me with quite an 22 education. There were four other drug stores in 23 downtown Lawrence at that point in time, and, 24 having a very tiny little drug store to begin 25 with, I was finding it very difficult to establish �5 1 clientele, and some blacks came in and needed some 2 credit, I offered them, and they were uniformly 3 punctual and reliable and friendships formed as a 4 result of that relationship. 5 (10:26:11) 6 MR. ARNOLD: So how would you describe some 7 of the struggles that they faced in the 1950s and 8 the levels and types of discrimination? 9 MR. RANEY: 10 lack of opportunity. 11 a black serving the public in downtown retail 12 Lawrence at that point in time and for a number of 13 years following that even. 14 country. 15 (10:26:43). 16 MR. ARNOLD: Just what we think as a classic The top jobs, there was not It was a low wage And so for many 17 African-Americans were they in that era, in the 18 '50s, denied even access to certain businesses and 19 -- 20 MR. RANEY: There were no haircuts, no food 21 service. There were no downtown restaurants, 22 maybe out of city limits restaurants, that would 23 serve a black. 24 (10:27:04) 25 MR. ARNOLD: And I assume it was observable �6 1 by the housing segregation that that kind of 2 discrimination carried over into housing as well 3 at the time? 4 MR. RANEY: Well, and just a principle that 5 blacks will not be served food in a restaurant in 6 Lawrence. 7 think in 1957, that was still true. When Wilt Chamberlain came here, I 8 (10:27:27) 9 MR. ARNOLD: You mentioned that you served 10 from '65 to '69 on the City Commission. 11 inspired you to run in 1965? 12 MR. RANEY: What I thought there were certain 13 delinquencies Lawrence as a community was not 14 offering the broader community base, certainly a 15 swimming pool among them. 16 fair housing aspect and yet that became a very 17 important item on my agenda before long at all, so 18 if I had a single incentive to run for the City 19 Commission it was to tend to level the playing 20 field. 21 (10:28:10) 22 MR. ARNOLD: Great. I thought less of the You had, we had talked 23 also earlier about at your pharmacy kind of a 24 cross section of community leaders and others in 25 the town would gather there for breakfast and �7 1 you'd talk about the issues of the day. 2 kind of issues come up in your discussions then? 3 MR. RANEY: Did these You know, not so very much. When 4 these things were formalized in terms of votable 5 issues, whether it be just the commission or the 6 larger community in the case of the swimming pool, 7 then those were issues almost exclusively talked 8 of, but prior to that time, memory fails me, I 9 don't -- we had a lot of fun but I don't know what 10 we talked about. 11 (10:28:54) 12 MR. ARNOLD: Okay, fair enough. 13 served from '65 to '69. 14 run again? 15 You only Why did you decide not to You had mentioned just -- MR. RANEY: I was busy. I had the drug 16 stores here and interests in Emporia, Coffeyville, 17 Fort Scott, Ottawa. 18 (10:29:10) 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 21 Right. Were you pleased with what you accomplished during your four years? MR. RANEY: Oh, I would love to have been 22 able to serve longer, but I think my primary 23 mission had been at least partially served. 24 (10:29:28) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. I'm going to get, before �8 1 we get into a more detailed discussion of the fair 2 housing and your time on the City Commission I 3 just want to ask you again some general questions 4 about what Lawrence was like in that era. 5 would you describe, you know -- you've talked a 6 little bit about the kind of discrimination that 7 was apparent but how would you describe kind of 8 the tenor of race relations between the white and 9 the black community at that time? 10 MR. RANEY: How Well, I think it was best 11 described by a industrialist that occurred, a 12 meeting occurred even after I was off the 13 commission and the industrialist said that when a 14 patrol car cruised East Lawrence all the black 15 children waved at the policeman and some black in 16 the back of the room said, well, if you didn't 17 wave you got hit over the head. 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MR. RANEY: 20 Huh. And that probably well described a fundamental problem. 21 (10:30:33) 22 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Now obviously by the 23 late '60s, early '70s, racial tension kind of 24 broke out into some unfortunate violence in 25 Lawrence but -- �9 1 MR. RANEY: 2 MR. ARNOLD: Well, --- earlier in the decade, in the 3 '60s, did you sense that kind of building 4 frustration and tension within the black 5 community? 6 MR. RANEY: Not prior to '65. By '67 7 anti-Vietnam sentiments were running very, very 8 high, particularly at the university level, 9 because those were the students most affected. 10 They were going to Vietnam and too many of them 11 were getting killed. 12 (10:31:10) 13 MR. ARNOLD: And did you see, did you have a 14 sense that there was kind of an intersection 15 between the two issues, that of the race issues 16 and the Vietnam protest issues? 17 18 MR. RANEY: As a tertiary thing but not a primary. 19 (10:31:24) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. And how about the 21 protests at the university? Obviously, you know, 22 reflected issues related to Vietnam and probably 23 kind of a reflection of national racial issues, 24 but as a local issue and the concerns of local 25 African-American residents what would you say were �10 1 some of their key frustrations in that time frame? 2 You've mentioned the swimming pool as one. 3 MR. RANEY: Basic services. They were 4 remiss. I think the large, larger, older black 5 population were not particularly expecting that 6 kind of thing. 7 to understand better segregation, what was 8 happening to them that their parents might have 9 accepted but they wondered whether they should The younger people were beginning 10 accept those things. 11 (10:32:20) 12 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And it's interesting you 13 bring that up but one of the previous 14 interviewers, or interviews that I conducted the 15 interviewee mentioned that the high school was 16 kind of a hot bed of racial frustration among some 17 of the African-American students. 18 sense of that or observe any of that? 19 MR. RANEY: Did you have a It permeated the entire community 20 and it focused around the high school. There were 21 some very articulate black voices being heard and 22 stimulating, well, the need for one black 23 cheerleader seemed to be outrageous in certain 24 areas of the white community. 25 reasonable when most of the starting football It seemed very �11 1 players, or at least half of them, were black and 2 they couldn't have one black cheerleader. 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 MR. RANEY: 5 (10:33:11) 6 MR. ARNOLD: Right. It was purely offensive. Yes. We mentioned a little, 7 talked a little bit about the pool, but in 1960 8 there was an initial protest by a number of 9 African-Americans over denial of access to the 10 Jayhawk Plunge, which was a private pool, but 11 frustration that there was no public pool 12 available to them and that they couldn't have 13 access to the private pool. 14 what was the reaction of kind of people generally 15 in Lawrence over those protests and was there 16 concern that this was the beginning of a larger 17 movement that would continue? 18 MR. RANEY: Did those protests -- I don't know that the thought was 19 it was going to be a larger issue in the future. 20 It was a very painful issue focused on that very 21 thing. 22 whatever it was called, and denied blacks the 23 option of paying their 25 cents and swimming and 24 the community had some articulate voices 25 supporting the lady's being able to discriminate A lady owned the Jayhawk, or the Plunge, �12 1 on that basis. 2 thesis. Others rose up against that 3 (10:34:28) 4 MR. ARNOLD: What would you say in general 5 terms was the, were the primary impediments to 6 bringing about change or any, or groups within the 7 community that were most resistant to change and 8 what their motives were? 9 MR. RANEY: I don't know that they were 10 groups as such. I think the Klan existed in 11 Lawrence at that point in time. 12 minimize the Klan's influence on community affairs 13 and yet maybe the Klan had some influence, but 14 there were articulate voices that were as 15 segregationist as Alabama ever dreamed of being. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MR. RANEY: 18 (10:35:09) 19 MR. ARNOLD: I would like to Huh. Georgia or Mississippi. Right. And would you say that 20 was just kind of a cross section of the community 21 among some people who had particularly -- 22 MR. RANEY: 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 MR. RANEY: 25 Well, I would think --- racist points of view? -- numerically those segregationist voices were few, but they happened �13 1 to be loud. 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 MR. RANEY: Okay. And in some cases quite 4 influential in the affairs, in the affairs of the 5 community. 6 (10:35:29) 7 MR. ARNOLD: And others may have been 8 reluctant to stand up to them or speak out against 9 them because of fearing of being singled out or 10 11 ostracized or targeted? MR. RANEY: Well, it didn't seem like there 12 were enough integrationists being heard at that 13 point in time. 14 (10:35:45) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Right. One group that that 16 seems to have gotten involved, as we look at some 17 of the community organizations that were fighting 18 discriminatory practices, were often associated 19 with the university faculty members, students. 20 what extent would you say that the presence of the 21 university in Lawrence helped to spur change by 22 making people more aware of some of these issues 23 and why they needed to be reversed or changed? 24 25 MR. RANEY: To I think the best example of that would be Franklin Murphy, then the chancellor of �14 1 Kansas University, later the president of UCLA and 2 then president of the Los Angeles Times, but at 3 the time he was here he had gathered the 4 restaurant owners of Lawrence together and made a 5 pronouncement that if they didn't start serving 6 blacks as they served whites, that the K.U. Union 7 was going to start serving T-bone steaks at a 8 price that they couldn't compete with and suddenly 9 almost all the restaurants in Lawrence opened up 10 their doors to the black community. 11 (10:36:56) 12 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And the impetus for that 13 meeting between him and the restaurant owners has 14 actually been related to us. 15 Chamberlain, Homer Floyd, Charlie Tidwell, and, 16 oh, the other name is escaping me, a fourth 17 athlete. 18 chancellor and threatened to leave school -- They actually went and met with the 19 MR. RANEY: 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 22 23 24 25 It was Wilt Yeah. -- if he didn't address that issue, but it sounds like -MR. RANEY: Gale Sayers was a member of that group. MR. ARNOLD: But it sounds as if that had a real meaningful impact. �15 1 2 MR. RANEY: Economics became an issue with regard to the restaurant owners. 3 (10:37:34) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Do you remember any 5 specific incidents or problems that might have 6 motivated some people to start taking action and 7 addressing issues, such as, I mean, obviously that 8 meeting of the athletes with Chancellor Murphy was 9 one example, but does anything else come to mind 10 in those early years of things that really stirred 11 some people to action, particular events? 12 MR. RANEY: I think just getting the 13 attention of the white community, the vast 14 majority of whom were not objecting to the 15 integrated nature of this community, that the 16 community should be more integrated just came to 17 mind. It was not a preconceived thing. 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MR. RANEY: Right. But it seemed so reasonable to 20 the vast majority, not to everyone, and to those 21 that didn't seem to accept that, they seemed to 22 have the loudest voices. 23 (10:38:40) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 That's interesting you mention that because I don't know whether you recall but �16 1 at the time the Human Relations Commission was 2 working on the Fair Housing Ordinance, before they 3 actually presented it to the City Commission a 4 signature drive was conducted to try and get 5 people to sign a statement that they supported 6 integrated housing in Lawrence and over a thousand 7 people signed it, so a pretty substantial portion 8 of the population of a relatively small town. 9 Would that then not have surprised you that that 10 number of people were willing to speak out? 11 MR. RANEY: 12 since forgotten it. 13 at that. 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 MR. RANEY: You remind me of that. I'd long I don't think I was surprised Yes. That someone had the energy and 16 the integrity to make that petition a petition was 17 maybe the surprising thing. 18 (10:39:30) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And it's interesting, if 20 you look at, and the city has actually plotted 21 out, because the signatures or the names of 22 supporters that was published in the Journal-World 23 included their addresses and the city plotted out 24 where all those addresses were and it was actually 25 quite widely dispersed throughout Lawrence. It �17 1 makes it appear that there was pretty widespread 2 support for those kinds of changes, which must 3 have been encouraging to those of you who thought 4 such changes were needed. 5 MR. RANEY: 6 (10:40:00) 7 MR. ARNOLD: I'd almost forgotten about that. Yes. Did you ever feel any 8 pressure as a member of the City Commission from 9 some people, or even as a business owner who 10 worked with the, you know, who welcomed the black 11 community as customers, did you feel pressure from 12 certain segments to not be as willing to make 13 changes that would be beneficial to 14 African-Americans or to do business with 15 African-Americans? 16 MR. RANEY: Not so much doing business but 17 incorporating African-Americans into your service 18 core, whether it be a waiter, a waitress, someone 19 behind a cosmetic counter or somebody mixing a 20 chocolate ice cream soda. 21 community was noticeably missing and they wanted 22 jobs but they knew better than to apply. 23 (10:40:54) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 That's where the black Interesting. You had mentioned, and I found it fascinating because it's maybe not �18 1 a recognized element of the story of Tiger 2 Dowdell, who obviously was tragically shot in some 3 of the violence, but that he had worked for you at 4 one point? 5 MR. RANEY: 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MR. RANEY: He was our evening deliveryman. Okay. Very popular with the girls that 8 he hauled across the campus with our delivery 9 vehicle. 10 (10:41:17) 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 said? 13 MR. RANEY: 14 (10:41:21) 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 Because he gave them rides, you Yes, free rides. Great. Did you have other African-American employees? 17 MR. RANEY: 18 (10:41:25) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. And did you feel any pressure or 20 take any criticism over hiring, having, you know, 21 racially mutual hiring practices? 22 MR. RANEY: Certainly no criticism directed 23 at me. 24 frightening to be affected that way. 25 I probably was a little too big and too (10:41:46) �19 1 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. In addition to your 2 position on the City Commission, as well as your 3 role as obviously a fairly prominent businessman, 4 were you involved in any other community 5 organizations that tried to promote ends to 6 discrimination or address discriminatory 7 practices? 8 9 MR. RANEY: commission. Not prior to my service on the Post-commission I was on the Ballard 10 board, Headquarters [Counseling Center], 11 Cottonwood, KANU, the university radio station, a 12 number of university committees. 13 (10:42:24) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Now, when we talked 15 earlier, and again, you don't need to mention any 16 names whatsoever, but you had mentioned one 17 incident when you were having lunch at the 18 Eldridge Hotel of hearing something that kind of 19 helped to motivate you to want to serve -- 20 MR. RANEY: 21 MR. ARNOLD: Tremendously. -- on the City Commission and 22 make a change in the community. 23 that story to us? 24 25 MR. RANEY: Can you relate This is fully a year before I declared my candidacy, and I ran away from the �20 1 drug store once or twice a month and was able to 2 have lunch at the Red Slipper Room in the Eldridge 3 Hotel. 4 The place was very busy and the maitre d' 5 said there was one table of four with two guys 6 sitting there and he would check with them and if 7 it was okay with them if I sat with them, and I 8 sort of knew them and I sort of didn't but they 9 were two leading Lawrence industrialists, and 10 speaking of the swimming pool in this regard, not 11 the Fair Housing Ordinance, "the darkies could 12 swim in the river; they didn't drown very often 13 anyway, did they?" 14 lady who wanted to eliminate or deny blacks access 15 to her swimming pool. 16 despair. 17 I didn't want them to grow up that way. And that was defensive of the It gave me a sense of I had two young children at that time. 18 (10:43:46) 19 MR. ARNOLD: So definitely that was, when you 20 decided to run for the commission incidents like 21 that were in your mind and were symptomatic of the 22 sort of changes you wanted to bring about? 23 MR. RANEY: Some two years later perhaps, and 24 I was then newly elected to the commission, 25 Chancellor Wescoe brought me a letter that one of �21 1 those two men had addressed to the chancellor and 2 saying exactly the same thing: 3 just have them buy their own swimming pool if they 4 want to go swimming? 5 do anything about that?" 6 that's about 80 to 90 percent of the reason I ran 7 for the commission." 8 (10:44:30) 9 MR. ARNOLD: Well, why don't we And he said, "Dick, can you And I said, "Well, Interesting. You had also 10 related to me an incident where someone came to 11 your pharmacy one day and made kind of a veiled 12 threat about the Klan possibly not being happy 13 with some of the things you were doing. 14 just relate that again? 15 be mentioned. 16 MR. RANEY: Can you Again, no names need to Well, that was about it. He was 17 a dedicated customer and patient and I was 18 surprised that he addressed me on that score 19 because he knew me well enough to know where I 20 stood but he told me candidly that some of the 21 Klan members were terribly disappointed in me, 22 they were my patients and customers in many cases, 23 and he said, "Dick, would you like to see a list 24 of them?" 25 I said, "No, I think I'll be very happy to sleep He pulled a list out of his pocket and �22 1 very tight tonight and not know their names." 2 I'm sorry I didn't. 3 (10:45:32) 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 MR. RANEY: 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 And was that -I didn't look at that list. Was that while you were a member of the City Commission or -- 8 MR. RANEY: 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 MR. RANEY: 11 Now Yes. -- was that before? Yes, that was, yes. That was when we were dealing with those issues, -- 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 MR. RANEY: 14 (10:45:44) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Right. -- fair housing, swimming pool. So clearly there were some 16 people in town who weren't necessarily happy with 17 the direction things were -- 18 MR. RANEY: 19 (10:45:49) 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 22 Terribly unhappy. That's disappointing to hear but not surprising, I guess. When you became a member of the commission, 23 you've already mentioned the swimming pool, but 24 what particular issues were you most concerned 25 about and most hopeful that you could bring about �23 1 2 positive change? MR. RANEY: You know, I don't think I had a 3 long-range view beyond those issues we've already 4 visited concerning. 5 streets, but these were mechanical things. 6 a gifted city manager, Ray Wells. We were interested in better We had 7 Ray, incidentally, was a spiritual guide in 8 our efforts to create the Fair Housing Ordinance 9 and the swimming pool. He offered us lovely 10 guidance. 11 manager, knowing what he thought we should be 12 thinking about in terms of improving this 13 community. 14 Ray was a far-seeking, far-looking Ray was a mechanical guy, too. He knew the 15 pressure behind all the fire hydrants in town, so 16 he wasn't just a dreamer, he was a technician, and 17 excellent in both regards. 18 (10:47:15) 19 MR. ARNOLD: Great. How would you 20 characterize the receptivity of the commission at 21 the time in April, 1967, when the Fair Housing 22 Ordinance was brought up to you? 23 with a fairly open mind or were there set 24 positions already do you think? 25 MR. RANEY: Was it greeted You know, with the passage of �24 1 that ordinance I was amazed, I think all of our 2 commissioners, amazed at how little organized or 3 even how little outspokenness there was denying 4 the validity of that as a thing the community 5 should be about. 6 probably quietly didn't like for it to happen but 7 they didn't articulate a case, nor did they try. 8 (10:48:15) 9 MR. ARNOLD: I think there were those that Was fair housing would you say 10 an issue that was at all on your radar or 11 something that you felt like was a concern of the 12 public or were you, did you anticipate that that 13 was an issue that was going to come up to the 14 commission? 15 MR. RANEY: I don't know what my anticipation 16 might have been or any of our commissioners. With 17 near unanimity, when addressed to this as a 18 problem, with near unanimous consent the 19 commission agreed that that was a problem that we 20 had. 21 anticipating that. 22 our capacities, but once it was presented to us 23 people that objected were, almost all the people 24 that objected were just a few realtors, and only a 25 few of them. I don't know how far-sighted we were in I wouldn't want to exaggerate �25 1 (10:49:17) 2 MR. ARNOLD: There was actually a group 3 called the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating 4 Commission, I don't know whether you remember them 5 at all, but they were kind of -- 6 MR. RANEY: 7 MR. ARNOLD: Very little. -- an umbrella organization of 8 the NAACP, the League of Women Voters, the United 9 Church Women of Lawrence. I know probably as a 10 city commissioner you may have met periodically 11 with some of those kinds of community groups. 12 you remember any of the particular issues or 13 concerns that they would bring up to you or was 14 fair housing one of them or it so long ago that 15 it's difficult to remember? 16 MR. RANEY: Fair housing was one and there 17 were other issues but I would be remiss in 18 thinking that I remembered much. 19 (10:49:54) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Do Okay. Obviously the Human 21 Relations Commission played a pretty important 22 role in both constructing the ordinance and then 23 in making the case for it to the commission and 24 they had just had it presented to them as a 25 proposal by this Fair Housing Coordinating �26 1 Commission in January and then presented it to the 2 commission in April. 3 the relationship between the City Commission and 4 the Human Relations Commission in that time frame? 5 Was it a group you all trusted their judgment? 6 know it was a number of fairly prominent citizens 7 in town who were -- 8 MR. RANEY: 9 How would you characterize I Well, Fred Six articulated the Human Relations Commission's goals eloquently. 10 Fred was a bright young attorney then, later 11 became, as we know, a Kansas Supreme Court 12 justice. 13 such an articulate, understandable, reasoned way 14 that you would have to be pretty stubborn not to 15 listen carefully. Fred presented his commission's views in 16 (10:51:02) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Very good. And he was really 18 the primary author, and I asked him how that fell 19 into his lap. 20 secretary of the Human Relations Commission or the 21 fact that he was an attorney, but he ended up 22 being really the primary author of the ordinance. 23 24 25 It was either because he was the MR. RANEY: I don't think we changed one word in the ordinance as he presented it to us. (10:51:24) �27 1 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. And it was interesting 2 that he modeled it after, and I don't know whether 3 you recall this, but a great deal of it was 4 modeled after Iowa City, -- 5 MR. RANEY: 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MR. RANEY: We thought we were the No. 2 city 8 in the country. I don't know that we were, but we 9 felt that we were. 10 (10:51:38) 11 MR. ARNOLD: Iowa City. -- Iowa, because -- Yes. Well, so you don't recall 12 that there was any effort to wordsmith or fight 13 over any of the wording, it was pretty well 14 accepted as it was written? 15 16 MR. RANEY: I think exactly as it was written. 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 MR. RANEY: 19 (10:51:53) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. That's my memory. There were a couple of things in 21 the ordinance that I just wanted to ask you a 22 question about. 23 was unusual compared to other similar ordinances, 24 but one of the penalties for a violation was 30 25 days in jail. One was, and I don't think this �28 1 MR. RANEY: 2 MR. ARNOLD: I don't remember that. I was just going to ask you, 3 that sounded like something that maybe the real 4 estate agents would have found a little 5 controversial. 6 7 MR. RANEY: Some of my protagonists might have enjoyed my being in jail at least 30 days. 8 (10:52:20) 9 MR. ARNOLD: Another thing that was in the 10 ordinance, and this was kind of interesting, it 11 was sort of a, kind of a positive appeal to the 12 good will of the people of Lawrence but it said, 13 "The City of Lawrence is a center of culture whose 14 democratic principles are being constantly 15 observed by foreign students and visitors from all 16 over the world," and then it went on to kind of 17 justify, use that as a justification for why we 18 should have fair housing in the city. 19 kind of larger consideration something that the 20 commission viewed persuasively? 21 MR. RANEY: 22 (10:52:57) 23 MR. ARNOLD: Was that I think so. So really the city's reputation 24 was, besides just doing the right thing the city's 25 reputation was certainly something of concern? �29 1 MR. RANEY: We represented the flagship 2 university in the state of Kansas and for honestly 3 several states around and that we should as a 4 community be so far behind an enlightened 5 university attitude was offensive to many of us 6 wanting to call Lawrence our home. 7 (10:53:25) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 10 And I don't know whether you recall but both, I think it was Vice Chancellor Surface wrote a letter -- 11 MR. RANEY: 12 MR. ARNOLD: Jim Surface. Jim Surface wrote a letter to 13 the commission at the time supporting the 14 ordinance and saying it conformed with the 15 university's housing policies at that time, which 16 had gone through their own process of evolution 17 till they had finally embraced nondiscrimination 18 in university housing, but also Ted Owens, who was 19 then the basketball coach, wrote you all a letter 20 and said how important this was to him because 21 when he went out to recruit athletes he would 22 promote Lawrence as a city which would be 23 desirable for them, and particularly selling it to 24 their parents, desirable to having their student 25 athlete attend the university there, so was the �30 1 university's support important to you all in the 2 process? 3 MR. RANEY: Oh, very much so. As a sidebar 4 to that, I later appointed Ted, with support of 5 the commission, to the Human Relations Commission, 6 and I imagine 35 to 50 faculty members, many of 7 whom I didn't know, came to me with their support, 8 and maybe of those 50 only two of the 50 would not 9 support the ordinance. 10 (10:54:43) 11 MR. ARNOLD: Interesting. You made a comment 12 that was quoted in the Journal-World, I think at 13 the time that the ordinance was presented to you, 14 in which you praised it as, quote, a magnificent 15 piece of work, so obviously you personally were 16 quite pleased with the product that the Human 17 Relations Commission had brought up to you. 18 you think that was a reflection, again, kind of 19 the open-mindedness of the commission or a 20 recognition of the quality of work that the Human 21 Relations Commission had done in putting it 22 together? 23 MR. RANEY: The commission was a gifted 24 commission, in my judgment, and I think with 25 perhaps only one minor exception on the City Do �31 1 Commission that that was felt. 2 (10:55:32) 3 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. When the commission held 4 hearings or -- and I know none of your meetings 5 were devoted strictly to this issue, but in going 6 back and reading the newspaper accounts, at one 7 meeting you all heard the proponents and then at a 8 separate meeting the mostly real estate business 9 representatives came in to speak in opposition. 10 Were you simply persuaded by one case over the 11 other or -- 12 MR. RANEY: I think even in the case of the 13 real estate community, and I don't think the 14 majority of that community was represented by 15 those opposed to the ordinance, I think the basis 16 for their objections were so shallow, in our 17 judgment, simplistic and out of date that they 18 were easily overlooked. 19 unanimous, always supportive of the ordinance, and 20 in a way trying to assure realtor X that this 21 wouldn't ruin him. 22 (10:56:49) 23 MR. ARNOLD: Right. I think our votes were I'm going to mention 24 some names to you of people who may have played an 25 important role, just to help stimulate your �32 1 memory, and tell me, you know, what your 2 impressions of them were and the role they played. 3 We've already talked about Fred Six, but another 4 person who's been mentioned as helping to sell the 5 case was Glenn Kappelman, who was a realtor 6 himself and a member of the Human Relations 7 Commission and was very supportive of fair 8 housing. 9 you? 10 11 Do you recall how he may have influenced MR. RANEY: An elegant, lovely human with all of the right instincts. 12 (10:57:26) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Another person that was brought 14 up by Fred Six who he thought played an important 15 role just because he was such a prominent local 16 businessman was Mike Getto, who I guess owned the 17 Eldridge at the time? 18 MR. RANEY: 19 His, Mike Getto, Sr.'s, father-in-law owned the Eldridge. 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MR. RANEY: 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MR. RANEY: Okay. Billy Hutson. Okay. And then his, Mike Getto's son 24 served two years on the City Commission with me, 25 and I still maintain a friendship with him. He �33 1 lives in California. 2 fellow commissioners are all now gone. 3 (10:58:05) 4 MR. ARNOLD: I think the balance of my That's too bad. Another name 5 that comes up frequently is a leader in the 6 African-American community who also I think helped 7 to make the case for the need of the ordinance, 8 because he was a victim himself of housing issues, 9 was Jesse Milan. 10 MR. RANEY: Jesse was a well qualified 11 educator, articulate, deserving of a place on the 12 commission. 13 think Lawrence suffered as a result of that. He ran and did not get elected. 14 (10:58:36) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. I Another individual who 16 came forward was Homer Floyd, former K.U. athlete 17 who at that time was serving as the director of 18 the Civil Rights Commission for the State of 19 Kansas. 20 21 MR. RANEY: A gifted young man, not only on the football field but intellectually. 22 (10:58:53) 23 MR. ARNOLD: Very good. So it sounds as if 24 there was very much of a cross-section of support, 25 which must have given you confidence as you moved �34 1 forward, and fairly narrow opposition that clearly 2 was not convincing to the commission at the time. 3 MR. RANEY: Well, we made a lot of friends 4 from that effort that we probably would never have 5 made otherwise. 6 (10:59:16) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. I'm going to ask you one 8 fairly specific question and if you simply don't 9 recall this that's fair, but there was actually a 10 newspaper article that mentioned a meeting at John 11 Emick's' home with the city attorney and some 12 other city commissioners in late June in which 13 there was some discussion of possible changes to 14 the ordinance, and do you recall that at all? 15 MR. RANEY: 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MR. RANEY: 18 part of that meeting. 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 MR. RANEY: 21 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MR. RANEY: 25 Okay. I don't think I must have been a Yes, I'm just -Now, Commissioner Emick served the commission beyond my term. 22 24 I don't recall that. Okay. So it might be that that was after my tenure, I'm not sure. (10:59:59) �35 1 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Would that have been 2 unusual, that business meetings were being held 3 informally like that? 4 MR. RANEY: Yes. I'm surprised that it 5 happened, because that would be unheard of in my 6 -- 7 (11:00:07) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Okay. There was also some mention that a couple of people suggested that the 10 ordinance should have been put to a public 11 referendum. 12 that or did you ever feel any pressure to do that? Was there ever any consideration of 13 MR. RANEY: 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 MR. RANEY: 16 Not, not by this commission. Okay. There might have been voices outside, but not in this commission. 17 (11:00:31) 18 MR. ARNOLD: So no discussion among 19 yourselves that you would ever have considered 20 doing that? 21 MR. RANEY: We were so unanimous in our 22 thinking, both appointed commissions and elected 23 commissions. 24 (11:00:42) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Very good. Did you have any �36 1 concerns about what the public reaction would be, 2 whether there would be any negative reaction 3 towards that, or did you feel -- 4 MR. RANEY: From the drug store/soda fountain 5 point of view there was very little mention made, 6 very little. 7 (11:01:00) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Good. So given the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance and the fact that there 10 didn't seem to be much overt opposition to it 11 would you say, and I think we've already kind of 12 touched on this, but if you could just elaborate 13 on your thoughts, that the community in general, 14 other than some small group of voices, was fairly 15 receptive to change? 16 MR. RANEY: I think they were almost 17 inattentive, nonplussed. 18 only affected those people in the commercial area, 19 residential, commercial area. 20 private homeowners, it didn't affect a person that 21 had a spare bedroom that they would rent to a 22 student. 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 MR. RANEY: 25 You see, this ordinance It didn't affect Right. So unlike the swimming pool, which affected taxpayers, affected your sense of �37 1 race being in the swimming pool with a black body, 2 that affected a much larger segment of the 3 community. 4 (11:02:10) 5 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And since you bring up 6 the swimming pool, it was later in 1967 that the 7 bond finally passed to build the public swimming 8 pool but that was, I think, on the third attempt. 9 MR. RANEY: 10 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. What would you say was the 11 nature of the opposition that caused it to fail 12 the first two times? 13 it simply the public not wanting to put forward 14 the money, or a little of both? 15 16 MR. RANEY: Was it race concerns or was I think it was 80 percent race and maybe 20 percent economics. 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 MR. RANEY: Okay. I enjoyed my interaction with 19 merchants. 20 microphone. 21 addressing individual merchants and putting the 22 mic. in their face and saying, "Aren't you 23 supportive of the swimming pool?" 24 dare say no. 25 The radio station gave me a I went up and down the street (11:03:03) And they didn't �38 1 MR. ARNOLD: And I was going to ask you, the 2 next question is what do you think finally turned 3 the corner in late '67 when that bond initiative 4 passed? 5 but, what finally got it over the top? And you said it passed fairly narrowly, 6 MR. RANEY: Well, I think the community 7 conscience prevailed. 8 coming thing, evidenced by the previous 9 rejections. I think it was a slow This, as I recall, got a tremendous 10 turnout from the Lawrence public. 11 they had a little stake in this election. 12 (11:03:42) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Good. Everyone felt And you mentioned you 14 going around with a microphone to put some 15 business owners on the spot. 16 other efforts of proponents to try and get out the 17 vote and to convince people to vote in favor? 18 19 MR. RANEY: Do you remember any Well, I don't remember anything specifically. 20 (11:04:01) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. A few months before the 22 bond passed, I think in the late summer of '67, 23 the city rented a swimming pool in West Lawrence 24 and made it available to the public as an 25 integrated pool. Do you remember any of the �39 1 2 specifics behind what motivated that? MR. RANEY: Well, no. I think it was a 3 suggestion that was easily accepted as a good 4 idea. 5 and it was such a partial solution as to not be 6 thought of as any kind of a solution really. It was a very hot summer, I recall that, 7 (11:04:43) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Okay. There's actually a story that's related, and I think it's in Rusty 10 Monhollon's book, about the '60s in Lawrence in 11 which sometime late in that summer there were 12 threats by some African-American youth towards 13 violence based on a number of their complaints but 14 one of which was not having access to a swimming 15 pool and so there was some suggestion in his book 16 that the commission might have acted because of 17 concerns that they wanted to head off violence. 18 Is that your recollection at all? 19 MR. RANEY: 20 (11:05:11) 21 MR. ARNOLD: No. Okay. Do you have a sense that 22 after both the passage of the Fair Housing 23 Ordinance, the passage of the swimming pool bond, 24 that that had kind of created momentum towards 25 addressing other aspects of discrimination and �40 1 segregation in Lawrence? 2 was a growing amount of community support? 3 MR. RANEY: I don't think I had much of a 4 sense of anything. 5 what had happened. 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MR. RANEY: Did you sense that there I was just willing to accept Right. And that was to me the 8 representation of progress. 9 to go from there. 10 (11:05:53) 11 MR. ARNOLD: Right. I didn't know where We already talked a 12 little bit about some individuals who kind of 13 played an important role in both promoting the 14 Fair Housing Ordinance. 15 individuals that come to mind, either in that 16 respect or in the civil rights movement in general 17 who were promoting change, or in the swimming pool 18 issue? 19 sure you have an opportunity to recognize any 20 other individuals who you thought played a 21 positive role. Do you recall any other Anybody else who -- I just want to make 22 MR. RANEY: You've certainly touched on some 23 important ones. 24 lovely human, a colleague of Glenn Kappelman's. 25 Cliff was very supportive and in the insurance and Oh, I remember Cliff Calvin, a �41 1 real estate business and there were a number of -- 2 Bob -- oh my. 3 memory. Bob Charlton was another supportive 4 person. Up and down the street. 5 Marks, owned Mark's jewelry store. 6 Weaver quietly supported. 7 number. 8 were many. You're stretching my ancient I think Julius I think Art Yes, there were a I'm sorry to only name a few, and there 9 (11:07:10) 10 MR. ARNOLD: Great. Let me just see if -- 11 we've kind of covered a number of things. 12 wanted to talk to you a little bit about national 13 events, such as, you know, things like in 1968 the 14 assassination of Martin Luther King. 15 that, particularly as we got into the late '60s 16 and there was turmoil in the country, and some of 17 that may have spilled over into some of the unrest 18 in Lawrence? 19 perceptions of larger national issues and how they 20 influenced what happened in the community? 21 I just Did you see How did you see the community's MR. RANEY: Interesting as a sidebar, our 22 commission was meeting with some aggrieved black 23 citizens in the building on Massachusetts, the 24 senior center, and someone came in the room and 25 whispered in this lovely black lady's ear that �42 1 Martin Luther King had just been killed. 2 there to protest her father, who had been on the 3 garbage truck for 20 some years, never allowed to 4 drive the truck. 5 accident he was always on the back end of the 6 truck, now he was too old to be jumping up and 7 down off that truck and back on, and wondering why 8 her father was where he was. 9 (11:08:34) 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 MR. RANEY: 12 MR. ARNOLD: She was Even though he'd never had an Huh. Yes. And you had mentioned I think 13 when you were interviewed by Rusty Monhollon, that 14 -- and you actually brought up that meeting in 15 which the word came to the community that Martin 16 Luther King had been assassinated and you said in 17 the book, or he quoted you as saying that when you 18 saw the reaction of the members of the 19 African-American community that was there that 20 night, that you came to the realization that 21 things were about to change in Lawrence. 22 just elaborate on that a little bit and kind of 23 characterize their reaction and what you saw in 24 their eyes that led you to know that this was a 25 groundbreaking event that was going to lead to Can you �43 1 2 changes? MR. RANEY: Well, it was to me visceral. I 3 couldn't point to a single thing except what kind 4 of a commission would not address that girl's 5 father? And we did. 6 (11:09:32) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Good. And I think often it's 8 the little things like that that end up adding up 9 and making a difference over time. 10 Were you surprised, and this would have been 11 mostly after your tenure on the City Commission, 12 but were you surprised at the kind of unrest and 13 violence that broke out in the late '60s and early 14 '70s in the city and on campus? 15 MR. RANEY: Well, really not surprised 16 because the nation was rising up against the 17 Vietnam War and we had a concentration of people 18 that age group who were going to be vitally and 19 perhaps terminally fatally affected and so 20 emotions ran very high, not at all surprising. 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MR. RANEY: 23 Yes. Keeping a lid on somehow was the challenge. 24 (11:10:25) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And I've talked to a �44 1 couple of members of the, I don't know whether you 2 remember Ron and Don Dalquest, -- 3 MR. RANEY: 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 I do. -- members of the Police Department, and they -- 6 MR. RANEY: 7 MR. ARNOLD: Twins. Yes, they are. And they 8 described the challenges they faced in a very 9 small Police Department -- 10 MR. RANEY: 11 MR. ARNOLD: Very small. -- that was trying to handle 12 this unrest and some of the descriptions that I've 13 read of the violence, you know, gunfire in 14 Lawrence. 15 place and did order seem to be highly tenuous for 16 the average citizen, that you kind of lived in a 17 bit of fear? 18 Did the city seem like a very dangerous MR. RANEY: It didn't affect me that way. I 19 bet it did some. 20 bulletproof, and maybe if I had been my age now I 21 would have been more concerned. 22 I was young enough to be In terms of affecting the larger community, I 23 can't hardly believe that we felt that way. We 24 knew the affected population and almost had to 25 stand aside, didn't know how to remedy -- �45 1 MR. ARNOLD: 2 MR. RANEY: 3 (11:11:41) 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 Right. Just kind of had -- -- that war. Yes. Kind of had to let it burn itself out and let the, -- 6 MR. RANEY: 7 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. -- let the frustrations be 8 unleashed and then hopefully order would 9 eventually be restored. 10 Do you feel like as a long-time member of the 11 community that after that very difficult period 12 was over did it play in an unfortunate way any 13 positive role in continuing to promote change in 14 Lawrence? 15 16 MR. RANEY: I'd have to study that as a question. 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 MR. RANEY: 19 (11:12:12) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. I don't have a ready answer. Yes. I think often change is 21 incremental and sometimes difficult to measure 22 other than, you know, things like the swimming 23 pool obviously was one that was very visible and 24 affected people immediately, but many other 25 changes, like probably to the Fair Housing �46 1 Ordinance, -- 2 3 MR. RANEY: There might have been a few dozen other incremental changes so slight as to -- 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 MR. RANEY: 6 (11:12:34) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Right, yes. -- be hard to remember. Right, right. In reflecting 8 back on the role you played as a member of the 9 Lawrence City Commission for four years what 10 accomplishments are you most proud of? 11 MR. RANEY: Oh, I think those two. I think 12 my public service career is wrapped up with those 13 two. 14 (11:12:59) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Very good. Thinking back on 16 that fairly tumultuous period and the struggles of 17 people to bring about change, what do you think 18 young people today can learn from that and take 19 away as lessons in terms of promoting social 20 change and community activism today to try and 21 make Lawrence, or any community, a better place? 22 MR. RANEY: Well, I'm pleased that we're so 23 far advanced from where we were in the era that 24 we're talking about here today. 25 are mountains yet to be climbed, but, oh, we're in Certainly there �47 1 better shape now and progress is yet to be made. 2 (11:13:49) 3 MR. ARNOLD: Right, yes. One thing that's 4 fairly evident in going back and looking at how 5 the fair housing issue worked its way up to 6 finally getting to the Human Relations Commission 7 and then to the City Commission is that it was 8 very much or in very many respects kind of a 9 bottom-up community-based movement that involved 10 organizations, as I mentioned before, the NAACP, 11 the League of Women Voters, there was a group 12 called the League for the Promotion of Democracy, 13 other groups like that. 14 kind of community-based social activism is a way 15 to bring about positive change even though it can 16 sometimes take a long time? 17 MR. RANEY: Do you believe that that Well, I certainly thought that in 18 that era past. I was an enthusiastic member of 19 the Elizabeth Ballard Center, North Lawrence, Penn 20 House, Cottonwood, Headquarters. 21 properly motivated and represented advances in our 22 community as an attitude, so yes, I'm enthusiastic 23 in that sort of effort. 24 (11:15) 25 MR. ARNOLD: Those were Are you still involved in any of �48 1 those -- 2 MR. RANEY: 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 MR. RANEY: 5 (11:15:07) 6 MR. ARNOLD: No. -- types of efforts? I became too long of tooth. But I'm sure you probably are 7 still associated with people who are, and I know 8 you represent a member of the community who's had 9 a long history of trying to bring about positive 10 11 change. MR. RANEY: Well, with the help of my 12 grandsons we still enjoy contributing to all those 13 things we can manage. 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 end of my questions. 16 the opportunity if there's anything we didn't 17 cover or any other stories you remember that you 18 want to have the opportunity to relate while 19 you're here I open the floor up to you for 20 anything you'd like to add. 21 MR. RANEY: 22 have enjoyed it. 23 MR. ARNOLD: Great. Well, I have come to the I just wanted to give you Tom, it's been a good visit. I Thank you. Well, great. Well, thank you 24 very much, and again, thank you for participating 25 in our project and thank you for the important �49 1 role you played in bringing about the Fair Housing 2 Ordinance in Lawrence. 3 MR. RANEY: 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 MR. RANEY: 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Minimal. Minimal. All right, sir. Good luck. Thank you very much. ***** � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Raney, Richard Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Richard Raney Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Jayhawk Plunge (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Richard Raney, who was the mayor of Lawrence at the time the city's fair housing ordinance was passed in July 1967. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on October 19, 2016, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Raney, Richard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/19/2016 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/richard-raney-audio-only-hi?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>Click <a href="https://youtu.be/6k_dInoIWPg">here</a> to view the video recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RaneyInterview101916.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1940s - 1967 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/39fd71803e27fac2c1761400418b6e9e.pdf 4e8dd7da5fc05c2583489105a13651ff PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Robert Casad 12 October 24, 2016 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 MR. ARNOLD: Today is October 24th, 2016. I 2 am local historian Tom Arnold interviewing Dr. 3 Robert Casad in his apartment at Presbyterian 4 Manor in Lawrence, Kansas, for the City of 5 Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary 6 Oral History Project. 7 At the time the ordinance passed in July, 8 1967, Dr. Casad was a law professor on the faculty 9 of the University of Kansas Law School in 10 11 Lawrence. Sir, to start off why don't you just tell me 12 a little bit about your background, you don't have 13 to go into too much detail and what you were doing 14 in Lawrence in the mid to late 1960s. 15 DR. CASAD: Well, I came here from law 16 practice in Minnesota to be on the faculty. I had 17 been at the University of Kansas as a student, got 18 my A.B. and M.A. here, and then went to Michigan 19 Law School and practiced law briefly in Minnesota, 20 and the opportunity to become a professor opened 21 up and I came down here. 22 come back to a place that I liked. 23 Kansan and have spent virtually all my life here. It was an opportunity to 24 What else would you -- 25 (14:35:43) I am a native �3 1 MR. ARNOLD: So by the mid 1960s you were 2 actually a professor teaching law at the law 3 school at K.U.? 4 DR. CASAD: 5 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Okay, great. How would you 6 describe the city at that time, in the '50s and 7 '60s, and the racial environment and what forms of 8 discrimination were apparent? 9 DR. CASAD: Well, of course it was much 10 smaller, and as far as the racial environment, 11 there was segregation in movie theaters. 12 that had pretty much vanished by the late '60s. 13 That is something we accomplished in student 14 politics when we were students, we got them to at 15 least allow black people to attend movie theaters 16 that did not have balconies, and that was an 17 accomplishment then. Well, 18 But there was a swimming pool here in 19 Lawrence, and I believe it was a municipal 20 swimming pool, but when agitation began for racial 21 equality I believe they sold the swimming pool to 22 private enterprise so that they wouldn't be forced 23 to desegregate the swimming pool. 24 Ottawa had a swimming pool and Baldwin had a 25 public swimming pool, neither of which were At the time �4 1 segregated, but Lawrence was segregated. 2 I don't think the schools were technically 3 segregated, although virtually all of the black 4 students went to either Pinckney or Woodlawn or 5 New York School, grade schools. 6 know much about the junior highs. 7 think. 8 that time, just trying to think. 9 West and South and Central Junior Highs were I don't really I'm trying to I think there was only one junior high at Yes, I think 10 organized somewhat later, as I recall, but I'm not 11 positive about the dates. 12 already existing by 1960. 13 They may have been The high school was not segregated, although 14 seems to me that black students were discouraged 15 from participating in the athletic events because 16 I rarely saw them performing for Lawrence High. 17 The high school I went to in Wichita was not 18 segregated, although the grade schools in Wichita 19 were segregated up until the eighth grade and 20 after that -- no, up until the ninth grade. 21 that they, black students, went to the public high 22 schools, there were two then in Wichita, North and 23 East, but Lawrence was surprisingly very racially 24 segregated at that time. 25 You would think a city founded by the After �5 1 abolitionists would have been much more willing to 2 be in the forefront of desegregation, but Lawrence 3 wasn't, and there was great resistance to 4 ultimately building a public swimming pool for 5 that principal reason. 6 campaign to get a public swimming pool in 7 Lawrence. 8 (14:40:38) 9 MR. ARNOLD: We had to have a similar Right. The first protests 10 regarding the swimming pool were in 1960 and a 11 group that was involved with those protests, or at 12 least was advising the African-American groups who 13 were protesting, was the Lawrence League for the 14 Promotion of Democracy. 15 that organization? 16 justice activist league. 17 DR. CASAD: 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 DR. CASAD: Were you involved with It was kind of a social No, I wasn't. Okay. My involvement was just my 20 personal beliefs and the fact that my wife was 21 actively involved in the Lawrence United Church 22 Women. 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 DR. CASAD: 25 Right. And they were actively involved in trying to promote racial desegregation in �6 1 Lawrence. 2 (14:41:35) 3 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Now, you had mentioned 4 that most of the African-American students went 5 to, in elementary school, Woodlawn, which is in 6 North Lawrence, New York, which is in East 7 Lawrence, and then Pinckney, which serves parts of 8 the Pinckney neighborhood in Old West Lawrence, so 9 it was pretty evident in terms of segregation that 10 those were the areas -- 11 DR. CASAD: 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 14 15 Yes, uh-huh. -- where the majority of African-Americans lived. DR. CASAD: Residential, there was de facto residential segregation. 16 (14:42:02) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Now, to a significant 18 degree that segregation was sustained because of 19 real estate practices that real estate agents, if 20 an African-American came to town looking for 21 housing, even if they could afford to live 22 anywhere they would tend to steer them towards the 23 African-American neighborhoods. 24 something people were aware of at that time? 25 that kind of a -- Was that Was �7 1 DR. CASAD: Oh, I think they were, and in 2 fact in some parts of the city the, in fact in 3 West Hills, where we ultimately bought a house in 4 1968, there were racially restrictive clauses in 5 the covenants of the deeds. 6 them have covenants running with the land that 7 prevented the sale of that land to persons, I 8 think they even included Jews in there, that 9 people had to be white Christians in order to live The property, all of 10 in that neighborhood, and those, you know, later 11 developed areas, most of them did have racial 12 covenants in the properties, so I don't know how 13 many people who weren't actively involved were 14 aware of it but I certainly was, and it was 15 evident just from looking at the city where black 16 people had to live. 17 (14:44) 18 MR. ARNOLD: What would you say at that time 19 were the most obvious or known impediments to 20 bringing about change? 21 racial attitudes of a certain established group of 22 residents of the city or was it other factors, or 23 was it just kind of the national environment, that 24 Lawrence was just indicative of the nation? 25 DR. CASAD: Was it certain, just Well, I think Lawrence was �8 1 indicative of the nation. 2 probably a little bit advanced over a lot of 3 places, but I think it was the fear that real 4 estate prices would plummet if they allowed 5 African-Americans to live anywhere except in those 6 areas where they were already contaminated, and I 7 think that was probably one of the principal 8 forces behind the continued practice of race 9 segregation in everything. 10 If anything it was Businesses were afraid that they'd lose 11 customers if they opened their stores, and 12 restaurants especially, to black people, but I 13 don't know, I can't remember exactly how much of 14 that, of racial segregation continued in the 15 restaurants by that time. 16 but I'm not, I really am not certain when the 17 racial segregation in the restaurants was ended, 18 probably not until 1964, the Civil Rights Act. 19 (14:46:05) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Right. I think it probably did Well, some of it changed 21 to a degree in the late '50s after -- I don't know 22 whether you ever have heard of the story of Wilt 23 Chamberlain and four other African-American 24 athletes [actually three other athletes]. 25 DR. CASAD: Oh yes. �9 1 MR. ARNOLD: -- going to the chancellor and 2 saying, "If you don't get the restaurant owners 3 downtown to open their businesses up to us we're 4 gonna transfer out of K.U.," and -- 5 DR. CASAD: 6 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. -- some change was brought about 7 because of that, which shows you how much prestige 8 Wilt brought to the program, and -- 9 DR. CASAD: 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 DR. CASAD: Yes. -- how that -I do remember that when a 12 basketball team would go and have dinner together 13 before games or something like that LaVannes 14 Squires, who was the first black athlete allowed 15 to participate on university varsity teams, was 16 not allowed to eat with the other team members and 17 Phog Allen himself required the owner of the 18 Jayhawk Cafe, which was where they liked to eat, 19 which is right down there on Ohio Street at 14th, 20 to permit LaVannes Squires to eat with the team. 21 Yes, I remember that. 22 though, I think. 23 (14:47:35) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 believe. That was in the '50s, Right, late '50s. '59, I �10 1 Now that's an example of how K.U. students 2 certainly had some influence in bringing about 3 change in the city, but what's also obvious when 4 you read about the history of the groups that were 5 advocating for change was the involvement of 6 people like yourselves, K.U. faculty members. 7 you find that to be the case, that many of your 8 colleagues, in addition to yourself, and their 9 spouses often were often interested in pursuing 10 change and supporting these organizations that 11 were advocating for social justice? 12 DR. CASAD: Did I think that, yes, members of the 13 faculty were generally sympathetic with 14 desegregation, but I don't remember how active 15 most of them were in that regard, but I'm sure 16 they voted for the measures that would tend to 17 desegregate the city whenever issues came up like 18 that. 19 I know the churches were actively involved in 20 helping to desegregate the city, to promote racial 21 equality. 22 what you were talking about, C-O-R-E? Committee on Racial Equality, is that 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 DR. CASAD: 25 MR. ARNOLD: CORE was -Yes, yes. That's -- �11 1 DR. CASAD: 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 DR. CASAD: 4 I remember that as a student. Right. I don't remember them involved in this. 5 (14:49:24) 6 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, many faculty members were 7 involved in things like, or their spouses, in 8 League of Women Voters, the Fair Housing 9 Coordinating Committee, the United Church Women, 10 but, as you say, in addition to the faculty 11 members and spouses the churches also I think you 12 often found being very heavily involved in some of 13 these types of organizations. 14 DR. CASAD: 15 (14:49:50) 16 MR. ARNOLD: Uh-huh. And then the other one that I 17 had mentioned earlier, the League for the 18 Promotion of Democracy, which was active from the 19 late '40s until about '64, also pursued those 20 types of issues and had quite a bit of faculty 21 involvement. 22 Would you say that, was there any, did you 23 ever sense any resentment on the part of long-time 24 residents of the city with faculty members wanting 25 to stir things up and bring about change, -- �12 1 DR. CASAD: 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 4 Oh yes. -- did you ever sense that? And how would you describe kind of -DR. CASAD: I think there was always some 5 tension between the town and gown that -- and I 6 don't know, I can't put my finger on specific 7 instances that would give me that feeling but I 8 tended to get the idea that people in the city 9 resented these outsiders coming in and trying to 10 change their community, and I think the 11 Journal-World wasn't especially sympathetic to the 12 changes, although, as I recall, they were never, 13 they never actively attempted to oppose it. 14 As example of our -- I was, I was invited to 15 write this article here, and I don't remember if 16 it was by the Journal-World or whether the 17 Journal-World invited the Committee on Fair 18 Housing to submit some kind of an article and they 19 designated me to do it, I can't remember the 20 circumstances. 21 (14:51:50) 22 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Yes, there were actually 23 seven articles that were published in a series in 24 February of 1967. 25 obviously, and there were six others that were You authored one of them, �13 1 either authored by specific individuals or 2 authorship wasn't attributed but all kind of in 3 favor, examining different aspects of the fair 4 housing issue and arguing in favor. 5 to ask you if you recall how that -- 6 DR. CASAD: 7 MR. ARNOLD: I was going Who were the other -One was a sociology professor, I 8 don't have the names with me, but I think three of 9 them were professors in addition to yourself, but 10 it appeared they were all members of the Fair 11 Housing Coordinating Committee, so it looked as if 12 it was something that the committee had decided to 13 put a series of articles together to kind of, as 14 sort of a side track while the Human Relations 15 Commission was crafting the ordinance to -- 16 DR. CASAD: 17 (14:52:49) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Uh-huh. And I'm wondering if you recall 19 what the intended target audience of those 20 articles was? 21 Was it just to hopefully try and -- DR. CASAD: Just the community at large, I 22 guess, to make sure they understood the issues. 23 It's not somebody trying to stir up their, trouble 24 for them. 25 if you happened to be black and were trying to There was a lot of trouble here already �14 1 eliminate or alleviate some of that. 2 (14:53:21) 3 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Do you recall also in 4 the same time frame the Fair Housing Coordinating 5 Committee also pursued a signature campaign and 6 they got over a thousand people in Lawrence to 7 sign a pledge that they supported fair housing? 8 DR. CASAD: 9 MR. ARNOLD: I don't remember that. Okay. It was actually in, the 10 city has actually mapped out the location because 11 everyone, it was published in the Journal-World 12 and everybody also provided their address and the 13 city actually found very broad-based support when 14 you looked at where all these people lived, 15 including many, many of them in all-white 16 neighborhoods, -- 17 DR. CASAD: 18 MR. ARNOLD: Uh-huh. -- so it was pretty obvious that 19 a fair number of citizens of Lawrence had no 20 qualms about having African-American families 21 living in their neighborhoods. 22 Do you think that, do you have the sense that 23 there was fairly broad-based support in the 24 community for fair housing? 25 DR. CASAD: I don't really have much sense �15 1 for that. I think it was something that we -- 2 (Phone ringing) 3 Some robo call. 4 We didn't feel a lot of support from anybody 5 other than those that were actively involved in 6 it, but I didn't see any organized opposition 7 except to the extent that the realtors perhaps 8 were sub rosa an organized group that opposed it. 9 (14:55:04) 10 MR. ARNOLD: Right, yes. Do you recall how 11 the Fair Housing Coordinating Committee came 12 about? 13 organization of a number of different [groups]. 14 Were you involved at all in their [activities] and 15 who decided we need this coordinating committee to 16 pursue fair housing? 17 DR. CASAD: I know it was kind of an umbrella I have a feeling that I was but I 18 don't remember that, that I was -- I don't know in 19 what capacity. 20 that committee. 21 willing to do the work. I'm not even sure that I was on 22 (14:55:51) 23 MR. ARNOLD: I just was involved because I was I think you and your wife 24 attended a number of the, well, the Human 25 Relations Commission meetings, along with many �16 1 other members of the Fair Housing Coordinating 2 Committee. 3 Dulin, who was in charge of the committee? 4 the youth pastor [of Plymouth Congregational 5 Church]. 6 7 Do you remember Reverend Richard DR. CASAD: The name I remember. He was I don't have a recollection of the person. 8 (14:56:13). 9 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. I was just curious. Your 10 wife I know was involved with United Church Women 11 and the Lawrence League of Women Voters and they 12 both were organizations that were concerned about 13 fair housing. 14 DR. CASAD: 15 MR. ARNOLD: Uh-huh. Was she there representing them 16 at these meetings or was she really there on an 17 individual basis? 18 19 DR. CASAD: No, I think she may have had some official capacity. 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 DR. CASAD: 22 (14:56:43) 23 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. I'm not positive but -- Right. And what got both of you 24 interested in getting involved in support of this 25 issue? Any particular concerns or -- �17 1 2 DR. CASAD: Yes, just our personal beliefs, I think. 3 (14:57) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Was there a sense among 5 the groups that were supporting this that the 6 ordinance could make a real difference? 7 DR. CASAD: Well, we hoped it could. There 8 was also a feeling that how are you going to 9 enforce this? How are you going to enforce it? 10 And the enforceability was a matter that people 11 were concerned about because they didn't want to 12 have to use strongarm methods if they didn't have 13 to and so that was a factor people were worried 14 about, but -- and if you're not going to enforce 15 it what good is it? 16 that kind of discussion. 17 (14:57:51) 18 MR. ARNOLD: You know, that, there was I think a year before the Fair 19 Housing Coordinating Committee brought the 20 proposal for a city ordinance up to the Lawrence 21 Human Relations Commission the State of Kansas had 22 considered a fair housing law but it had not 23 passed. 24 to the City Council the disappointment in the fact 25 that the State had not taken up the issue? Was part of the motivation in pushing it �18 1 DR. CASAD: 2 (14:58:16) 3 MR. ARNOLD: I don't recall that. Okay. Do you remember off the 4 top of your head any particular other individuals 5 who you remember working with that played kind of 6 an important role in pushing the issue forward and 7 drafting the ordinance? 8 9 DR. CASAD: Well, the only people I recall specifically were Ann Moore and her husband, Tom 10 Moore, and Fred Six, and those are the ones that I 11 worked -- I worked with Fred basically, he's the 12 only one I really recalled, because my role was in 13 drafting the ordinance and I probably, I collected 14 sample ordinances from other towns, university 15 towns and other towns that had them to use as 16 guidelines to draft the local ordinance here and I 17 think I may have been one of, if not the 18 principal, one of the principal writers who 19 prepared it. 20 think before the council because he was very well 21 known in the community. 22 well known and respected and he himself was an up 23 and coming practicing lawyer so he was the one to 24 promote it certainly, and he did. 25 Fred was the one who promoted it I (15:00:32) His parents were very �19 1 MR. ARNOLD: But I know you all used for kind 2 of your primary model the Iowa City, Iowa, 3 ordinance. 4 Do you recall why? DR. CASAD: I don't recall why except that we 5 may have thought that was closest to the situation 6 that we found ourselves in here. 7 (15:00:51) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 10 It sounds as if you intentionally targeted university towns, thinking there would be the closest similarity? 11 DR. CASAD: 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 DR. CASAD: I think we did. All right. But I think there were some other 14 towns involved, but not just the university towns, 15 but I don't remember exactly what all we did. 16 (15:01:10. 17 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Did you all have a sense 18 when you, when the coordinating committee made the 19 proposal to the Human Relations Commission and 20 then they took it up and the ordinance was drafted 21 did you have a degree of confidence that this 22 would be passed by the City Commission? 23 think they'd be receptive to it? 24 25 DR. CASAD: Did you I thought so by that time. I think there was enough feeling of receptivity �20 1 somewhere along the line and I thought in the 2 hands of Fred, that it would, he could convince 3 them. 4 (15:01:48) 5 MR. ARNOLD: Did you think that it would sell 6 primarily on the legal arguments or do you think 7 that moral arguments would sway them or some 8 combination? 9 DR. CASAD: Well, I -- 10 MR. ARNOLD: Or the kind of arguments you 11 even made in your article, which is if we want to 12 alleviate poverty and other social problems among 13 African-Americans housing is one area that's a key 14 to that? 15 DR. CASAD: 16 started there. 17 something. Well, let's go back to where you I was about to respond to 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 DR. CASAD: Okay, the legal or moral? Yes. I think we felt that if it 20 were emphasized that this is not a legitimate 21 basis for discriminating in residential housing, 22 that the other issues would fall into place. 23 moral would follow along. 24 (15:03:04) 25 MR. ARNOLD: The Did you have a sense that, in �21 1 addition to feeling that the City Commission would 2 be receptive did you have a sense, again, that the 3 community would be receptive to this, other than 4 obviously the real estate agents, who had a vested 5 interest? 6 DR. CASAD: Well, I had, I guess I had some 7 doubts as to how enthusiastic the community would 8 be but once we got it on the books they were, I 9 thought it was, it worked fairly successfully. 10 (15:03:44) 11 MR. ARNOLD: Now why do you think fair 12 housing was an issue that a number of groups kind 13 of coalesced around and felt like that was a topic 14 that should be pushed forward and an ordinance put 15 in place to try -- 16 DR. CASAD: Well, it was, nationally that was 17 a, there was a great deal of emphasis on that. 18 There had been some Supreme Court decisions that 19 made it clear that that was not a legitimate basis 20 for segregating people and that the, we felt that 21 the ordinances would be upheld in the courts, but 22 you had to have an ordinance. 23 (15:04:38) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Right. Were you involved at all in efforts at the state level to push through a �22 1 state, similar state law, which I don't think 2 passed until 1969, but did you get involved in 3 that? 4 5 DR. CASAD: I don't recall being involved in that. 6 (15:04:49) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Do you remember at the 8 time when the ordinance went before the City 9 Commission and first the proponents made their 10 case and then the opponents argued against it, 11 which, as you've already pointed out, was really 12 only the real estate agents, do you remember what 13 the substance of their argument against it was? 14 15 DR. CASAD: No, I don't have any specific recollection. 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 DR. CASAD: Okay. I can assume what their argument 18 was but I don't specifically remember what they 19 said. 20 (15:05:24) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Right. In addition to the legal 22 argument in favor of that you've already talked 23 about I know a number of people also appeared 24 before the City Commission, African-Americans like 25 Jesse Milan, who had been a victim of housing �23 1 discrimination. 2 DR. CASAD: 3 MR. ARNOLD: 4 Uh-huh. Do you think their presence was important in reinforcing -- 5 DR. CASAD: 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 DR. CASAD: Oh, I think so. Okay. Jesse was well, well received in 8 the community and people knew he was not anyone to 9 fear. 10 Yes, his participation I thought was very important. 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 DR. CASAD: 13 Good. I don't remember who else but there were others. 14 (15:06:17) 15 MR. ARNOLD: Two other things that may have 16 helped sway the commission. The vice chancellor, 17 James Surface, wrote a letter to the City 18 Commission in support of the ordinance, arguing 19 that it fully conformed with university housing 20 policy, and then also the basketball coach, Ted 21 Owens, wrote a letter and said that he fully 22 supported it and kind of gave as an argument in 23 favor of it, you know, when he goes out to recruit 24 athletes, and particularly African-American 25 athletes, he often makes the case to their parents �24 1 that Lawrence is a town that they would want their 2 son to live in and play sports in and so he felt 3 that this was a strong reflection on the, you 4 know, reputation of the town. 5 you think the City Commission would have been 6 swayed by kind of those university positions? 7 DR. CASAD: To what extent do Well, I think they were because 8 they were well stated and certainly people like 9 Ted Owens was, the community certainly wants to 10 have a good basketball team and at that time I 11 remember there was a, I remember there was about 12 that time a reaction against, by some of the most, 13 you know, ardent segregationists that they ought 14 to change the name of the Jayhawks to the Black 15 Hawks because we're getting too many negroes on 16 the basketball team, but of course they were the 17 only ones who were any good and so that helped to 18 break down the attitudes in the community of 19 people that just didn't like black people. 20 (15:08:20) 21 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And Fred Six told me 22 when I interviewed him that he thought that the 23 fact that Lawrence was a university town and the 24 university's influence, you know, attracting 25 diverse groups of professors from different areas �25 1 and different backgrounds, as well as a diverse 2 student body, certainly helped change town 3 attitudes and made it, helped to make it possible 4 for things like the Fair Housing Ordinance to pass 5 do you think that's -- 6 DR. CASAD: 7 (15:08:54) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 July of '67. I think that's accurate. The ordinance finally passed in Later that year the bond issue to 10 build a municipal swimming pool finally passed 11 after a couple of unsuccessful efforts. 12 recall any advocacy for that that you or 13 colleagues of yours were involved in to push for 14 -- because I understand it was a pretty close vote 15 that time it finally passed. 16 DR. CASAD: Do you I know my wife was involved in it 17 and I know our own personal -- we took our 18 children to Baldwin mainly to go swimming. 19 were neighborhood swimming pools around in various 20 neighborhoods and some of them were not segregated 21 but the public pool, to the extent that the 22 Jayhawk Plunge was the public pool, everybody 23 assumed it was, it was segregated and we wouldn't 24 go there and support it, but I'm sure my wife was 25 somehow involved in that promoting the swimming There �26 1 pool ordinance, but I don't remember myself being 2 actively involved in it. 3 (15:10:29) 4 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. So those two issues were 5 addressed, and obviously fair housing certainly 6 didn't bring about change overnight, but a couple 7 years later, in 1969, then continuing into 1970, 8 there was quite a bit of unrest in the town and on 9 campus, some of it related to the war in Vietnam 10 but also some of it related to racial injustices. 11 Did you have, or can you share any of your 12 perspectives on that violent two-year period and 13 what things were like in town and what you think 14 triggered that level of violence? 15 DR. CASAD: The worst period was '69 and '70 16 and that year I was on leave at UCLA and things 17 were just as bad at UCLA. 18 Angela Davis was on the faculty and did a great 19 deal of agitation that made a lot of people angry, 20 so we had issues of that nature even at UCLA, but 21 I understand that year there was fire in the Union 22 building and one of the local cops shot a black 23 student, killed him, and so there was a lot of, 24 lot more ill feeling I guess here because it was 25 more concentrated than where we were in west L.A. That was the year that �27 1 When I came back I remember I was, I ran for 2 judge, for the district judge. When Judge Frank 3 Gray retired there was no incumbent in the 4 position and I -- at that time we ran as party 5 nominees, that was before the judicial reform, and 6 I guess I was the last person to run as a Democrat 7 for a judgeship in this district and this was an 8 issue people were interested in, and I would have 9 to say that I believe that I carried the city of 10 Lawrence narrowly but in the whole district my 11 opponent, Jim Paddock, was, he was out, he got, 12 outvoted me for, by a large majority and so I was 13 not elected, but it was a -- I did make that 14 attempt to assert myself as a person in the 15 community instead of just a professor. 16 (15:13:58) 17 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Were you involved, other 18 than your involvement in the fair housing 19 committee and in assisting to push that ordinance 20 through were you involved in any other community 21 groups that were pushing for various types of 22 change that you remember? 23 DR. CASAD: I know I was on the traffic 24 commission but there were no particular issues of 25 social nature involved there, it was just �28 1 2 controlling the traffic flow. I don't recall being involved in other civic 3 issues until -- well, I guess -- I don't -- I just 4 don't remember any. 5 defeated for the judgeship I decided I'm going to 6 have to be a professor and settle down and do what 7 I can here and so from then on I was more 8 concerned about promoting my career, I guess, than 9 promoting other issues in the community. 10 (15:15:18) 11 MR. ARNOLD: I became -- after I was During the 1960s obviously 12 nationally and down to the local level a number of 13 laws were passed, from the Civil Rights Act to the 14 Fair Housing Ordinance in Lawrence, that made a 15 number of different forms of discrimination 16 illegal, but obviously in addition to putting 17 those laws in place changing attitudes among the 18 public in general is equally important. 19 see, oh, from the 1970s on in your many years 20 living here in Lawrence a fairly rapid change, a 21 slow change? 22 towards racial relations, towards discrimination, 23 evolved over the years? 24 25 Did you How do you think that attitudes DR. CASAD: Well, I think the national, legislation at the national level promoted it �29 1 nationwide and that in turn was reflected in, 2 probably within 10 years there was quite a bit of 3 change here in the community, and by 1970 I'd say 4 it was much better in terms of the relations 5 between the blacks and whites. 6 Segregation was largely eliminated, official 7 segregation, and so on. 8 basically, though, it was a reflection of action 9 at the national level. 10 (15:17:12) 11 MR. ARNOLD: I don't know, I think it Did you feel like you could look 12 back later, reflect back on the passage of the 13 Fair Housing Ordinance here and see that it 14 brought about changes in Lawrence, at least over 15 time? 16 17 DR. CASAD: Well, I don't know, I can't put my finger on cause and effect -- 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 DR. CASAD: Right. -- but from that time things 20 began to improve in terms of racial relations 21 fairly rapidly. 22 (15:17:50) 23 MR. ARNOLD: In reflecting back on that 24 period and the role you played in bringing about 25 the Fair Housing Ordinance, bringing it to �30 1 fruition, what would you say you were most proud 2 of in terms of the role you played? 3 DR. CASAD: Well, I guess that's about the 4 only one that I did play much of an active role in 5 is the ordinance, that ordinance, and I do, I did, 6 I think a large part of the drafting was done by 7 me to get the materials together and decide on 8 what should go in it. 9 great length, but I guess that would be my major I discussed it with Fred at 10 achievement would be the drafting of that 11 ordinance. 12 (15:18:49) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Kind of reflecting back 14 in that period of your life and your involvement 15 in that and kind of your observation, if you were 16 going to talk to a group of young people today 17 about how to bring about change what kind of 18 advice would you give them in terms of, you know, 19 looking at how change came about in different ways 20 in the 1960s, which was a very activist period, 21 what advice would you give them if they were 22 seeking to bring about change today? 23 DR. CASAD: Well, I certainly was never as 24 sympathetic with violent demonstrations and I 25 really don't, I would not advise people to do �31 1 that. 2 without it, but I don't know how effective this 3 would have been if there hadn't been some 4 agitation elsewhere in the country in the '60s 5 that did involve some active, well, some coercive 6 measures, like sit-ins and things like that. 7 I don't know how effective you can be I always felt that if we can state the 8 arguments clearly enough, then we'll have to 9 depend on people's conscience, and I guess we 10 stated them clearly enough in this case without -- 11 we didn't have to do any sit-ins or blocking 12 anything. 13 (15:20:58) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Do you think -- and I think 15 you're absolutely right, I think this is a great 16 example of where a group of concerned citizens and 17 citizens groups came together, identified an issue 18 that they felt strongly about and made a very 19 strong case for it and succeeded. 20 like timing helped you out because of what was 21 going on both in the city and nationally, if you 22 had tried it three years earlier it might not have 23 gone through? 24 25 DR. CASAD: Do you feel Well, this did not happen -- it stretched over several years, as I recall. �32 1 MR. ARNOLD: 2 DR. CASAD: Right, yes. It wasn't overnight. I don't 3 remember exactly when we started on that but I 4 have a feeling it was around '64 or '5. 5 6 7 8 MR. ARNOLD: I think '64, you're right, was when I think that committee formed. DR. CASAD: Yes. So it took three or four years actually before it ever came to fruition. 9 (15:22:04) 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 end of my questions. 12 you'd like to share or anything I didn't ask that 13 you wanted to talk about? 14 DR. CASAD: Well, sir, I have come to the Are there any other thoughts Oh, I think you've covered it 15 pretty well. I really don't have that much 16 personal recollection, you know, it was just, I 17 just remember working on this ordinance and doing 18 a few things to promote it, but other than that I 19 didn't really do much. 20 MR. ARNOLD: Well, I think you played a very 21 important role and the arguments you set forth in 22 the article you wrote that obviously helped sway 23 the public, because, interestingly, there was not 24 -- there were a couple of letters to the editor 25 after it passed but very little outward public �33 1 opposition, other than the arguments that the real 2 estate agents made, and even then only two of them 3 showed up to state their opposition to it, so I 4 think you all made a very good case and wrote a 5 very good ordinance. 6 7 So if you don't have anything else I'm finished. I appreciate your time. 8 DR. CASAD: 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 DR. CASAD: 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Okay. Thank you so much. Well, thank you. ***** � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Casad, Robert Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:49:00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Robert Casad Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Dr. Robert Casad, who was a law professor at the University of Kansas in the 1960s and who was involved in drafting the Fair Housing Ordinance that passed into law in Lawrence, Kansas in July 1967. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on October 24, 2016, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Casad, Robert Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/24/2016 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/robert_casad_24oct2016?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CasadInterview102416.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1950s - 1967 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/62f4722b6af40d084f937f586cc8e7bf.pdf c258207d23611c06f08423e835766f50 PDF Text Text 1 1 2 CITY OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS 3 4 LAWRENCE FAIR HOUSING ORDINANCE 5 50th ANNIVERSARY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 6 7 8 9 10 11 Interview of Ronald Dalquest & Donald Dalquest 12 November 9, 2016 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 �2 1 (9:37:17) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Today is November 9th, 2016. I 3 am local historian Tom Arnold interviewing 4 brothers Ronald and Donald Dalquest at the 5 Lawrence Public Library in Lawrence, Kansas, for 6 the City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th 7 Anniversary Oral History Project. 8 At the time the ordinance passed in July, 9 1967, Ron and Don were serving as City of Lawrence 10 police officers. So what I'd like to start off 11 with is have both of you just tell me a little bit 12 about your backgrounds and what brought you to 13 Lawrence in the mid 1960s. 14 So Ron, why don't you start off. 15 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Okay, Don came in 1965, 16 December, '65, and he came back to Junction City, 17 we was both born and raised in Junction City, and 18 he was telling me all these stories about what he 19 did on the Police Department and I said, you know, 20 fight and get paid for it? 21 I'm all for that. And I asked him if they would hire twin 22 brothers and he said he didn't know, he would 23 check with the chief. 24 Troelstrup. 25 made out my application, and they interviewed me Chief at that time was Bill And so I came down in August of '66, �3 1 and I had to take the MMPI test, and that was your 2 aptitude test, you know. 3 After I took it the chief told me that the 4 professor up at K.U. said, told the chief that he 5 knew that they would try him to find out, you 6 know, if he knew what he was talking about and he 7 said, "You got another officer up there that 8 filled out the same application and did the same 9 test," and then the chief says, "No, they're 10 11 identical twin brothers." And there was only about two questions that 12 we missed. 13 complete? 14 his and so he said no and I was married at the 15 time so I said yes, and I can't remember what the 16 other question was, but there was only two or 17 three, you know, that was different. 18 One of them was is your sex life And Don was single when he filled out So they hired me on September the 23rd, 1966, 19 and I worked for the Lawrence Police Department 20 for 27 1/2 years, retired September the 23rd in 21 '93, went to work for the U.S. Marshals Service as 22 a court security officer and worked for them until 23 January the 8th, 19 -- no, 2014. 24 and three months for them. 25 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Worked 20 years All right. Don? Sounds �4 1 like you're the first one to come to Lawrence. 2 What brought you here from Junction City to become 3 a police officer? 4 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Well, I got out of the 5 Air Force. 6 got out in November, '65, and I started applying. 7 I knew I wanted to be a policeman. 8 9 I joined the Air Force in '61 and I MR. ARNOLD: Is that because your -- Ron was telling me earlier your father had been a police 10 officer in Junction City and then became an 11 armourer on the base at Fort Riley. 12 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 13 MR. ARNOLD: Right. So was it kind of because you 14 were just sort of following in his footsteps or 15 was it based on experience you had in the Air 16 Force? 17 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes, you know, yes, he 18 always talked about the Police Department down 19 there and stuff. 20 out in November and so I came and started applying 21 around, and I had a friend who had moved up here 22 and he said, "Why don't you apply up here in 23 Lawrence?" They wasn't hiring when I got 24 And I came up here and I talked to Chief 25 Troelstrup, talked to him for like two hours. He �5 1 didn't have any openings so he said, "Sorry, just 2 don't have any openings." 3 So I applied in Kansas City and in 4 Leavenworth and so I was back home there and I 5 read in the Topeka Daily Capital that Lawrence was 6 hiring so I came back up here and talked to Chief 7 Troelstrup and he says, yes, he says, they had 8 three guys quit and go out there to Sunflower 9 {Army Ammunition Plant] making more money. 10 So he took me upstairs and I took my MMPI, 11 took my, did my physical, and then I think it was 12 week later I did an interview, and I know one of 13 the questions was, you know, says, "The only thing 14 you've ever done is went in the Air Force, the 15 only job you held?" 16 a job since I was eight. 17 is just what you been doing the last four years. 18 I was in the Air Force." 19 Said, "No," I said, "I've had I think on your question So anyway, they interviewed me and hired me. 20 Came to work here in November, '65, and they asked 21 me if I could drink and I said, yes, I could, and 22 they sent me around with the detectives for a week 23 to check on the bars, see if they was selling 24 liquor, you know, in the 3.2 bars, and so I caught 25 one of them, Dynamite Club out on 23rd, but nobody �6 1 2 3 4 knew me from around here so -MR. ARNOLD: So you could do a little undercover kind of work? MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Did undercover. Matter 5 of fact, they sent me in on one of the first 6 prostitutes that we busted down here on Mass, so 7 nobody knew me, and they told me come in dressed 8 up like a college student. 9 I did, and we got her. But yes, it just, you know, my dad was in law 10 enforcement and when I was in the Air Force I was 11 an air policeman. 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 16 Okay. And so -- It was a pretty natural transition for you? MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. Did police -- I 17 knew I couldn't be a policeman until I hit 21 and 18 so I joined the Air Force because they had that 19 specialty code of air police, so I did it, I 20 enjoyed it, and I came up here and, like I say, I 21 had a buddy and then Troelstrup hired me and I 22 went on from there. 23 (9:44:59) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Okay. Describe the Lawrence police force in that time frame, how large it was. �7 1 I assume there was no campus police at the time, 2 it was just one police force for -- 3 4 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: The campus police was actually security. 5 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 6 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. They didn't 7 really have any law enforcement. 8 crime up there we would have to investigate it or 9 we'd have to come up there and take a report. 10 think they was actually just door shakers on 11 security. 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 14 15 16 17 If they had a Okay. Moomau, Chief Moomau when he come in. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. Chief Moomau, and I think he had been a Highway Patrolman and stuff. Yes, our Police Department, we had a 18 three-district plan. 19 Massachusetts out to 15th Street. 20 East Bottoms and North Lawrence. 21 everything south of 15th Street. 22 (9:46:17) 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 25 I 121 was everything west of Okay. 122 had the 123 district was And how many officers total, roughly? MR. DONALD DALQUEST: I think we had �8 1 something like maybe 30. I know that 122 2 district, was two of us in there. 3 had two. 4 there. 5 so that was about all we had. 121 district 123 district only had one person in And you had a sergeant and a lieutenant, 6 You'd have the three-district plan, then 7 you'd have a backup car and so sometimes when the 8 guys was off or somebody called in sick you was 9 running two districts, one north and one south. 10 Fifteenth Street was the divider. 11 (Phone ringing) 12 That was Ron's phone that went off. 13 But anyway, sometimes the dispatcher would 14 call in sick, we only had one dispatcher, and the 15 dispatcher, if they called in sick, why, then you 16 was down to one car sometimes, sometimes two, two 17 people. 18 We didn't have any jailers. 19 over here at 745 Vermont. 20 Department was. 21 That's where our Police So it was just a, you know, local, local 22 Police Department. 23 (9:48:04) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Our jail was Okay. So we'll get into talking a little bit later in the interview about the �9 1 events in '68, '69, '70, when things got pretty 2 exciting in Lawrence. 3 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 4 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And one of the things that we'll 5 talk about, because you all discussed it about a 6 month ago at the Final Friday program over at 7 Watkins, about how a pretty small Police 8 Department was fairly stressed by the amount of 9 things that were going on in that time frame. 10 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Right. You know, when 11 you have a 24-hour business and, you know, you 12 only got, I think it was like four or five of us 13 that was working, when I first came on we was 14 working a 44-hour work week. 15 what was it, I think you got six days off a month, 16 and so then to go to a 40-hour work week they had 17 to hire more people, and that wasn't until, I 18 think, '73. 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: We got, let's see, Wow. But we had no Handy 21 Talkies so on communications everybody was on 22 39-58 and 39-70, 39-58, the K.U. Police 23 Department, Lawrence Police Department, K.U., or 24 Douglas County Sheriff, and all the other 25 sheriffs' departments was all 39-58. �10 1 (9:49:34) 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 4 5 6 And those are radio frequencies used in your car? MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Radio frequencies, right. And I think it was around '67 we got, '67 we 7 got new frequencies, which was high band, and we 8 could go 10-55, which is scramble, and so we could 9 scramble it and people with monitors couldn't 10 monitor it. 11 MR. ARNOLD: Interesting. 12 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: But, you know, when I 13 first came here we had two Fords and two Chevies 14 and they didn't have air conditioning in them and 15 I know Chief Troelstrup had told the city 16 commissioners that they was either going to have 17 to pay for our clothing cleaning or put air 18 conditioners in the car so they decided in '67, 19 '67 I think we got air conditioning in our 20 vehicles. 21 But, you know, it was one of those things 22 where you just, if you got a call, you know, if 23 you'd stop a vehicle, we called that 10-45 and 24 you'd stop the vehicle and you'd have to turn on 25 your P.A. system, so when you got out of the car �11 1 you'd turn on your P.A. system, get up there and 2 talk to the people, and then if a call came in 3 you'd have to go back to your car and answer it, 4 then go back up there and give them their driver's 5 license back and say, "Well, you lucked out this 6 time." 7 8 But, you know, that was just one of the things that had to happen. 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 Right. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: But you was the only 11 one that were -- there might be two of you there 12 on any type of a call so you basically just was 13 out there by yourself. 14 (9:51:49) 15 MR. ARNOLD: You just had to handle it. Let me ask both of you, and 16 since, Don, you have been talking we'll just 17 continue with you to start with and then we'll 18 switch over to Ron, but when you came to Lawrence 19 in that time frame kind of describe the town for 20 me. 21 your answer both, you know, was there a lot, much 22 crime or was it pretty quiet or if there was crime 23 what, was it kind of low level stuff? What was Lawrence like then? And include in 24 And then the other thing I really wanted you 25 to kind of describe is, you know, what the racial �12 1 environment was like, what kind of segregation, 2 and kind of compare it a little bit to what you 3 were used to from coming to Junction City, which 4 was an Army town, which probably had a lot more 5 diversity in that regard, so if you can kind of 6 cover all that in one answer, and take as long as 7 you need. 8 9 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Okay. Yes, when I came here, matter of fact my dad had told me that 10 Lawrence had a good Police Department even back in 11 the '40s when he was on the Police Department. 12 You know, Junction City was more rough and tough 13 because they had a lot of GIs out there. 14 population was 18,000. 15 out there and so they had to -- but they had the 16 MPs to help them. They had 18,000 soldiers 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 19 on the Police Department. 20 The Right. We never had that here When I first came to town here they put me in 21 the East Bottoms and North Lawrence. 22 predominantly black. That was 23 Sorry, my voice is cracking up. 24 But, you know, I got to know the people down 25 there and talking to them and stuff, but, yes, we �13 1 didn't have a lot of blacks in the other part of 2 town. 3 little bit but predominantly they was in the East 4 Bottoms and North Lawrence. 5 We had some up on Sixth Street here a They had the Green Gables down there and they 6 mostly stayed around the Green Gables. 7 black bar. 8 (9:54:06) 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 11 That was a And where was that? MR. DONALD DALQUEST: That was down there on East Ninth. 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: East Eighth. 14 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes, I'm sorry, East 15 Okay. Eighth. 16 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 17 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Been Eighth and New 18 York, but that was about the only bar that they 19 had. 20 The Southern Pit was there at 19th and Mass. 21 Indians would congregate all in the Southern Pit. 22 That was the closest one to Haskell. 23 they also had one there right there at 19th that 24 was, can't remember the name of that, but it was 25 where the Yellow House is now, or used to be. You had Haskell out there for the Indians. The And then �14 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right, right. 2 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: But, you know, there 3 was like 1,800 students and stuff. 4 didn't have a lot of crime but we had burglaries 5 and thefts. 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 8 9 10 You know, we Right. We didn't write a lot of reports. (9:55:36) MR. ARNOLD: I assume violent crime was 11 fairly rare, maybe a bar fight or that sort of 12 thing? 13 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Well, you know, you 14 used to have some guns involved, you know, just 15 like a card party. 16 to pull out a pistol and it had about a six or 17 seven-inch barrel, ol' Al had, and by the time he 18 could get it out of his pants the other guy had 19 already hit him over the head with a whiskey 20 bottle. One card party this guy tried 21 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 22 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: But, you know, we 23 didn't have a lot of homicides, not until later 24 on, we started getting some homicides, but 25 Lawrence, you know, bar fights, stuff like that �15 1 there. 2 MR. ARNOLD: Right, right. 3 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: K.U. students against 4 the home guys, the Indians, you know, against the 5 locals, sometimes you had some of that, but 6 predominantly the Indians kept to themselves. 7 K.U. students came through town, but, see, when I 8 first came here all the students had to have a 9 sticker in their back window for the University of 10 Kansas. If you caught somebody here without the 11 sticker you knew that they wasn't going to K.U. or 12 they was in violation. 13 card, then you'd call K.U. P.D. and they'd come 14 down and ticket them on that for not having their 15 car registered. If they had a K.U. ID 16 Haskell students couldn't have a car. 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Interesting. They had to live in the 19 dormitories. 20 year, they could live off campus if they was 21 married, but, you know, that was probably the 22 biggest thing. 23 The ones in their second or third You know, as far as prejudice goes against 24 the blacks, I didn't get to see that because I 25 wasn't black, you know, but I knew that they �16 1 didn't have a swimming pool. 2 asked for swimming pools and stuff. 3 they didn't have that until later on. 4 they complained to you about this and that but 5 there's nothing we could do about it. 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: You know, You know, Right, right. 8 first line of defense. 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 You know, they'd You know, we're the Right. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: And so they'd come up 11 and say, "Well, how come we don't have this?" 12 never really seen prejudice. 13 about it, but in Junction City we had a, very 14 diverse because of Fort Riley. 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: I You know, I'd heard Right. And so blacks marrying 17 whites, they brought Germans back, German wives, 18 they was white girls, and -- but, you know, at 19 that time you could look on their military ID card 20 and they was a white female but it said black 21 female. 22 MR. ARNOLD: Interesting. 23 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Because they didn't 24 want the Germans to marry a black over there, come 25 over here, and then the white guys wouldn't know �17 1 that they had been married to a black guy, and, 2 you know, man, they had, you know, just stuff like 3 that there that went on. 4 When I went in the service, basic training 5 down there, and we had whites, blacks, in our 6 platoon, or our flight, and one kept calling the 7 other one an N word, you know, white guy was -- 8 and they was from Alabama, you know, and so one of 9 them had been in the church with Martin Luther 10 King, the black guy had, and the white guy was on 11 the outside of it when they burnt the church, you 12 know. 13 MR. ARNOLD: Wow. 14 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: And so the northern 15 blacks said, "Hey, we'll take care of him for 16 you." 17 don't want you guys to do anything because if I 18 let you touch him I can't go back to town," you 19 know. 20 opener, you know, you think, whoa. He said, "No, don't take care of him. And, you know, you talk about an eye 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MR. DALQUEST: 23 (10:00:28) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 I Yes, yes. Never, never heard that. So you all, you were definitely, from your experience in Junction City and then �18 1 from in the military racial mixing was pretty much 2 the norm for you all but here in Lawrence you 3 generally didn't see, everybody kind of, the 4 African-Americans stayed in their own 5 neighborhoods, they went to their own bars, you 6 know, they didn't have access to integrated pools, 7 so Lawrence was definitely not a mixed community 8 by any means back in those days? 9 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Right. And if you did 10 see blacks out in the other bars and stuff it was 11 normally a K.U. student, and they, you know, 12 they'd came from out of town, but normally your 13 blacks stayed down in the East Bottoms, up here in 14 the east part of town, or North Lawrence. 15 And we had a lot of problems about the 16 Mississippi blacks coming up here and going to 17 work out there at Sunflower Ordnance, and if you 18 seen a real dark black guy he was normally from 19 Hollandale, Mississippi, and then a lot of them 20 came up here and went to work out there at 21 Sunflower, you know, had good jobs out there. 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 24 25 Right. And so animosity between the local blacks and the -(10:01:56) �19 1 MR. ARNOLD: You know, that's interesting, 2 I've read that, that the African-Americans who 3 came in more recently from Mississippi and then 4 many other African-Americans who had been in 5 Lawrence since probably right, Civil War, right 6 after, -- 7 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 get along very well. Right. -- that they didn't necessarily Did that add challenges to 10 your policing in that sometimes there would be 11 tension within the African-American community? 12 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. And, you know, we 13 had black officers here and they got along good 14 down there but, you know, later on during the 15 riots and stuff they got challenged, they got -- 16 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. 17 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Threatened. 18 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Threatened. 19 call them Uncle Toms and stuff. 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: They'd Right, right. But these are good 22 people here in town, had a lot of relatives and 23 stuff, so, you know, that just -- it was 24 interesting. 25 didn't know anybody, didn't know anybody here in I mean, you know, I went down there, �20 1 town. I came, lived down here on Kentucky in an 2 apartment; came down on Kentucky, went back on 3 Tennessee, down to the Police Department. 4 (10:03:15) 5 MR. ARNOLD: I assume probably the apartment 6 building you lived in wouldn't have had 7 African-Americans in it, it would have been all 8 white probably? 9 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: But, you know, we had 10 bench seats and my partner was a short guy, Lyle 11 Sutton, and I always said that across my knees was 12 written Plymouth Fury. 13 didn't even know where I was driving to, see, and 14 when I did start driving, well, then he had to 15 tell me, "Turn, turn." But he had to drive. Said, "Left or right?" 16 But I learned it and enjoyed myself. 17 (10:03:50) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. I Well, I'll let you rest 19 your voice for a few minutes, since you've been 20 talking a lot, and turn it over to Ron. 21 Ron, give me your perspectives on how you 22 found Lawrence when you first got here and kind of 23 what your reactions to sort of the racial 24 environment and just kind of what kind of town 25 Lawrence was at that time. �21 1 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Well, first of all, 2 Chief Troelstrup, when he hired me he said that, 3 "If you're half as good as your brother, then 4 we'll get along just fine," and I said, "Well, I'm 5 not half as good, I'm better than he is." 6 But we never could ride together, or we 7 couldn't be on the same shift. They said we could 8 conspire with one another and maybe do some wrong 9 things or something, so we never did. In fact, 10 when Don got ready to go to the Sheriff's Office 11 they let us ride the last week together. 12 both sergeants and so we got to ride that week 13 together. 14 But Don was right. We was I was on the East 15 Bottoms, too, and North Lawrence. 16 on midnight shift, on the shift I was on, we had 17 an old lieutenant and on midnights, well, if the 18 dispatcher wasn't there one of us would have to 19 dispatch and we would split the town at 15th 20 Street, one of us run north, one of us run south, 21 and so we only had two guys out there on the 22 street. 23 Handy Talkies or any time, so you had to basically 24 handle it yourself, and, you know, sometimes you 25 had to knock a few heads, you know, and we had We didn't have backup. A lot of times You didn't have �22 1 39-58, like Don said, radio. 2 I went down to a bar fight one night, made 3 three arrests, and I had them on the floor, you 4 know, but I only had one set of handcuffs so I 5 handcuffed two of them together and as I was 6 handcuffing them guys, they was a bunch of town 7 guys and they was beating up some K.U. students at 8 the old Purple Pig down on New Hampshire Street 9 and one of them, as I was handcuffing the other 10 two together the other, third one, he bolted out 11 the back door, and so I went out. 12 I called my lieutenant, he was dispatching, 13 and I said, you know, "Can the other officer meet 14 me?" 15 said, "What do you suggest I do?" 16 didn't want them sitting in the back seat on me. 17 And he said, "Well, you're only a couple blocks 18 from the station. 19 walk them down here?" 20 And he said, "No. He's out on a call." I You know, I Why don't you just go ahead and So I did, and then I ran back to my patrol 21 car and they had taken my whip antenna and tied it 22 in a knot. 23 top. 24 the plastic covers, and tied my windshield wiper 25 blades in knots, and so of course I had to write a We had them bubble gum light bars on They had taken both the light bars off, or �23 1 report on that, you know. 2 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 3 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And we didn't know who 4 did it but, you know, a lot of the -- my 5 perspective was a little bit different than Don's, 6 you know. 7 Bottoms and Green Gables, I never was scared to go 8 into the Green Gables, and lot of officers were, 9 you know. When we was talking about the East They said don't go in there by 10 yourself, you know. I never was bothered, you 11 know. 12 was respectable to them and, you know, we got to 13 knowing a lot of the blacks and we always said hi 14 to them and I always treated people like I wanted 15 to be treated myself or somebody would treat my 16 parents, and so I treated them with that kind of 17 respect. They was always respectful to me because I 18 I told them one time, and I always figured, 19 you know, that if I could give them a break, you 20 know, I'd give them a break, but if I told them to 21 do something they'd better do it, and they knew 22 that I was in control and so, you know, that was 23 the difference back then. 24 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 25 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: You know, we didn't �24 1 have a lot but we could give people breaks, you 2 know, especially on family disturbances, you know. 3 Nowdays, you know, they want everybody arrested, 4 you know. 5 know, you have to arrest them, you know. 6 somebody slaps the other person and they leave a 7 mark, well, you gotta take them in and arrest them 8 and they have to spend the night in jail and that 9 makes for hostility between husbands and wives, 10 In fact, they've got the law where, you If you know. 11 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 12 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Right. I know they think 13 they're doing good but, you know, there's a 14 pecking order. 15 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, yes. 16 (10:09:58) 17 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: This is Don. But Ron's 18 right, you know, it used to be that you didn't 19 arrest them, all you'd do is take care of the 20 problem, and -- but, see, even the wives don't 21 want the guy arrested because that's their 22 paycheck. 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 25 Right. So -- and then, of course, if the, and I had this come up, the lady �25 1 was the one that hit him with a frying pan so then 2 I had to take her in and in front of her kids and 3 everything. 4 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 5 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: And so that's where a 6 lot of officers are getting hurt is on this 7 domestic battery, that they're making us arrest 8 one of them. 9 10 MR. ARNOLD: Right. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: So I know they're 11 trying to do better for battered women, but, you 12 know, sometimes you just have to just set them 13 down, take him out of there, make sure he doesn't 14 come back that night. 15 Go ahead, Ron. 16 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Well, and a lot of 17 that, you know, I mean, we was talking about the 18 blacks from Mississippi. 19 Reverend Sims. 20 church down there at 13th and Connecticut and they 21 had a lot of the Mississippi blacks, you know, was 22 down there and, man, was they ever religious, you 23 know, and, you know, but then you had the North 24 Lawrence people, you know, and there was North 25 Lawrence blacks. They came up here with You know, he was pastor of the Then on Sixth Street, you know, �26 1 there was some blacks over there, so there was a 2 little hostility between certain ones and they 3 didn't like to mingle but, you know, they got 4 together later on and they calmed down. 5 And the same thing was with Haskell. You 6 know, you'd get out there and you had the 7 different tribes. 8 the difference between a Crow and a Comanche, you 9 know. I had a real hard time telling The only ones I knew was the Alaskan, you 10 know, the Eskimos, because they would be walking 11 around, it would be five below zero and they'd be 12 walking around in short-sleeved shirts, but, you 13 know, there was a lot of hostility out there. 14 There was a lot of knife fights, a lot of -- 15 between tribes, and there was hostility, got to be 16 real bad, and we had some on the Lawrence Police 17 Department and we had one that he was a great big 18 guy, he used to play football out there at 19 Haskell, and he walked in one night out there at 20 Lawrence Memorial Hospital and here was a little 21 guy, but he was a different tribe. 22 Comanche and our officer was a Crow. 23 He was a Boy, I mean to tell you, he come off that 24 table and they was trying to stitch him up and, 25 you know, we had problems, you know, so finally I �27 1 told the officer, I said, "Go ahead and leave," 2 and as soon as he left, you know, the guy calmed 3 down and they sewed him up and we took him to 4 jail. 5 And we had some of them that took great pride 6 in what they could drink. 7 of beer and pour a pint of wood grain alcohol, 180 8 proof, in that and then drink it and then they was 9 going, you know, bonkers, and they'd fight 10 11 They'd take a pitcher everybody. But Haskell out there had a policy that if 12 they came back -- this was before; they was in a 13 trade school, Haskell was a trade school and not a 14 junior college like they are now, but they 15 couldn't have cars and they'd go out and get drunk 16 and they'd come in the dorm out there and the 17 Haskell administration, one of the dorm guards 18 would see them and could smell alcohol on them and 19 then he'd call us and say, "This guy's drunk. 20 want him arrested." 21 We So we would have to arrest him, put him in 22 jail for drunk. Next day, why, Haskell was down 23 there and they paid the $25 bond for him and they 24 put him, they brought his clothes with him and 25 they'd packed him up and they sent him back to his �28 1 reservation, and -- but if they even smelled beer 2 on them, and they had to be in by 10:00 o'clock at 3 night, and if they wasn't in by 10:00 o'clock, 4 why, they'd call and say, "We want him arrested," 5 you know. 6 So then they turned around and one of them 7 decided that they was going to contest it and then 8 they said the police officers weren't to be 9 allowed to enforce laws on reservations, and since 10 Haskell was a reservation and Lawrence police 11 didn't have the authority to go out there and 12 arrest them, so -- and the court said, you're 13 right. 14 So then the FBI had to come out, if they had 15 a drunk call, why, the FBI had to go out there and 16 when -- we had to go out -- 17 18 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: That lasted about that long. 19 MR. ARNOLD: I can imagine. 20 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Well, then they made us 21 all, yes, then they made us all Deputy U.S. 22 Marshals. 23 (10:16:14) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 to -- Okay, so give you the authority �29 1 2 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: So we could enforce the federal laws, see. 3 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. 4 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And then they had to 5 get, they had to have Congress come to Lawrence 6 and Lawrence had to accept the authority, you 7 know, and once Lawrence accepted the authority out 8 there, well, then we could go out there and 9 enforce city laws, and then we didn't need the 10 U.S. Marshals badges, you know, but, you know, we 11 had all this different parties. 12 During the riots in '69 and '70, you know, we 13 had the white supremacists, you know, we had the 14 John Birch Society, we had all these vigilantes. 15 Lot of the vigilantes, you know, was individuals 16 that said, you know, hey, I've got this big group 17 of guys, we're going to come in and we're going 18 to, you know, shoot all the blacks, you know. 19 We had black people that, you know, didn't 20 want to be called black, they wanted to be called 21 negroes, you know. 22 N word, but, you know, you couldn't say "boy" or 23 you couldn't say "gal," you know, that was 24 insults. 25 None of them wanted to be the And our human relations director at the time �30 1 -- 2 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Ray Samuel? 3 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: No, before Ray. He 4 wrote a book, and this was during the riots, and 5 he was -- the book was named "How to Be a Hot Cat" 6 -- no, "How to Be a Cool Cat on a Hot Tin Roof," 7 and he had all of the police officers, he give 8 each one of us the book and it was just, you know, 9 he'd typed it up and, you know, what you're 10 supposed to do, you know. 11 know, wanted to be called negroes and, you know, 12 and some of them wanted to be called blacks, some 13 of them wanted to be called colored, you know. 14 Some of the blacks, you And the Indians, you know, they had certain 15 things they didn't want to be called, you know, 16 Indians and, you know, Eskimos didn't want to be 17 known as Indian, they wanted to be called Eskimos, 18 and Comanche was insulted if you called them 19 anything but Comanches, you know, and -- but vice 20 versa, you know, there was a lot of hostility 21 between the different groups of individuals. 22 had K.U. students, you know, we had SDS, Indians, 23 we had AIM out there, you know, AIM had come into 24 town, and we had all these individuals coming into 25 Lawrence because it was a melting pot. We �31 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 2 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And when you bring in 3 all these outsiders, and they was ones that was 4 causing all the hostilities, you know, and when 5 you got that kind of a melting pot in here, you 6 know, everybody was against everybody. 7 (10:19:54) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Right. With you all in the small Lawrence police force caught in the middle 10 trying to keep them all apart. 11 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Yes, right, and here we 12 are, you know, we've got 35 officers at one time 13 out there in front of the high school, we 14 confronted 250 people, and we all lined up there 15 and everything else, and there was 18 officers. 16 We called in every officer we could get ahold of, 17 the night shift, midnight, swings, day shift. 18 even took them out of TSB. 19 Sheriff's Office. 20 there, we had detectives out there on the line. 21 There was 18 of us, and the only way that you can 22 make an arrest, you know, you couldn't, because if 23 you made an arrest you was going to have to take 24 two of them people and take them out, take the 25 person that you arrested to jail. We We called the We had sheriff's deputy out �32 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 2 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And on several 3 different incidences we had to make an arrest, you 4 know. 5 the back seat, one in the front seat with him, and 6 he drove them to jail from the high school 7 football game. 8 know -- and we had the students come in and try 9 and attack us and we set up a skirmish line and we One time Lieutenant Harris, we put three in They was all students, but, you 10 had to, actually had to hold the officers back, 11 but once we formed the skirmish line we wouldn't 12 let anybody come through and we walked them out 13 and that was the way we was trained, you know. 14 But then you had the hippies, the yippies, 15 the street people. 16 we was down there at the Watkins Museum this woman 17 come up there and she said, "Was there really 18 people out looking, you know, to shoot hippies?" 19 20 You know, the other night when MR. DONALD DALQUEST: I think she asked you, didn't she? 21 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Yes, uh-huh. 22 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And we said, you know, 23 we don't -- we didn't know them, we couldn't pin, 24 but we heard about them, you know, and we was 25 trying to be aware of them, and, you know, but it �33 1 was a scary time. 2 When we had the curfew -- 3 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 4 5 This is Don, but she says, "But I was a hippy." MR. RONALD DALQUEST: But, you know, we set 6 up, the Lawrence Police Department set up -- we 7 played basketball. 8 went out and played with the hippies, you know, 9 against the hippies. 10 We set up a basketball, and we The only real bad time we had was with the 11 Indians, you know, because, man, them are damn 12 near pro basketball players and they'll run you to 13 death. 14 court and just watched them, you know, because -- 15 and they can play basketball, and they're 16 semi-pro, you know. 17 called ourselves The Pigs, and, you know, they had 18 T-shirts that said Hippies on them, you know, and 19 then we had the blacks, you know, and they're all 20 good basketball players. 21 I stand right there in the middle of the Hell, they beat the -- and we We went down to the Community Center and we 22 challenged them all. We got our butts beat most 23 of the time, you know, but we had good times. 24 got to knowing people, and I think that's one of 25 the biggest problems they have today, you know, is We �34 1 the police officers don't go in and talk to 2 people, you know. 3 shops. 4 talking to people, you know, about what was going 5 on in the community and, you know, nowdays, you 6 know, they want to put GPSs on the police cars and 7 say, well hey, you know, you're out of your 8 district and you gotta do this and you gotta do 9 that. We used to go in the coffee I could learn more in a coffee shop 10 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 11 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: So they don't really 12 talk to people. 13 policing that we did, you know, and they're 14 running them so fast and so hard, you know, that 15 the officers don't have time to know the 16 community. 17 (10:24:27) 18 MR. ARNOLD: They don't go out and do the Right. Yes, I was going to ask 19 you, based on some things you said earlier about, 20 you know, treating people fairly and with respect. 21 It sounds to me like, and I was going to ask you 22 what kind of relationship there was between the 23 Police Department and the African-American 24 community, but it sounds like you treated them 25 like any other community in town, you got to know �35 1 people, you treated them with respect, you helped 2 them solve their problems when you could help out 3 and you had the leeway to do that, you know, you 4 got involved in community activities like playing 5 basketball, so I take it that that helped 6 alleviate a lot of the potential tensions, until, 7 -- 8 THE SPEAKER: 9 MR. ARNOLD: It did. -- of course, you got into the 10 late '60s, when then there were so many groups 11 with so many different agendas you all were just 12 kind of caught in the middle of it all. 13 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Well, you know -- this 14 is Don -- but you really look at it and when you 15 treat a person fairly and they know that you have, 16 that you gave them a break, later on if you have 17 to arrest them they won't give you that much 18 trouble, you know, but if you bum rap them, you 19 know, they understand that. 20 don't understand that you just can't make up a 21 charge, you'll lose it in court, and they have a 22 right. 23 You know, people That's what I was saying the other night down 24 there, you know, but nobody has a right to resist 25 arrest. If I make an arrest you got a right to �36 1 beat me in court, you know, sue me, go to an 2 attorney, sue me, everything, but you don't have a 3 right to resist arrest, and that's where a lot of 4 their problems are today is they resist arrest. 5 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And they think you 6 violate their civil rights. What civil rights? 7 They, they don't know what civil rights are. 8 think they do, but, you know, they say, "Oh, my 9 civil rights have been violated." 10 rights? 11 You know, you can't resist arrest. They What civil You know, the officer made an arrest. 12 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 13 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: What don't you 14 understand about that? 15 along with the officer, and if he does bum rap you 16 or he makes a fatal mistake, you know, of making a 17 bad arrest you can sue him, you can sue the city, 18 you know, he can lose his job, but if you resist 19 arrest, hey, he just made a lawful arrest. 20 what I'm saying? 21 (10:27:10) 22 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. You know, if you just go See Did you all try to 23 establish relationships with particular leaders 24 within the African-American community or within 25 the Indian American community or, for that matter, �37 1 within the white community just to try and help 2 you, you know, maintain good relations kind of 3 with the folks in the communities in general? 4 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: No. You have to 5 remember, we was just little guys ourselves and so 6 I made friends with the guys out on the street, 7 but like the leaders or the ones that wanted to be 8 leaders, they didn't want to be friends of mine, 9 they wanted to be friends of the city commissioner 10 or the mayor, stuff like that there, so basically 11 the person out on the street, the guy that I dealt 12 with all the time, that's the one I was working 13 with. 14 you know, they probably knew me. 15 They didn't know me from Adam but -- or, I think the leaders knew me but they didn't 16 want to talk to me, they wanted to talk to 17 somebody that had authority and could do something 18 for them, and, you know, that's one of the 19 problems that you have. 20 what they want. 21 the swimming pool. 22 town that was open to the public except for the 23 blacks, that was up here on Sixth and Florida, but 24 that was a private, that wasn't by the city, so 25 the city opened up a swimming pool out there at They really don't know You know, they knew they liked We had one swimming pool in �38 1 23rd and Kasold. 2 at. That's not where the blacks was 3 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 4 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Blacks was downtown, 5 East Bottoms, so they had to get transportation 6 all the way out there, but they did make the 7 swimming pool part of it but then it took time. 8 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 9 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 10 don't want time. 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: A lot of times people Right. They hired Ray Samuel 13 as their human relations guy and he brought a lot 14 of civility and he would try to talk to them about 15 the police officers and also the police officers 16 about them and stuff. 17 the one that really calmed them down quite a bit. 18 I think Ray was probably But, see, they don't, some of those leaders 19 didn't have control. 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Right. These other people that 22 was making the firebombs, stuff like that, they 23 didn't have control of those, so -- but they was 24 going off that hype. 25 It was like the colonel of the Highway �39 1 Patrol. 2 THE SPEAKER: Albott. 3 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Albott. He come in, he 4 said, "I settled Lawrence." He came up here at 5 noon up on Oread Street and talked to a couple 6 people. 7 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 8 smoking marijuana cigarettes. 9 10 11 12 13 Hippies sitting there (Interrupting) MR. DONALD DALQUEST: He wasn't out there at night -MR. RONALD DALQUEST: the problem?" And he says, "What's I'm Ron. 14 (Interrupting) 15 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 16 MR. ARNOLD: 17 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: -- Leonard Harrison? Uh-huh. Leonard Harrison at the 18 time, you know, he had these young guys, and he 19 was a radical. 20 guys, like Steven and, and -- 21 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Butch. 22 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Don't use names. He was a radical, and these young No. 23 But he had these young guys at different places in 24 town where all the young kids were at, you know, 25 the Ballard Center, the Afro House, the swimming �40 1 pool, and he stirred them all up, see, and he kept 2 them all stirred up and then they would meet 3 places, see, and then like they said, you know, 4 they got them to join the Black Panthers, you 5 know, and they're a terrorist group, and they did 6 that, see. 7 We had everything in here. We even, you 8 know, with the university up there, they brought 9 in the Ku Klux Klan, you know, set up here at Hoch 10 Auditorium, and they had to send us up there to 11 protect them and halfway through they opened the 12 doors, you know, for all these people to come 13 rushing in and then they said we're only going to 14 keep the doors open for 15 minutes and then we 15 shut the doors and we keep everybody out. 16 Hey, I said, you know, "Whatever you do," 17 Hoch Auditorium, if you've been out there, the 18 doors open out, they don't open in, so they're 19 going to shut the doors, you know, and I told 20 them, I said, "you're going to have problems." 21 I told every one of my officers up there -- I 22 was the officer in charge -- I said, "You're going 23 to have problems. 24 the outside of that door, you know, stay on the 25 inside." Whatever you do, don't get on Then they was going to chain them shut, �41 1 2 see, and then lock them. Well, once they did that here's all these 3 kids and they was trying to push in and the crowd 4 was trying to get in and they was pushing girls 5 like this up against the door, you know, and they 6 was trying to shove them through the door, and I 7 just knew that they was going to stomp all, you 8 know, these kids up there, and they said, well, 9 you know, that's how we protect them. 10 You're not protecting them kids, but if we 11 had an officer on the outside there they would 12 have killed the officer, you know, push them clear 13 through the glass doors, you know. 14 And then we had to walk them all the way out 15 to their bus so they could take them out of there, 16 you know, just real fast because they'd parked 17 them out back, you know, and we had to get into a 18 riot formation so we could protect them. 19 them people up there? 20 terrorist activities, you know? 21 well, you know, these kids gotta learn that these 22 people, what they're about. 23 (10:33:56) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Klan? Why have So they talk about their And they said, And "these people" were the �42 1 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 4 Huh? This was the Klan was the people you were talking about? MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Yes. And they set up 5 there, you know, and they was talking about the 6 blacks and, you know, the Jews and everything 7 else, you know, and they're basically just a 8 terrorist organization. 9 10 MR. ARNOLD: Right. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 11 remember, we don't -- 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 14 clarify. And you have to This is Don again, just to Go ahead. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes, this is Don. You 15 have to remember that we have to protect the good, 16 the bad, the ugly, and when you're standing in 17 between these two they know that we are there to 18 protect them and so they'll say other things, you 19 know. 20 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 21 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: And they agitate the 22 other group and the other group going to agitate 23 back. 24 You know, during the riots in Chicago they was 25 throwing urine and feces on the officers and when We're standing there in line and stuff. �43 1 the officers swung with their clubs, well, they 2 got pictures of them doing that, see, and so, you 3 know, they tell you not to do anything, they'll 4 spit in your face, you're not supposed to -- so 5 they gave us shields finally, but it's that type 6 of person, or people, that you have to protect and 7 then we get a bad reputation because -- 8 9 10 11 MR. ARNOLD: Right. You're just doing your jobs. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Right, we're doing, but they should not let them come into town. 12 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 13 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Go ahead. I'm Ron. Ron. In '69 and 14 '70 they used to, you know, and especially on the 15 Chicago 7 up there, you know, the rioters come in 16 and they are prepared. 17 the camera. 18 Everything they want is They want to play up the camera. They used to take these little bags of blood, 19 see, and they would hold them in their hands. As 20 soon as the officer raised up his billy club like 21 he was going to hit them, you know, or if he did 22 hit them they would take that little plastic bag 23 and go like that and hit their forehead and the 24 blood would run down their face, see, and the 25 cameras, you know, that was -- the newspapers and �44 1 the TV cameras, boy, you know, everybody likes 2 that. 3 They get them all riled up and they bring 4 them into town, and that's what we had in '69 and 5 '70. 6 in, and then when they went into third degree 7 martial law, where they shut down the whole city, 8 you know -- did you learn about that? 9 10 You know, we had all these outsiders coming MR. ARNOLD: No. MR. RONALD DALQUEST: They had a curfew from 11 7:00 o'clock at night till 7:00 in the morning. 12 You couldn't be out on the streets. 13 be walking on the city sidewalk. 14 your yard or your front porch, in your house, but 15 you couldn't be out on the city sidewalk or the 16 city roadway, and if your wife went to Kansas City 17 and she got back after 7:00 o'clock at night they 18 wouldn't let her into town. 19 around -- 20 (Interrupting) 21 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: You couldn't You could be in She had to turn The Highway Patrol took 22 care of -- this is Don. Highway Patrol and the 23 National Guards took care of the outer perimeter 24 of town, and then we had National Guardsmen in 25 with our officers in the city, so, you know, they �45 1 filled up the patrol car and they brought deuce 2 and a halfs in to haul prisoners and, you know, 3 stuff like that. 4 But you have to remember, we never had enough 5 officers. We could block the street but we 6 couldn't block the sidewalks on either side, you 7 know, and that's standing with our arms out, 8 because there's probably eight of us, eight 9 officers, and if you brought in any other shift, 10 you know, then they didn't have any time off. 11 guys didn't have any time off, so that was, it was 12 just, you know, during the time, and matter of 13 fact, in April they brought in the National Guard. 14 (10:38:35) 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 Our This was April of '69 or '70? '70 probably? 17 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: '70. '70, yes. Uh-huh. And that's 20 when they firebombed the Union building, and we 21 didn't know it until we got up there. 22 a fire truck and we was up there on Louisiana 23 trying to find out -- we knew which house it had 24 came from but we was trying to get that, and they 25 brought up deuce and a halfs loaded with, full of They'd shot �46 1 troops and stuff, and then down there 15th and 2 Tennessee they closed off the road. 3 trash cans and they had rolled nails out there in 4 the road and Captain McClure brought me and I 5 think it was like a platoon of guys up there and 6 said go down there and open up that road. 7 (10:39:34) 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 Right. They had put Now, I know this unrest, some of it was probably anti-war related, some of 10 it was related to racial grievances, but to you 11 all as police officers was it just one kind of set 12 of turmoil and violence, it didn't make much 13 difference to you which group was behind it, it 14 was just a problem you had to deal with? 15 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Right. I mean, you 16 know, you had anti-war, you had civil rights, you 17 had people coming into town that wasn't the local 18 people but because it was going on they came into 19 town to raise Cain and, you know, they had the 20 Vortex, was a -- 21 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Newspaper. 22 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: -- underground 23 newspaper up there. They told them how to make 24 grenades. 25 hot wax and you roll it with BBs and then you You take a M-80 and you put, dip it in �47 1 2 throw it at the police officers. You string piano wire between the buildings; 3 when they chase you, you know, it would cut them 4 up, cut up the police officers. 5 of that stuff, you know. 6 There was a lot They put, on Bill Garrett, they put out a 7 wanted poster dead or alive on him, you know, and 8 they used the picture that the Journal-World was 9 using to know your police officer in town. You 10 know, that's the picture that they used on Bill 11 Garrett. 12 So, yes, you know, they keep you up during 13 the day and the night and lot of times we was 14 getting like 24 hours, you know, we'd go out and 15 sleep at the high school on wrestling mats and 16 they'd wake you up every hour to go out and stand 17 in the hallway while the kids changed around, then 18 they'd give you about half an hour, an hour to go 19 home and shower, shave, and come on back, so -- 20 (10:41:51) 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 up the Klan earlier. 23 interviewed have made mention of a Klan presence 24 in Lawrence in the mid 1960s. 25 that was visible to you all -- Let me ask you, you have brought A couple of people I've Was that something �48 1 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: No. -- in the police force? They had -- this is 4 Ron. 5 They was mainly out of, down around Ottawa, 6 Garnett. 7 would tell us that they got the Ku Klux Klan and 8 they're going to, vigilantes, you know, "I've got 9 a group of people," you know, and that was just to 10 11 They had what they call John Birch Society. A lot of them was fake. You know, they scare people. But the citizens of Lawrence was scared. A 12 lot of the business owners, when we had a curfew 13 down there one night we had got a call down in the 14 800 block of Mass and there was a black guy 15 walking with a sack and could be a firebomb, and 16 we went flying down there, you know, and I was 17 stopping there talking to him, and this was during 18 curfew, see. 19 He wasn't even supposed to be out. Nobody was supposed to be out, and I got this 20 real funny feeling, you know, and believe it or 21 not the hair was standing up on the back of my 22 head because I knew that there was people watching 23 me and I knew that there was probably guns pointed 24 at me while I'm sitting there talking to this guy, 25 and, you know, there was three of us police �49 1 officers sitting there, and all of a sudden, you 2 know, out of the corner of my eye I see this one 3 guy step out of the dark corner of the building, 4 see, and I knew him, and he was a business owner 5 and he'd blackened out his face with military, you 6 know, camouflage and he had a black stocking cap 7 on, black clothes on. 8 on the side of him, and he's protecting his 9 business, you know, and he said, you know, He had this great big knife 10 "There's a bunch of us guys up here," and I was 11 looking and I could see people, you know, up in 12 windows, you know, and I knew that there was guns 13 up there. 14 But this black guy, he was walking down the 15 street with a sack. 16 curfew. 17 was in the maintenance and he cleaned classrooms 18 up there and that was his sack lunch, and he got 19 up to K.U. and he reported for duty, you know, and 20 they said, "Hey, this is curfew. 21 supposed to be out, you know, go back home; you're 22 not even supposed to be up here," see. 23 He didn't know about the He went up to K.U. because he cleaned, he You're not He said, "Well, you know, I come up here for 24 my job." The university's closed. So he was 25 walking back home and in his sack he had his �50 1 2 lunch. But it could have been, you know -- it come 3 real close to somebody probably shooting him. 4 he would have stopped and lit up a cigarette, you 5 know, with a lighter, you know, flicked a Bic or 6 something to light a cigarette there was no doubt 7 in my mind he'd have probably got shot. 8 MR. ARNOLD: 9 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: If Wow. And that tension, you 10 know, right there is the type of thing that was 11 going on at that time. 12 all the way around. 13 (10:45:56) 14 MR. ARNOLD: It was just really tense When did that finally start to 15 kind of resolve itself or to die out? 16 of brought all this to an end finally that tamped 17 down all this tension and the turmoil and the 18 violence? 19 20 21 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: you mean? What kind Okay, during the riots, This is Don. MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Did it just kind of burn 22 itself out because people eventually just 23 exhausted themselves or -- 24 25 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. What happened was April we had the K.U. fire, okay, and they brought �51 1 in the National Guards. 2 three days. 3 Then -- that was like for Then after that it was July and July was at 4 the high school and also at nighttime they 5 firebombed the white house up there on Oread 6 Street. 7 Rick Dowdell got shot, so that's when they was 8 going to try to kill a police officer. 9 when they ambushed Kenny and them down here on 10 Pennsylvania, so then Nick Rice -- let's see, I 11 made detective in July so Nick Rice was, I was a 12 detective when we went up there. 13 there at Watkins Museum, that was in July. Yes. Wasn't it July? 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes, it was. July That's My photo down Okay. And we went up there to 16 investigate his shooting and that's when we got up 17 there and I got hit with a brick, so -- but, you 18 know, they firebombed Judge Gray's house. 19 Johnson, you know, got shot down there on Ninth 20 Street. 21 22 23 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: That was Ron. Mildred Dan Young's house. I'm Ron. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Afro House, you know, 24 it was down there. They claimed that one of the 25 guys got shot on the front porch, you know, and -- �52 1 but he would have had to been on his hands and 2 knees, because he was shot from downward into his 3 legs, so they thought it was somebody maybe high 4 up on the second floor had shot the gun. 5 You know, there was just turmoil. They 6 firebombed the satellite Union up there on 15th 7 and they was just building it. 8 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 9 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: They put six sticks of 10 dynamite, they put a fuse in there, they did a old 11 time, to light it they put heads of matches on 12 there and put the fuse in there, but they put a 13 cigar in there instead of a cigarette. 14 if you don't puff on it it goes out, whereas a 15 regular cigarette will burn down and ignite the 16 fuse. 17 A cigar, Summerfield Hall, they firebombed that, or 18 that was an explosion. 19 Ohio Street, that was another one. 20 Weathermen coming into town. 21 lot of intelligence throughout the community. 22 have people come in and tell you this and tell you 23 that, so there was a lot of intelligence coming in 24 but, you know, you have to prove what you know. 25 MR. ARNOLD: Bank of America up here on Right. We had You know, you get a You �53 1 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: You know, you just 2 can't jump to the gun on it, but when Skinny 3 Williams got shot, that was Sergeant [Eugene] 4 Williams, down there, they was going to try to 5 kill a police officer and they had a lot of 6 outside people coming in on that. 7 The call that came in said that there was 8 four or five people marching with guns down the 9 street and so, you know, they sent four officers 10 down there, because we knew that they was going 11 to, and they was going to walk in, so they went 12 down there. 13 They started, got off at 11th Street and 14 started walking in and they came around a corner 15 there, and that would have been at 10th, Skinny 16 got shot as he came around by the big cedar tree 17 and everything opened up, just bang, bang, bang, 18 bang, bang, bang. 19 Then that group left. The officers came 20 around. Lemon came around 11th Street over there 21 by that baseball field and as he did they opened 22 up on him so he got out and he was shooting at 23 them and Bob Merkel was in a vehicle and he went 24 past them, drove on up and went right on up to 25 where the other ambush had been set up. He got �54 1 out of the car and he went up there and trying to 2 help Skinny and, you know, they seen his vehicle 3 there and they had headrests in there and they 4 thought there was an officer was in there and they 5 just blew the heck out of that car. 6 was all shot up. 7 I mean, it I went down there and collected up ammunition 8 later on and stuff and there was all kinds of 9 stuff down there, double ought buck, you know. 10 They was prepared for war. 11 officer that we got shot at that time. 12 (10:52:50) 13 MR. ARNOLD: 14 15 But that was the only That's amazing considering how much was going on. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes, you know, and like 16 I say, there wasn't very many officers at the 17 time. 18 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 19 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: So would you -This is Ron. But we 20 had officers, young officers that come in, just, 21 one came back from Vietnam and he was behind 22 Skinny when Skinny got shot and next morning he 23 came into the chief's office and laid his badge on 24 the table and said, you know, "In Vietnam I knew 25 who I was fighting but I don't know over here." �55 1 2 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And they, later on their intelligence, they had the KBI come in. 3 (10:53:37) 4 MR. ARNOLD: 5 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Kansas Bureau of Investigation? Yes, and do an 6 investigation and later on they found out that 7 their intention was to kill a police officer and 8 cut his head off, put it on a spear, hang it in 9 front of the Afro House. 10 MR. ARNOLD: Wow. 11 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And that's lot of it 12 from outside the community, you know, so, you 13 know, it was like Russell Means, you know, with 14 AIM, you know, he was in here and he was stirring 15 the Indians up and there was just a lot of 16 turmoil. 17 (10:54:14) 18 MR. ARNOLD: So did it finally kind of die 19 down because a lot of these outsiders maybe moved 20 on and the agitators sort of left town and -- 21 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Yes, and what they did 22 was they did brought in Menningers [Menninger 23 Foundation in Topeka] and they took a lot of the 24 different segments of the community and they took 25 them over there to Menningers and they had a �56 1 set-down powwow. 2 First thing they did was they set everybody 3 down, they had police officers, they had blacks, 4 they had hippies, they had city commissioners, 5 they had business people, they had vigilantes, 6 supposed to be, you know, they had all these 7 different segments of the community and they 8 brought them in at night and they brought out a 9 fifth of whiskey and set it down and everybody 10 kind of fixed them a drink and then they had a big 11 powwow and everybody sat around and tried to 12 figure out what was going on. 13 It really was an eye opener for the police 14 officers because we felt like, you know, it was us 15 against them, and come to find out, you know, that 16 they all -- we was the front line and, you know, 17 to get to the city commissioners they had to go 18 through us and they really didn't have anything 19 against the police officers, what they was against 20 was the establishment. 21 (10:55:40) 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 the establishment -- Right. 24 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 25 MR. ARNOLD: You were just symbols of Right. -- because you were the ones �57 1 2 that they were on the front lines with? MR. RONALD DALQUEST: You know, even though 3 we were sympathetic to their cause, you know, we 4 couldn't allow them to, you know, destroy the 5 establishment, you know, by tearing up the 6 businesses or tearing up, you know, the people or 7 shooting people, just like, you know, we couldn't 8 have the vigilantes shooting our community, you 9 know, we couldn't have them coming in and 10 11 destroying things. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: This is Don. Police 12 officers can't lose. 13 in chaos and so that's what, you know, people 14 going to have to, they have to realize is that, 15 you know, if you can't handle it with one officer 16 you handle it with two or three or four. 17 If we lose the community is We had to throw gas. Like I say, we couldn't 18 block the street and the sidewalk so we had to, 19 when they came up against us we threw gas, you 20 know, tear gas, and that's basically what you 21 gotta do, but if you lose, you know, you lose 22 civility. 23 (10:57:07) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: All social order is gone. Right. �58 1 2 3 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: And, you know, people get killed. MR. ARNOLD: Right. The meeting you referred 4 to, Ron, at Menningers, do you remember what the 5 time frame was? 6 or do you remember when that was? 7 8 9 10 11 And that was like in late 1970, MR. DONALD DALQUEST: It was probably, see -- because we had April, July, September. MR. RONALD DALQUEST: It was in the wintertime. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes, I think it was 12 even January of '71. 13 (10:57:37) 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: I think so. 16 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And I know the one I '71? Okay. 17 was in we had about four police officers and there 18 was two city commissioners and -- 19 20 MR. ARNOLD: So this was a series of meetings? 21 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Right. Okay. Well, it was just a 24 two-day meeting. It was on a Saturday and Sunday 25 and you stayed over Saturday night at a hotel, �59 1 see, and you set down and then they had mediators 2 come in and they was talking about it, and we had 3 some radical blacks. 4 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: What he's talking about 5 -- this is Don -- he had one weekend here, another 6 weekend was different people. 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 9 Gotcha. it out. 10 MR. ARNOLD: 11 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 12 And so they could talk Right. Because he wasn't in the same group I was in. 13 (10:58:30) 14 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. And did this seem to have 15 a positive effect in calming things down, just 16 everybody talking out their points of view? 17 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Well, apparently it did 18 because if you look at it, you know, we really 19 didn't have that much going on after that. 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 22 Right. to say that it did work. 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 25 You know, so you'd have Yes. But, you know, and that was like, you go back to fair housing, you know, �60 1 you look at it, they never had a, like 1600 2 Haskell, they never had that until they put it 3 down there and they put it down there -- 4 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 255 North Michigan. 5 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Okay. But all of our 6 burglaries went down to that area, out on 23rd 7 Street. 8 here, and our burglaries changed and went on up on 9 Sixth Street. Then they went 255 North Michigan, up 10 (10:59:37) 11 MR. ARNOLD: 12 13 14 And when you say they went, this was as -MR. DONALD DALQUEST: They had housing projects. 15 MR. ARNOLD: Okay, they built projects, yes. 16 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 17 know, that's just demographics. 18 going to steal more than rich people are. 19 MR. ARNOLD: 20 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 21 And so -- but, you Poor people are Sure. I mean, that's common sense. 22 MR. ARNOLD: Right, right, yes. 23 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Right? And, but you 24 mix them in, you mix them in with good people down 25 here and good people out there and stuff and then �61 1 you have to sort them out, and I think the 2 housing, Lawrence Housing Authority has been doing 3 that more and more, you know. 4 I know one time, just talking about 1600 5 Haskell down here, a gal, K.U. student moved in, 6 moved all of her stuff in, went up to K.U., the 7 next day came back and everything was gone. 8 -- I mean everything in that house. 9 They When we found out who did it, got a search 10 warrant for her house, went down there and here's 11 all the stuff in her house, see, but we couldn't 12 tell what was hers and what else was -- so they 13 had her come down there, the victim come down 14 there, and the victim came down and said, "That's 15 my toothbrush, that's my hair rollers, that's my" 16 -- you know, and they had completely wiped her 17 out. 18 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 19 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: But it was, the person 20 that did the crime, it was her mom that lived out 21 there, not her. 22 because her mom lived out there, you know, she 23 came into that area and seen this gal leave and 24 said, pshew, burglarized. 25 (11:01:39) She didn't live out there, but �62 1 MR. ARNOLD: Would you say, though, that 2 things like the fair housing and starting to break 3 up the highly segregated areas, along with things 4 like integrating, you know, the new swimming pool 5 that was integrated, were those types of measures, 6 even though they probably came with some 7 challenges, but that they also tended to calm 8 things down just by creating mixing that led to 9 some understanding among people that made Lawrence 10 an easier community to police in certain respects, 11 even while probably introducing new challenges? 12 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Yes. 13 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. 14 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: That was Ron. 16 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Don, too, yes. 17 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: You keep interrupting. 15 18 This is Ron. You want to talk, go ahead. 19 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: No, go ahead. 20 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: It woke up the city 21 commissioners and they knew they had to do things, 22 you know, they started listening and they started 23 -- you know, before they put in like Ray Samuel 24 and Paul, you know, human relations, and they 25 started working more, because they opened their �63 1 eyes at these meetings, you know, especially at 2 Menningers and they saw what they was actually 3 asking for, you know, and as long as we kept 4 outsiders out. 5 the major problems, you know. 6 professional people. You know, the outsiders are always These are 7 InCAR came up here, you know. 8 there in San Jose, California, you know. 9 professional, InCAR was a professional -- 10 11 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: They was out They're Can we stop here a minute. 12 (Off the record) 13 (11:04:13) 14 MR. ARNOLD: 15 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Go ahead, Ron, and continue. I think that brought 16 about a lot of the changes, you know, like the 17 swimming pools, you know, they put them down here. 18 They put in a lot more parks. 19 listening to the community, especially the blacks 20 and the other people in the community, you know. 21 They started In this fair housing, you know, they brought 22 them in. I know even for lower wage police 23 officers, you know, we got some housing, you know, 24 too. 25 the Lawrence Police Department we was only making I was out there -- when I first started with �64 1 $385 a month, and, you know, we was barely keeping 2 our head above water and we worked as much 3 overtime as we could and then if they had special 4 needs, you know, or security of some sort we 5 worked them, you know, to try and keep it up, but 6 I think that was the biggest change, you know, in 7 the city commissioners, you know. 8 I know the city commissioners that I was with 9 over there at Menningers really got an eye opener, 10 you know, and it was an eye opener for me because 11 I thought it was between me and them, see. 12 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 13 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And I thought they was 14 challenging me and, you know, they kept calling us 15 pigs and, you know, saying, you know, that we was 16 MFs and, you know, that was a direct insult to me, 17 you know, so really what they was trying to do was 18 get to the establishment, you know, and changes. 19 (11:06:15) 20 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And it sounds like what 21 those meetings accomplished is that it kind of got 22 the outside agitators out of the picture and put 23 the members of the community together and 24 discussed the real problems of the community that 25 could be addressed so everybody kind of understood �65 1 what the frustrations were and try to do some 2 things to fix them. 3 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Right. And, you know, 4 the vigilantes, the supposedly vigilantes, you 5 know, that said they had all these people and 6 everything else, that was an eye opener for them, 7 too, you know, because they was sitting there 8 thinking, you know, that we was picking on them, 9 you know, and they wanted to come in and shoot 10 everybody that they didn't like, you know, and we 11 told them, you know, that isn't what we need, you 12 know. 13 (11:07:10) 14 MR. ARNOLD: How would you characterize these 15 vigilantes. 16 and what were their motives? 17 of law and order and they were going to go after 18 anybody who was causing problems? 19 I mean, what kind of groups were they MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Were they just kind Well, there was a lot 20 of hostility, you know. When you're saying 21 vigilantes, you know, a lot of them was white. 22 Most of them was either construction workers or 23 they was anti, you know, blacks, anti-hippies, you 24 know. 25 and talked to him, you know, later on and I got to They had -- I know of one, and I sat down �66 1 know him pretty good and he said, you know, I 2 don't have any other vigilantes, I was just going 3 to get my gun and go out there and shoot some of 4 them, you know, and -- but I don't have anybody, 5 you know, that was going to go with me, you know, 6 but he says, you know, I looked at it, you know, 7 that, you know, it was a scare tactic, I was gonna 8 scare them all, you know, and if they thought I 9 was a bad guy, you know, and was going to do them 10 what they was doing to me, you know, and vice 11 versa, you know, it had, you know -- I had a black 12 guy that, you know, he went over and he was buying 13 guns in Kansas City, buying ammunition, you know, 14 and he was talking up how bad he was and he was 15 gonna shoot up everybody and everything else and 16 he finally said, you know, "Hey, you know, it's 17 just a play, you know, and I'm just a player." 18 said, "If they can try and scare me I can try and 19 scare them." 20 He But, you know, when you don't know it at the 21 time, you know, you know, it's kind of like the 22 old saying, you know, when you're up to your neck 23 in alligators it's hard to remember that your 24 first initiative was, response was to drain the 25 swamp, you know. We just had had all these bad �67 1 feelings in town and people was just really 2 creating more problems when they was trying to 3 scare one another, you know, and it's kind of hard 4 to separate the two, you know, what's really, 5 what's true and what's false. 6 (11:10) 7 MR. ARNOLD: Right. Till everybody sits down 8 together and starts actually talking to each 9 other. 10 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Yes, uh-huh, and you 11 see some accomplishments, you know, like the, you 12 know, the swimming pool wasn't a big thing but in 13 a way it was, you know. 14 day a year, you know, when they was getting ready 15 to dump all the water, you know, they would allow 16 you to, blacks to come in; now it's dogs, you 17 know, so you see it, you know. 18 blacks swimming, you know, but, you know, like one 19 day a year they could have the blacks go swimming, 20 and now they allow dogs to do it, see, and it's an 21 insult to them, you know, as a race. Before, you know, the one 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: They didn't want Right. In Junction City, you 24 know, when I was up, when we was living there, you 25 know, the blacks could go swimming any time and, �68 1 2 you know, everybody was, it was more segregated. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: I want to say -- this 3 is Don. I wanted to say that I'm not for sure who 4 was on the City Commission in 1967 but I know that 5 the Police Department got quite a bit of stuff 6 there in '67. 7 Mississippi to get the 911 in Lawrence, Kansas. 8 They had to have a look into the future that that 9 would work, and we was the first one west of the We was the first town west of the 10 Mississippi to have a 911. 11 But we had good consoles put in in '67 on the 12 Police Department. 13 law in 1967. 14 (11:12:17) 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 17 That was a basic 911. They passed the fair housing Right. They got the swimming pool bond passed in 1967 to build the public pool. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Okay. But, you know, I 18 know that that, you know, I think you get a lot of 19 people coming through the commissions, you know, 20 so there's a lot of different people that has to 21 talk here or talk there and whatever. 22 Buford Watson didn't come until 1970, so January 23 of '70 he came on. 24 Fraternal Order of Police and we was starting our 25 police negotiations with him because we hadn't I know that I was the president of the �69 1 been getting our fair share of raises and stuff so 2 he stepped into that, I know that, and stuff, but, 3 you know, it seems like it just runs in, every 4 four years. 5 (11:13:20) 6 MR. ARNOLD: Right. You get different groups 7 come together and some of them accomplish things 8 and some of them tend to be more resistant to 9 change. 10 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Exactly right, and so 11 -- and, you know, me being just a little peon, I 12 couldn't tell you, I know that Ray Wells was the 13 city manager. 14 15 MR. ARNOLD: He was the city manager in '67, yes. 16 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 Dick Raney was the mayor. He was a member of the City Commission. 19 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 20 MR. ARNOLD: 21 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 22 MR. ARNOLD: 23 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 24 THE SPEAKER: 25 I know that. Who? Dick Raney. Right. Who owned the drug store. Right. Let me see, I actually have the names of the other city commissioners. �70 1 THE SPEAKER: 2 MR. ARNOLD: 3 Black, Donald Metzler. 4 THE SPEAKER: 5 MR. ARNOLD: 6 THE SPEAKER: Of Morton Block? 7 MR. ARNOLD: -- and John Emick. 8 THE SPEAKER: 9 MR. ARNOLD: 10 Black was one of them. City commissioners were James Yes, Don. He was a -- yes. Clark Morton, -- Uh-huh. And, you know, Ray Wells was the city manager. 11 THE SPEAKER: 12 MR. ARNOLD: City manager. Milt Allen, who I think was a 13 son or grandson of Phog Allen, was the city 14 attorney. 15 16 THE SPEAKER: Yes, right. Yes, that's the son, Mitt. 17 (11:14:33) 18 MR. ARNOLD: Yes, so that -- but it was 19 interesting that many of them didn't serve more 20 than maybe one or two terms and then they'd turn 21 over and so you'd have another group to come in 22 that might not have been as progressively minded 23 in trying to bring about change, some may have 24 come in after those changes because people decided 25 that's enough change, we want to stop making �71 1 2 changes for awhile, but -MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Well, exactly right, 3 and, you know, and I'll tell you something, you 4 know, in first part of '67 we did get some raises, 5 you know, the Police Department did, we got cars 6 that had air conditioning in it, so, you know, but 7 like I say, you think about that, that they looked 8 forward into the future, like the 911 system. 9 10 MR. ARNOLD: Exactly, yes. MR. DONALD DALQUEST: And so I have to praise 11 those type of guys. When I came here I didn't 12 know anybody and, you know, that was in '65 and I 13 said, you know, matter of fact, Dick Raney -- 14 let's see, the dad -- is this the son or the dad? 15 MR. ARNOLD: This was the -- 16 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 17 MR. ARNOLD: 18 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Okay. 19 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: The old man -- 20 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Because I stopped -- Son. -- son, yes, I believe. 21 his dad had a Cadillac that had Douglas County R1, 22 you know, and was going out North Second down 23 underneath the underpass there and was speeding 24 and so I stopped him and I didn't know who it was 25 or anything and so the son was driving and dad was �72 1 in the back seat and so I got his driver's license 2 and stuff and the dad rolls down his window and he 3 says, "Hey, listen," he says, "we're late to a 4 funeral and I told him to speed, get me there, 5 because we're late to a funeral." 6 just, could you just hold his driver's license, go 7 ahead and write him a ticket, we'll come back and 8 get it?" 9 to him. I said, "No," I says. He said, "You I handed it back I says, "I understand," I said, "but if 10 he speeds again just hit him up side the back of 11 the head." 12 driver's seat was the city commissioner, you know? 13 But yes, they was good people, they was good 14 people. Who knows the son who was in the 15 (11:17:19) 16 MR. ARNOLD: Yes. Let me ask you one last 17 question. We've been going for quite awhile now, 18 probably exhausting both of you, but tell me why 19 you think, you know, Junction City that you had 20 come from, and obviously the Fort had a big impact 21 on the fact that it was a fairly mixed community 22 without a whole lot of segregation, why do you 23 think in Lawrence, which also kind of had a 24 diverse influence from the university, but why do 25 you think Lawrence was slower to change than say �73 1 2 Junction City was? Any opinions on that? MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Well, Fort Riley, you 3 know, we had the Tenth Calvary out there and it 4 was blacks. 5 local teams and stuff like this here, and here you 6 apparently didn't have that as much, but I know 7 that -- 8 9 They used to play football with the MR. ARNOLD: So really I think what you're getting at probably is there was just a whole lot 10 more racial mixing there and so people kind of 11 knew each other, they treated each other like 12 human beings, whereas here the segregation kind of 13 put everybody in their own community and there 14 wasn't much understanding among each other, which 15 made change harder to come by when you don't 16 understand the other guy? 17 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. See, if you talk 18 to Verner Newman or Leonard Monroe, I know they 19 was telling about stuff that I had no idea of that 20 had happened and stuff, you know, about racial 21 profiling or racial animosity in town here, that 22 they couldn't do this or they couldn't do that, so 23 I didn't know all that until I started hearing it 24 from them, and those are two guys that I really 25 honor and respect. �74 1 (11:19:29) 2 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And just to clarify, 3 Verner Newman was a fellow Lawrence police officer 4 and Leonard Monroe ran the -- 5 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yep. 6 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: City garage. 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: I'll tell you -- 9 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: John Shepherd. 10 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. -- city garage. And Verner 11 Newman, he was a lieutenant when I came here, and 12 when I was sitting outside there waiting, I'd just 13 went through my interview board and I was just 14 sitting outside there and I was just waiting, 15 sweating bullets, and he came out and he says, 16 don't worry, you've got the job, you know, and I 17 just -- big, big relief over me and stuff, and 18 I've never forgotten that, that he didn't have to 19 do that for me, you know, but he just seen I was 20 there, I was just wringing my hands and nervous 21 and stuff and so I've always had a lot of respect 22 for him, you know. 23 (11:20:30) 24 MR. ARNOLD: 25 Yes. And he was at the time one of the three African-American officers who were on �75 1 the force, I think, in that era? 2 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Right. 3 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. 4 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: John Shepard was the -- 5 this is Ron. John Shepard was a sergeant on 6 Lawrence Police Department and -- 7 THE SPEAKER: Who was the -- 8 THE SPEAKER: Smith. 9 THE SPEAKER: Yes, Smitty. 10 THE SPEAKER: Uh-huh. 11 THE SPEAKER: Yes, Smitty. 12 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. But -- and he 13 went to the Colorado Bureau of Investigation, and 14 real nice guy, too. 15 shift with him but I worked with Newman and then I 16 worked with Shepard, too, so -- I didn't work on the same 17 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 18 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And this is Ron, but 19 Lieutenant Newman, you know, they made me 20 sergeant, I went DPS in '71 and I'd made sergeant 21 and they wouldn't pay me my sergeant's pay because 22 I was making more money than sergeants, so I was 23 acting sergeant for 13 months before I could wear 24 my stripes, because I was making the same -- more 25 money than sergeants was so until they could get a �76 1 pay raise, but Lieutenant Newman was my supervisor 2 one time, they made him a street lieutenant and 3 brought him out on the street, and I got to 4 working with him, and he taught me a lot about 5 being a supervisor and I always admired him. 6 And Sergeant Shepard, you know, was another 7 one that helped me, you know, get through, and we 8 always had good times together and, you know, but 9 one time they sent us down there to Woolworth's at 10 the counter because there was blacks sitting down 11 there at the counter and so I went down there, 12 because they wanted police to come in, and they 13 had a sit-down demonstration down there, and I was 14 talking to Sergeant Shepard and I said, "Man, you 15 know" -- he said, you know, "They won't even serve 16 me if I'm in uniform," and I said, "Well, you and 17 me go down there and we'll have, order coffee, you 18 know, I'll go down there and sit with you." 19 he never ever stirred anything up. 20 no, Ron, don't, don't do that." 21 John, He'd say, "No, And another thing, I had a house one time out 22 by me that was for sale and I told John, I said, 23 "Man, you know, this has got a real nice garage 24 and everything, you ought to go over there and buy 25 that, you know." He said, "They wouldn't sell it �77 1 to me." 2 said, "Because I'm black." He said, "I can't buy 3 over in that part of town." And I said, "You're 4 kidding me?" 5 won't sell it to me." 6 you know, I'll buy it from you." 7 And I said, "How come?" "No." You know. He He said, "They won't, they He said, "If you buy it, And, you know, I didn't have no money, you 8 know, and there was no way in hell I could buy it, 9 because I'd just bought a house, you know, and I 10 thought my house payment, you know, was $150 a 11 month and I didn't know how I was going to make 12 that, you know, but that was kind of an eye opener 13 for me, you know. 14 if you're over in North Lawrence," where he lives 15 today, and, you know -- but he couldn't come over 16 in that part of the town. And John says, "Well, you know, 17 And later on it mixed up, you know, and it 18 was just like, you know, in the old days, I say 19 the older days, you know. 20 if a husband came home and he was drunk, you know, 21 on Sunday and his wife was upset with him, you 22 know, and they get into a screaming match and 23 everything else we used to be able to take them 24 down and, you know, they'd say, "Well, I don't 25 have any money for, you know, motel room" or "I We used to be able to, �78 1 don't have anyplace to stay," you know, and I used 2 to say, okay, "I'll take you down, I'll put you in 3 one of our holding cells and you can sleep it off 4 tonight and then go home tomorrow morning," and 5 I'd be sure and let them out the next morning. 6 MR. ARNOLD: Right, right. 7 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: No charges, no nothing, 8 you know, just give them a cot and a blanket, you 9 know, and they can sleep it off and next morning, 10 you know, his wife wasn't mad at him now and -- 11 you know. 12 (11:26:03) 13 MR. ARNOLD: Sounds truly like the kind of 14 community policing they say we need more of today 15 but I guess just because of the way the 16 regulations and the bureaucracy don't let you do 17 that anymore. 18 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: See, that's one of the 19 things. 20 know, you'll ruin a guy on a DWI and, you know, if 21 the guy was close to home or something like this 22 here you'd take him home and say, "Hey, don't do 23 it again, and if you do, you know, you're going to 24 get arrested," but now we get sued if you do that. 25 I mean, you know, drunk drivers, you MR. ARNOLD: Right. �79 1 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: And it's the same thing 2 like, you know, I've had false rapes, you know, 3 had guys being accused of a rape that they didn't 4 commit, I had false rapes reported to me, you 5 know, and they came after me one time because I'd 6 had like three of them in a row. 7 said, whoa, whoa, whoa, woman's transitional 8 group, and I said, "Just sit in here, I'm going to 9 talk to this victim and I'll show you why," and so You know, I 10 she did, and of course when I interviewed her I 11 said, "Well, hey, what you told me." 12 husband, you know, I had to tell him something so 13 I told him I was raped." 14 these people excited, you know. 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Oh. "Yes, but my Now you're getting Right. "Well, I didn't mean to 17 do that but he, he got very excited." 18 know, it's just one of those type of deals. 19 are perceived to be bad guys but most of the 20 police officers are just doing their job. 21 MR. ARNOLD: 22 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: So, you We Right. And I started the ASAP 23 program, Alcohol Safety Action Project in the city 24 of Lawrence, and with Bruce Beale out of DCCCA, 25 and -- but, you know, a lot of the ASAP program, �80 1 you know, was gathering statistics and reducing 2 our alcohol-related accidents and the first year 3 we reduced them 125 percent. 4 (11:28:52) 5 MR. ARNOLD: I think I'm pretty much done 6 with my questions. 7 either of you, want to add that we haven't touched 8 on that you think are important memories to share 9 about that time frame or what helped to make 10 things better in Lawrence over time, besides 11 things like the swimming pool and the Fair Housing 12 Ordinance? 13 Any other things that you all, MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Well, you know, I'll 14 tell you something. Lawrence is a good town. 15 They got friendly people. 16 made this my home and now I know a lot more people 17 than I did when I first came here, but my dad told 18 me, you know, that even back in the '40s, that he 19 always heard that Lawrence had a good Police 20 Department, good city and everything, and I've 21 worked, well, 25 and 18, almost 40 years for the 22 City of Lawrence and I don't think that there's 23 any town around, even Junction City, I would never 24 go back to Junction City, this is basically my 25 town. You know, the more -- I I think Ronnie feels the same way. �81 1 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 2 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Yes, and, you know, 3 it's been a good, it's been a good city to us and 4 we have enjoyed the work, enjoyed the people. 5 Lawrence has always been a very liberal town. 6 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 7 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And, you know, even 8 back in the days, you know, when we had the 9 Underground Railroad up here, you know, we was 10 always real, history of being real liberal and 11 helping, you know, the minorities, and even the 12 Underground Railroad, you know, this town has been 13 known for that, and Sheriff Jones's raid in 14 Lawrence and Quantrill's Raid in Lawrence has 15 always been real, a controversy town. 16 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 17 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And I think a lot of 18 the radicals, you know, come in sometime and 19 they're real jealous of the society that we have 20 here and I think that's what causes a lot of the 21 problems. 22 MR. ARNOLD: Sure. 23 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 24 in and cause turmoil. 25 MR. ARNOLD: Right. And they'd love to come �82 1 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: But, you know, one of 2 the fantastic things about Lawrence is we had such 3 a diversity of law enforcement, you know. 4 police officer we got to work all kinds of cases 5 and have been a real enjoyable place for me to 6 live and -- 7 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: As a The reason why he knows 8 so much about the Lawrence history, when a lady 9 was killed over here, just right down the street 10 from here, and her son was living, where, up in -- 11 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Des Moines. 12 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Des Moines, Iowa, and 13 he wanted somebody to stay in there because she 14 had a bunch of antiques and everything in there, 15 so nobody would steal it, and so he was single at 16 the time so he slept in there and she had all 17 these books about Lawrence and -- 18 MR. ARNOLD: 19 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 20 Interesting. -- so he read them all while he was there. 21 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And, yes, his name was 22 Don Smith and he was a -- 23 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: What was her name? 24 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Vanera Smith. 25 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes, Vanera. �83 1 2 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: right over here in the 800 block of Kentucky. 3 4 MR. ARNOLD: that, yes. Right. I think I've read about That was like in the '70s maybe? 5 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 6 MR. ARNOLD: 7 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 8 One that was killed, Yes. Yes. And she was a real nice lady, but her grandfather was Josiah Miller. 9 MR. ARNOLD: Right, I know that name. 10 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 11 there, that's Miller Estates. 12 MR. ARNOLD: 13 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: At 19th and Haskell out Right. And her 14 great-grandmother, or grandmother, I think, was 15 Mrs. Miller and when Quantrill came in Lawrence he 16 sent out scouts and the scouts come in, they 17 scouted Lawrence, and on their way back out they 18 stopped there at the Miller house and they asked 19 for food, and she never did turn away people. 20 She didn't know who they were, but she never 21 did turn away hungry people so she said, "Yes, you 22 can. 23 And so they started in the house and she said, 24 "No, no, no, I don't allow guns in my kitchen. 25 You have to leave the guns on the back porch." I'll give you, fix you something to eat." So �84 1 they unloaded their guns on the back porch and 2 they came in and she fed them. 3 Well, when Quantrill came with his raiders 4 they stopped there and they said, "Since you 5 friended my people nobody in the house will be 6 hurt as long as you stay here." 7 across 19th Street there's a little house back in 8 there and that was the caretaker's, one of the 9 caretaker's houses and he jumps on a horse and Well, right 10 starts to run to Lawrence to warn them and 11 Quantrill's Raiders shot the horse out from under 12 him. 13 wouldn't ride in there after him, you know, 14 because they couldn't see. He ran into the cornfield, and the raiders 15 MR. ARNOLD: Right. 16 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And in that history of 17 Lawrence book it said, you know, brave men are 18 seldom brutal; brutal men are never brave. 19 MR. ARNOLD: Interesting. 20 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And I thought that was 21 a good saying. But he was, Josiah Miller was the 22 owner and editor of the Free State newspaper. 23 MR. ARNOLD: 24 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: 25 Oh, that's right, yes. And he was also Miller's Produce in the 700 block of Mass and when �85 1 Quantrill and Sheriff Jones's raid, both of the 2 raiders, they stopped there at the newspaper and 3 they took, you know, they beat on the printing 4 press a little bit and took all the type, took it 5 down to the river and threw it in, you know, but 6 Mrs. Smith, Don Smith's daughter had the original 7 newspaper, the first newspaper that came off the 8 printing press and she's going to donate it to the 9 Watkins Museum. 10 MR. ARNOLD: Okay. Good. You need to come 11 down there and volunteer at the Watkins Museum. 12 You know a fair amount about local history, take 13 advantage of that. 14 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: He should. 15 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And she's got some 16 other things, and I went down and talked to Steve 17 and told him. She's going to contact me -- 18 MR. ARNOLD: Oh, good. 19 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: -- when she brings that 20 stuff in, and she was going to donate it to the 21 Kansas Historical Society and I said, "Well, we've 22 got a history museum here and they would really 23 love to have it." 24 25 MR. ARNOLD: yes. Yes, they would, absolutely, �86 1 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: And that was hanging in 2 the wall of the house over there, and also Josiah 3 Miller was a paymaster for the Union Army and the 4 militia and he had a book. 5 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: What do they call them? 6 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Diary. 7 MR. ARNOLD: 8 MR. RONALD DALQUEST: Okay. You know, of what all 9 he'd paid and everything, what the guy was, when 10 he was, left the Army what he had, and that was 11 interesting reading. 12 13 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: that you -- 14 (11:37:48) 15 MR. ARNOLD: 16 Is there anything else I think we've covered just about everything. 17 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: 18 all and everything more, huh? 19 MR. ARNOLD: Think we've covered it I mean, I think we could keep 20 asking you questions about some of the many, many 21 events that surrounded the violence in '69 and '70 22 but I think you've provided a pretty good flavor 23 of what that era was like. 24 25 MR. DONALD DALQUEST: Yes. You know, like I say, I was down there when that Dowdell got shot �87 1 and I was up there, caught a brick up there on 2 Oread, and had to check out to see if the dynamite 3 was really lit or not up there. 4 MR. ARNOLD: Right, yes. I know all too 5 often in circumstances like that the police get 6 the blame but in reality you all are just in the 7 middle of it trying to do your jobs and keep 8 people safe, and I think a lot of people don't 9 give you enough recognition and show enough 10 appreciation for that, but I want to thank both of 11 you for the contributions that the two of you made 12 to Lawrence over your many years as police 13 officers here, and you are part of the reason I 14 think Lawrence today continues to be such a great 15 town, it's because of people like you who helped 16 to shape it and make it that way, so thanks to 17 both of you, and I appreciate your time coming in 18 and sitting down with me. 19 THE SPEAKER: Well, thank you. 20 THE SPEAKER: Thank you. 21 22 23 24 25 ***** � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City of Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History African Americans -- Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Description An account of the resource <p>On July 18, 1967, Lawrence mayor Richard Raney signed into law Ordinance 3749, which provided fair housing protections to the citizens of Lawrence and predated the passage of the federal fair housing ordinance by almost a year. The purpose of this oral history project, sponsored by the City of Lawrence to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ordinance, is to document and capture the memories, roles and issues surrounding the passage of Ordinance 3749.</p> <p>In May 1961 the Lawrence City Commission established an interracial Lawrence Human Relations Commission (LHRC) to “further amicable [race] relations” and “investigate…practices of discrimination” within the city. Separately, in 1964 various community organizations, including the NAACP and church groups, formed the Lawrence Fair Housing Coordinating Committee (LFHCC). Working together, the LHRC and the LFHCC submitted a proposed fair housing ordinance to the Lawrence City Commission in April 1967 seeking to address discriminatory practices in the sale and rental of homes in the city that effectively perpetuated patterns of racial segregation. Although strongly opposed by the Lawrence Real Estate Board representing local agents, the Fair Housing Ordinance passed the city commission on July 18, 1967. As its stated purpose the ordinance aimed “to provide for the general welfare of the citizens of Lawrence by declaring discriminatory practices in the rental, leasing, sale, financing or showing and advertising of dwelling units, commercial units or real property to be against public policy, and to provide for enforcement thereof.”</p> <p>Approval of Lawrence’s Fair Housing Ordinance predated the signing of the Federal Fair Housing Act by nine months and preceded passage of the Kansas Fair Housing Act by nearly three years. This landmark piece of civic legislation, promoted by a diverse group of concerned residents of a university town that viewed itself as an example of American values to outsiders, including foreign students, and aspired to embody the ideals of its Free-State legacy, addressed discriminatory practices in housing, providing means for victims to seek redress and imposing penalties on violators. The origins, development and importance of this citizen-inspired movement warrants examination and interpretation as the city approaches the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Fair Housing Ordinance of 1967. <br /><br />Interviews for this project were conducted by Thomas Arnold in the summer and fall of 2016.</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to access the audio recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> <p>A selection of the interviews were also recorded on video. Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzt8e_efB6wWS-BHMpGWKW46fyHPtfKPZ">here</a> to access the video recordings of the interviews in this collection.</p> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Arnold, Tom Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Dalquest, Ronald Dalquest, Donald Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 2:01:54 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Ronald Dalquest and Donald Dalquest Subject The topic of the resource Discrimination in housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Segregation -- Kansas -- Lawrence -- History Lawrence (Kan.) -- Race relations -- History Ordinance 3749 (Lawrence, Kan.) Protest movements -- Kansas -- Lawrence Law enforcement -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Ronald and Donald Dalquest, twin brothers who were both police officers with the Lawrence Police Department at the time that Lawrence's fair housing ordinance was passed in July 1967. This interview was conducted by Tom Arnold on November 9, 2016, as part of the Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dalquest, Ronald Dalquest, Donald Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Lawrence Fair Housing Ordinance 50th Anniversary Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available City of Lawrence, Human Relations Division (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/9/2016 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Arnold, Tom Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource <p>Click <a href="https://soundcloud.com/lawrenceksaudio/dahlquest-brothers-110916-hi?in=lawrenceksaudio/sets/50-years-of-fair-housing-in">here</a> to listen to the audio recording of this interview.</p> <p>The Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas is the official repository for this collection of oral histories.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DahlquistInterview110916.pdf (transcript) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1965 - 1970 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/fe0bfe2538ad02c23fe62194cf7d8220.pdf 37fcf7c04cfb3670ecf089fe4170b40a PDF Text Text Lawrence Daily Journal-World (Lawrence, Kansas) · Mon, Sep 3, 1917 · Page 2 https://kansashistoricalsociety.newspapers.com/image/59660361 Copyright © 2017 Newspapers.com. All Rights Reserved. Downloaded on Jun 5, 2017 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource History of the Lawrence Public Library Subject The topic of the resource Libraries -- Kansas -- Douglas County Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) History -- Kansas Biography -- Kansas Description An account of the resource Resources related to the history of the Lawrence Public Library in Lawrence, Kansas. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Invitation to Soliders Stationed in Lawrence, 1917 Subject The topic of the resource Libraries -- Kansas -- Douglas County Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) World War, 1914-1918 -- United States -- Kansas Description An account of the resource An article encouraging soliders stationed in Lawrence, Kansas to make use of the Lawrence Public Library. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lawrence Daily Journal-World (Lawrence, Kan.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Newspapers.com Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Daily Journal-World (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1917-09-03 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LJW_LibraryForSoldiers_1917-09-03_p.2 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) 1917 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/dfc322155c48f13e8d45ab1e50b457b7.pdf d04be8501cc9c819c81dc0aefc6888b9 PDF Text Text Interview with Isabel (Chavez) Gonzales Interviewer: Emily Raymond Date of Interview: February 19, 2021 Length of Interview: 41:21 Location of Interview: Recorded over telephone Transcription Completion Date: February 28, 2021 Transcriptionist: Emily Raymond Isabel Gonzales (Interviewee): Well, most of ‘em are older than me, but – but I did know who they were, yeah. Emily Raymond (Interviewer): So, how did you find out about the project? IG: Um, my friend, Judy Romero, uh, e-mailed me and said somebody had asked her to do some proofreading. She’s really busy right now taking care of her mom, uh, that she said she wouldn’t have time, and she asked if I was interested, and I said: “Yeah I can,” and so she gave me the information. ER: Well, that’s fantastic. So, well, I mean, there are standard questions that – a woman named Helen Krische started this project, and she had a list of questions that she would just go down and ask people. So, I have those, but I’m also just interested in hearing about anything you have to remember; we don’t have to stick to a script. IG: Mm-hmm. ER: So, let’s just start with – what was daily life like, when you were growing up in La Yarda? IG: Well, here’s, yes, I didn’t know if Nora had told you, that it was about La Yarda, but I, no, I told her I didn’t, uh, grow up there or even – well, not too far from it, but, no, I told her I really didn’t have anything to say about La Yarda. I went to pick up a friend, and – or walked her home, but that’s all. And so, um, and the same thing with my brother Carlos, who’s younger than me. And she said, well, that – that, um, are you the doctoral student? ER: Yes, that’s me. IG: Yeah, well, she said she thought you might be interested in just, uh, I guess, the life growing up in East Lawrence, and that’s why, but if you only are interested in La Yarda, I couldn’t help you with that. ER: No, we – I’m interested in – in all of it, actually, because it helps to get a picture of what life was like outside of La Yarda in Lawrence as well, because some of the kids who grew up in La Yarda, they would say, well, you know, we went to school, we went to church, but we didn’t know much about what was going on in the town. Maybe they went to the movie theater, or something like that. So, it’s – it would be helpful for us to have a little bit of context form someone who’s – who was living outside the community at that time. So yes, please, tell me what you remember. �IG: Well – well, because it was, we lived at 805 Pennsylvania Street. Are you in – you’re from Lawrence, right? Or are you there now? ER: Oh, yeah. I know where Pennsylvania Street is. IG: Okay. At the time, the 800 block of Pennsylvania was the most east street in Lawrence. The next – the next over, there was just, right across the street from us, were all, uh, buildings, like the cider building and there was an egg plant, and different things like that, but no houses. But one house on the corner, but after that there were no more streets. But if you walked down 8th Street, I think there was maybe a couple blocks, if I remember right, that was La Yarda. ER: Oh, okay. IG: So, they were – they were kind of separate, but we were the last three east that was nearest La Yarda. Um, and a friend of mine, Celia Garcia, lived there, and, uh, actually, she’s two years older, she’s a friend of my sister, and sometimes we’d walk her home or – or walk, you know, to and from, so I remember just barely, barely remember entering that – that area. But, uh, as far as, you know, if you’re interested in just what – what it was like, our childhood, is that what you’re wanting to know? ER: Oh, yes. I do. I – I’d love to know things like whether you had any holidays that you enjoyed celebrating, what your mom would cook for dinner – IG: Uh-huh. ER: Traditions that you guys had, just what it was like growing up in East Lawrence at that time. IG: Yeah, well, the main thing is that there was so many big families, you know, I’m one of fourteen children. ER: Oh, my goodness. IG: And then – and then down the street, there was, uh, the Romeros, and the Ramirezes and the Romeros and [unintelligible] the Bermudezes, everybody had either – anywhere from seven children to, I think the Romeros had sixteen children. ER: I think you’re right. IG: But everybody had – huh? ER: I think you’re right, what Pete said. IG: Pete, yeah. And then the, um, Ramirezes had eleven, the, um, Mendozas I think had ten or eleven, so what was very fun was that almost all of us had somebody our age, two or three or four people our age that we could play with and grow up with, so we always had lots and lots of �fun, ‘cause we, you know, played baseball in the street, since we were the last street besides those businesses, so by the evenings, there was no traffic down that street. ER: Oh, that’s right. IG: We’d play baseball in the street, uh, just stay up real late at night, not like today, we could stay up till ten or eleven, dark, you know, in the summer, play that “Truth, Dare, Promise, or Repeat.” Uh, we – we just had lots of children to play with. I do remember that. We put on plays with the Grand Ole Opry and Little House on the Prairie, Laura Ingalls, and commercials, we just had a lot of kids to do things with, which was fun. One thing that I never thought was dangerous, but, until I grew up, of course [ER laughs], going – going east, let’s see, it would be north. North, right at the 800 block of Pennsylvania going north, there was nothing but, um, these big sand piles. I don’t know if it belonged to the railroad. The Santa Fe railroad or who – ER: Interesting. IG: But there was huge – pardon? ER: Interesting. I – I remember someone mentioning those sand piles, but I don’t remember what they were for. IG: Yeah, I don’t either. We didn’t know, ‘cause we were children, but they were huge. Now, to me, they were, like, two stories high, but I was a kid. And what we used to do, which now I think would be very dangerous, is a lot of us would go over there, we’d climb to the top and slide down. And we just kept doing it over and over, I’m sure we brought those sand piles down some, but they were always so high. Nobody ever got buried in it or hurt, but that was one of our, that was our entertainment, one of the things we used to do, but um, just, I always remember lots and lots of kids and outdoors, we were just outdoors all the time, you know, in the winter playing outside, not that we – nobody made us, but we just were, um, well, I didn’t, I’m the tenth child, so there’s just four under me. And so, we never had a TV till I was thirteen in our household. ER: Oh, okay. IG: So you could tell, there’s nothing to do in the house, there’s no TV, so, uh, we just played outside all the time. Uh, had a couple of bikes, and everybody took turns riding those. Just made up games to – to play outside, but, uh, the – and then, of course, in the winter not so much unless there was snow outside. Um, our parents were very, very devout Catholics, and I think all the Mexican families were in that area. ER: Mm-hmm. IG: Um, and, um, so, you know, we went to church every, uh, Sunday, of course, and during Lent, we went twice during the week for services. Um, my father especially was, uh, head of our family, as far as religion went. ER: Oh, okay �IG: I don’t know if any – we used to say the rosary every night. He built an altar, like a roomsize altar; it was tall. ER: Oh, really? IG: And he built – oh, yeah, it was really beautiful, looked like a little bit of an altar you’d see in a church. Not that elaborate, but of – it was an altar that, um, and he led the rosary every night, uh, sometimes in Spanish, sometimes in English, ‘cause he mostly spoke Spanish. My mom spoke both. And, um…but, and then we went to Catholic school when it was open, I started there in fourth grade, I think. There was no Catholic school before that. ER: Oh, okay. IG: Um, so I went fourth through eighth, and then my younger siblings got to go when they were younger. All of the older siblings did not go. We used to go to, uh, catechism, like on Saturday morning. ER: Oh, okay. IG: CCD. And, uh, you know, I’m thinking of all of the stuff in my childhood was good, it was positive, uh, it was good. Except for one thing, and it’s super sad, because of what it was, and it was the church. Um, at the time we were growing up, St. John’s was the only Catholic Church in Lawrence. And, uh, unfortunately, there was a priest there that was, uh, very prejudiced against blacks, Mexicans, um…yeah. And we were very – even though all the Mexicans went there, we were still a minority. The church was mainly white. I think there might have been one or maybe two black families that went there. But, uh, uh, I, you know, this incident was never reported or told or anything, and I – I happened to tell Nora about it because I felt – I felt like, you know, that it – it probably should be known. Uh, there was an incident where, uh, somebody tore up the bulletins. They used to have the bulletins in the back of the church, and when you left you picked one up, and – ER: Oh, sure. IG: Uh, yeah, so somebody had torn some up, and – and uh, we got a phone call. I don’t know if it was that same Sunday or on Monday, the next day, from the Monsignor. And he said that my brother Frankie, who was at that time fourteen, I was ten, uh, that Frankie had torn them. Well, we always went to church and we sat way towards the front ‘cause that’s where my dad wanted to sit. Like maybe, I don’t know, I don’t know if you’re familiar with St. John’s Church, but we’d sit about ten pews back. ER: Oh, okay. IG: Out of the – you know, it was pretty close to the front. ER: Sure. �IG: Uh, and, uh, and, um, Mom – Mom, I guess, was the one that answered the phone, and she says: “No, it’s impossible; he would not have done that.” And, um, you know, thought probably some little kid did it. And he said – well no, I don’t know how he – how he thought, why he thought, that my brother had done that, and my brother said of course he didn’t tear up bulletins at church, and so, um, that priest told Mom if she didn’t write a letter apologizing, uh, for her son tearing up the bulletins, that we could not go back to that church. Well, us being such a Catholic family, we never missed a Sunday Mass. ER: Of course. IG: Mom, she said: “I don’t have a choice. I have to write this. There’s no other church.” It was the only Catholic church in Lawrence, and I remember, I’m 74 years old right now, but the reason I remember it so distinctly is because it affected me so strongly. I was ten, I saw my mom sitting down with a paper and a pen, and she was crying. And I said: “Mom, do not write that letter. Frankie didn’t do it.” And she said: “I have to, because we can’t – otherwise, we can’t go to church.” And, um, to this day, that’s what I remember. I do not remember if she actually wrote it. I’m assuming she did, because we continued going to church. But that incident just stuck so much in my head because of, um, the tremendous meaning it was for us. My dad even, um, we didn’t have a car, so we always walked to church from 8th and Pennsylvania to where it is at 12th and Kentucky, I guess. ER: Yeah, that sounds about right. IG: Uh, 1234, ‘cause we went there so much, I remember. But um, on Sundays, my mom – I didn’t know this till after my dad had died – my mom told us that not all Sundays, but she said many Sundays he would go to Mass twice. And we said: “Why?” – excuse me – and she said: “Well, because he went the first time out of obligation,” ‘cause as Catholics we’re, uh, that’s, we’re obligated to attend Mass once a week, you know, on Sundays. Back then they didn’t have Saturday Masses. And then he said he went the second time because he loved God. And so, it was like, he didn’t want to go out of obligation only. He wanted to go to, you know, tell God he loved Him. And then he’d walk us, because we would go to a later Mass, and he’d walk us. I remember walking with him to church. But, uh, he was just very, very devout person. You know, all the time, when we left for school, he gave all of us a blessing, and before we went to bed he blessed us, and, you know, that’s the way we were raised, uh, knowing that how – how important church was. But other than that, I didn’t, you know, uh, feel any discrimination, like a lot of people have, throughout, um, other than that priest and his sister, who taught us CCD, because from first, second, and third grade, me and then all of my siblings went, his sister taught, uh, the Monsignor’s sister taught, uh, the catechism classes on Saturday morning. ER: Oh, okay. IG: And so we went to her, and she was the same way. She pretty much ignored anybody, like the few Mexican kids that were there. Um, if she passed out a treat at the end, uh, we got skipped over, and the Monsignor did that too, when we were in the school. When we got our report cards, �he would – every time we got our report cards, he’d come and pass ‘em out, say the name, kind of look at it, make a comment, give it to the person. But he never called us up at all. We just got handed the report cards later, same thing, passed out a treat, we didn’t get it. So, they were very, uh, very, uh, prejudiced. ER: How spiteful. That’s horrible. Especially for a man of the cloth. IG: Yeah, I agree now. As a child I didn’t – I noticed it, but I didn’t think too much of it. But as an adult, when I think back, yeah, it was. And it happened for many, many years, but that was a time during the ‘50s, um, and ‘60s, probably early ‘60s, that, people didn’t talk so much about it or protest too much about it, because it was pretty common. Discrimination was, you know, I don’t know if you know, but my older sister said there was signs everywhere, you know, where they – they couldn’t do into a restaurant to get anything. They could get it to go. They had to go to the back door to get a drink, or, uh, something to eat. ER: Oh, right, yes. IG: That was pretty, uh, obvious in the ‘40s and ‘50s, anywhere. Um, but, um, anyway, uh, but other than that, my – at the schools, the nuns were very nice to us. The nuns were really nice to us, the, uh…[child yelling] okay, just a second. ER: You’re fine. IG: The, uh, the other teachers that I had when I was in, um, uh, middle school and high school, they were all – they were all super good, and I never dis – uh, experienced any, uh, discrimination at the – I went to Lawrence Junior High, uh, right there on Massachusetts. ER: Oh, okay. IG: And then on – and then, Lawrence High School. Uh, you know, good experience, I just – I just didn’t have any other problems. Um, so the childhood really was, I thought, very good. And then you were asking about, um, uh, like holidays we celebrate? ER: Yeah, like did you have any family traditions that you would celebrate every year, or…I know you lived in a large community, so did you ever get together with people and, I don’t know, have cookouts or picnics or something like that? IG: No, no, because each family was so big that we just did it with our own family. And later when older sisters and older siblings were married, they would come with their children, so we would have our nieces and nephews, and, um, like my oldest brother is, um, 20 – I think 23 or 24 years older than me. I don’t remember living with him at all. He had gotten married by the time I have a memory. So, I was really young. So, and my sister too, so we weren’t all fourteen in the same house at the same time. Some were gone and married, or moved out before the younger ones were born. But, uh, well, we always, of course, celebrated Christmas and, uh, birthdays, um, Easter. But always just with our own family, not with the neighbors. �ER: Oh, okay. IG: Yeah. ER: I was curious as – as to whether you had done church activities like that. I mean, I remember when I was growing up, we did a lot of things with – with our church family, but that’s because our – we didn’t really have any relatives, so we were just kind of adopted. IG: Oh, you don’t have, uh, siblings? ER: I have – I have a brother. IG: Oh, okay. ER: So… IG: Just two of you? Sorry. ER: I know, it’s – it’s strange because we – IG: No, I’m sorry. You know, it’s different. Because one Thanksgiving, on Thanksgiving, our older siblings that were married and had children, maybe they’d had two or three by then, or four, they would come for Thanksgiving and we’d have lots of people there. And my – my younger sister, one year none of them could come, the weather was real bad, so none of the married siblings and children came. And I remember my sister Vicky, when we sat down to eat, she looked real said and she says: “This is so sad, there’s only ten of us.” ER: Oh. IG: Cause there’s probably like 25 or more, 30 normally. ER: Oh, my goodness. IG: Yeah. So, you know, we’re always used to, uh, lots and lots of family and friends, actually. I had, uh, three really good friends, and, um, that lived like, one block away, and another that lived close, and um, and then they would come for Christmas Eve Mass and to eat tamales at our house afterwards. They came a lot to our house, my close friends. More than any of the other siblings – an older brother used to have a lot of friends come over, too. ER: Oh, okay. That must have been special. I’m glad that you had some – some friends that you could just invite over to your house. Now, you said your – your dad spoke Spanish, yes? And your mother spoke both? IG: Both of our parents were born in Mexico. ER: Oh, when was that? �IG: They, yeah, my – my dad didn’t come till he was about fifteen, walked from central Mexico, Guanajuato, all the way, he worked in Texas for a while, then in Colorado for a while, then finally worked for the Union Pacific railroad, you know, and ended up here in Topeka, but – but, uh, he came at fifteen, and my mom was brought by her parents when she was three years old. ER: Oh, okay. IG: So, they grew up speaking Spanish, yeah. ER: Do you remember anything about your dad’s job during that time? I mean, obviously he was away from the home, but did he ever come home and tell you stories about it? IG: Not too much, I just knew that, um, it was real hard work. He was a – they fixed the tracks, repaired the tracks. ER: Oh, okay. IG: That was his main job, and he had to travel to a lot of different towns, too. And it was all outdoor work, and, you know, he’d have to work no matter what the weather, storm real bad, cold weather or snow. Or the heat. And he always had two jobs. He worked as a custodian for the school, and I forgot what else, but he almost always had two jobs. But, you know, we saw him of course on weekends, and in the evenings when he came home. But no, he – he never really spoke English at – at home. I understood that he – he knew Spanish, I mean he knew English, but he just preferred to speak Spanish, and so we didn’t talk to him a lot. Mom would – Mom was the translator between us and our dad, really. Our – my older siblings all spoke Spanish first. So they knew it. The younger ones did not. ER: Did you ever have to take a Spanish class in high school? IG: Well, I didn’t have to, I chose to, I took it all through high school and KU. And I’m a Spanish – retired Spanish teacher. Uh, ‘cause I – I love the language, and we have relatives in Guanajuato, Mexico, and I used to go every two years to visit them. I lived with them a couple summers, and so uh, um, I took it because I wanted to. And, uh, some of my siblings speak, the younger ones speak it, some do not, or – or know some, but not a lot. Um…but they – both parents came here because of the extreme poverty that they lived in, you know, sometimes my dad told me the story about, um, uh, well his parents both died when he was really young, I think by five years old he was an orphan. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: Went to live with an uncle. Yeah, went to live with an uncle, and he became a shepherd. He had him watching the sheep all during the night. And, uh, not treated, didn’t treat him too good, didn’t feed him really very much, and so he chose to – to leave when he was either fourteen and a half, fifteen, or something like that. But he said when he was young that sometimes they had no food, and, uh, that they were given marijuana plants to chew on. And I remember telling my �students this one time and they said: “What?” You know, they say marijuana’s supposed to make you hun – make you, uh, hungry or something, I forgot what they said. ER: Is it? I don’t know. IG: But that’s what I think they told me. But – I taught at Topeka High for many years, in Topeka West, but, no, he – they said – no, he said that – you know how today, it’s medicinal. He said no, it would – it would curb their hunger. It was looked – it was used as medicine. So their – so they wouldn’t feel hunger pangs. And, uh – ER: I didn’t know that. IG: Yeah, that’s what they – ‘cause it grew freely. It, you know, they didn’t have to buy it or anything. It just grew in the fields. And, uh, uh, even today, they – they know that they can use that for, like, use the leaves and put ‘em on your – if you have arthritis, um, our cousins and, ‘cause they had come here one time, and my sister, older sister has arthritis, and they said, she said: “Oh, it hurts,” and she tried different medicines. And then my cousin said: “Well, have you tried marijuana?” This was, like, thirty years ago. [Laughter] And she says: “Well, no, it’s illegal.” And he – and we said: “Isn’t that illegal in Mexico?” And he says: “Yes, but nobody cares.” You know, I know that a lot of – they have a lot of laws, but they don’t really enforce them very much. ER: Right. IG: So, he said: “Ah, we just go down the street.” He named the lady who had it, and he said you soak the, uh, leaves in alcohol, and then you lay it on top of wherever you have the arthritis pain. And it’s supposed to help. And now we’re finding out today, yes, they’re using it for medicine, so – ER: Oh, my gosh. I guess – I just, I never knew that about it. I knew that, you know, regular smoking can be an appetite suppressant, but I didn’t know that just chewing the leaves would have a similar effect. IG: Yeah, that’s what they – they just chewed the leaves. They just picked ‘em for free out in the fields, so – ER: Oh, my goodness. IG: But anyway, I know that both my mom’s family too were just really poor and when she came, there was a revolution was going on and there was, you know, burning – burning, you know, villages. And they – they had to flee. But, uh, anyway, I – they had a difficult childhood, both of ‘em. Ours was very pleasant, even though we had a big family, you know, we always had enough food, we had – our parents were good people, and, uh, I don’t remember any, you know, really anything negative. Um…I know my brother Carlos probably, he’s four years younger than �me. I told, um, Nora because – in that La Yarda, uh, interview, uh, my sister Helen and my brother John Chavez were interviewed. ER: Oh, okay. I remember that I transcribed their interview as well. IG: Oh, okay. Well, I proofread ‘em, and, um, I laugh ‘cause I said – because one of the questions was, you know, was anything negative or did you feel, you know, any prejudice? And, uh, both of ‘em were just real pleasant and sweet [laughs]. And they didn’t mention anything, and so I told Nora, you got the two angels in our family. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: ‘Cause they are. They just don’t – they don’t say anything negative, or even if it’s the truth, of course, I’m not – I’m not making things up – they just steer away from saying anything that might be, um, uh, negative. So, I said, I told Nora, kiddingly, I said: “You should interview my brother Carlos. He’ll tell you the true story. Or – or I know some things.” But no, ‘cause they’re – they’re older, and so they would know more about stuff before, like, in the – probably the ‘30s and ‘40s, instead of – mine is, like, ‘50s, really, when I was a child, it was in the ‘50s. ER: Right. Well, and it’s just good to talk to different people of varying ages so that we can kind of see what changed over time, what might have stayed the same. I’ve, you know, I’ve had a couple people say they experienced a lot of discrimination growing up, and then others like you, they said, well, there was a couple of isolated incidents. I believe one of them remembered going to church and being asked to sit in the very back, instead of – IG: Oh, yeah. ER: Instead of up front, which shocked me, honestly, I… IG: Oh, actually, the – the, you know, we use kneelers. The kneelers, you know how they have pads on ‘em? ER: Yeah. IG: They took the pads – they took the pads off of the last two rows I think, all the way across. And, uh, that’s where, before I went to church, the older ones said they were – they were all supposed to sit in the back. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: Oh, there’s just tons of incidences. It was not nice, what happened. Oh, gosh, one time I remember the procession, we used to practice this. When we were going to St. John’s, we practiced for the May procession. And, uh, we’re, you know, lined up two by two, the nuns lined us up and everything, and Father came over to watch the practice one time. And Cecelia Garcia, which, she was a good friend of my older sister’s, two years older than me, she was the one that �lived in La Yarda. She – I guess she got a little bit ahead of her partner, ‘cause I was – I was near her, but I don’t remember how far, and Father just yanked her back so hard he tore her dress. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: And, yeah. And, uh, just a lot of little things, lot of things that happened because of who those two people were. But, you know, I think everybody just wanted to forget that. I don’t know. ‘Cause other than that, we had a – it was good. Life was – life was not bad. For my older siblings, I’m sure they had more things that happened. ER: Sure. IG: But anyway. ER: I’m glad that, you know, we are seeing this change over time. IG: Yes. ER: I think the worst story I heard was, and I cannot remember the name of the interviewee, but she would say that every time they did the passing of the peace, she would, you know, put her hand out, and she said: “Nobody would take my hand.” IG: Oh, yeah. That had been before my time. I don’t remember that. But I’m sure that did happen, yeah. ER: It just – IG: It’s really sad, uh, Emily, because even today, all the stuff that’s going on, with mainly black but Asian now too because of the virus, but you know – all - starting with George Floyd and all that, I was just shocked at all the – the really bad discrimination against blacks. And not everywhere, but it’s definitely still here. We just have to work harder and harder at, uh, informing young people. ER: It’s sad that it takes tragedies to – to get us to think about these things. IG: Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. ER: I mean, yes, of course things have gotten better, but it definitely doesn’t mean we need to become complacent, so you have an excellent point. IG: Right. Right. ER: Goodness. Speaking of – IG: I’m not sure what else, any other questions – �ER: I was gonna ask you a question about, um, what about healthcare? I study the history of medicine, so maybe this is more personal interest, but what – what was healthcare like back then? IG: Um, well, you know how today everybody goes for maybe a yearly physical? We did not. We went when we were sick. Um, and I – it was rare. People, you know, even though we were poor, we ate well, but I don’t, I don’t remember anybody getting sick very often, or needing to go to the doctor. Uh, we would get the shots. We did go to the dentist. ER: Okay. IG: Uh, but we did not, we did not, I – it was rarely I think that we, in my memory, I could be not remembering well, but I don’t remember going for physicals at all, really, maybe, yeah, till I was an adult. And you know, already married and living here in Topeka, and go for your yearly checkup. But, uh…but that’s about it, I – I know that we did go to the dentist. Um – ER: I was curious about the dentist. Others had said, you know, we – we went maybe once or twice, when we were in elementary school, and then someone else said: “Well, I didn’t go until I was married.” It’s amazing how much changed in such a short period of time. IG: Mm-hmm. Yeah, um, yeah, it just – it wasn’t, I guess I didn’t even see that people were getting sick very much. That they needed to go to a doctor appointment. ER: Were the diets pretty good, I mean, back then? IG: The food, yeah. Well, um, I – we had, um, we ate, I think beans and – and tortillas and chili pretty much every day, but my mom also made, um, I remember her making, like, goulash and hamburgers and, um – ER: Oh, okay. IG: Mexican food, like tostadas and enchiladas. Tacos. Um…but, um, mainly Mexican food, but we did eat American food, too. Mashed potatoes and, uh, like green beans and things like that. Um… ER: And you said you were outside really often, you know, playing, like – IG: Oh, yeah, all day. In the summer, from the time you get up till you go to bed almost, except for coming in to eat, we were outside all the time, yes.’ ER: What about swimming? IG: We got a lot of sun, never used, uh, what do you call it? Sun… ER: Suntan lotion? �IG: Sunblock? Yeah, whatever. ER: Sunblock, oh my gosh. IG: Sunscreen, never, I didn’t even know it existed, so we never, ever used that. And we were out in the sun all the time, everybody, all the kids. Oh, and then fruit in the summer. We always had, uh, my dad would – used to come around with trucks of watermelons and cantaloupe. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: And they were real cheap, so we always bought lots of watermelons and cantaloupes. So we had a lot of that in the summer. In the winter, um, I think mainly, like, plums and apples. But not – peaches, my mom used to can. Oh, and my dad had a huge – two – two gardens, actually three gardens. He had one in North Lawrence. ER: Three gardens. Oh, my gosh. IG: A huge garden, and he did corn, and – and carrots, and radishes, and tomatoes. Tons of tomatoes, and, um, lots and lots, onions, he did – he planted a lot of stuff, ‘cause we used to go to the gardens with him and pick. He’d bring bushels and bushel baskets home. Somebody – somebody who had a truck would bring ‘em for him. ER: Okay. IG: But he’d walk from our house to North Lawrence to where his garden was, and then when the produce was ready, they would help him bring it home, and then my mom did a lot of canning. So, she canned a lot of that – the fruits and the vegetables. And then, somebody said he had one near our house, which I didn’t know about that one. And then he had one in our backyard. So we, he grew a lot of, uh, vegetables. ER: That must have been an enormous amount of work. IG: Yeah, so I think we ate – ate well. ER: Did he sell any of the vegetables, or did your mom just can whatever was left over? IG: No, yeah, she just canned it. Yeah. ER: What about swimming? Um, I remember some people I interviewed said that they were not allowed to go to the swimming pool in Lawrence, and so they went to the river instead. They said that was pretty dangerous. IG: Yes, well, that’s another sad thing, none of us learned how to swim, except for I think one brother, ‘cause he used to go to the river to swim. But that was – that’s true, you couldn’t use the public swimming pool. But no, none of us ever learned to swim, to this day I didn’t, because I �guess when you grow up and you’ve never been around water that – to swim, you just, I had a little fear of it, so I just never…never did learn to swim. ER: Oh, okay. I was – I was curious about that. I’d actually heard several talk about how – you know, they’d say, well, we went down to the river, stood on the sandbars, and it was so dangerous, but we didn’t think that at the time you know, because when you’re kids, you just don’t think about it. IG: Well, and then our parents, uh, forbid us to go after one of the Mendoza boys, a young boy, I think he was about nine or ten, was swimming in the river, and he drowned. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: I remember that, he would have – I think he was, like, a couple years younger than me. And so then, you know, our parents didn’t – didn’t allow us to go there. One brother went anyway. Um, so he was a – one of the rebellious ones that had all kinds of experiences that – ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: Some he’s shared, some he has not shared. But, uh… ER: Probably for the best. IG: Yeah. Anyway. But, um, so as far as – we used to play, um, we went to New York School, which was just, like, a block and a half from our house. And, um, they, um, had a big, you know, playground outside, and a jungle gym, and a few equipment, so all summer when school was out, we could go there to play. ER: Oh, how fun. IG: We used to go. And then they had a summer, some kind of summer program where they – they would set up ping pong tables and box hockey and have competitions, you get a snack, so all the kids, we always went there. And then on Sundays, we’d go play baseball on their field there. So, it was real nice that we had that, uh, that school so close to our house. ER: I imagine that was fun. IG: Oh, yeah. It was a lot of fun to go there. And I remember when it snowed a whole bunch, ‘cause when I was little, it seemed like it snowed more in the winter. Uh, I just remember my, we kind of enjoyed it when it was a lot of snow, because my dad would not let us go to school. We walked. We walked to – now, this would not have been New York School. It would have been St. John’s, which was about a mile. ER: Oh, okay. �IG: It would have been the middle school, uh, Central Junior High, which was 14th and Mass [Street]. And then the high school, which was about three miles. But I used to walk home. We got a ride to school, but I’d always walk home from Lawrence High or Central Junior High. But if it was real high snow, because, you know, back then I forgot, you know, girls didn’t wear pants. So, we only wore skirts. ER: Yeah, that’s true. IG: Yeah, so we had skirts on, and then, you know, short socks, and the shoes. So your legs are exposed, of course we have a coat on, but not to cover our legs, and so, I just remember we, our legs would be red. ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: Our faces were red when we got to school, bright red. Uh, and I remember one teacher at Lawrence, I mean at the Central Junior High, my ninth grade English teacher, Mrs. Black. My locker was right outside her room, and you go to your locker first, and I got there and it was a real cold winter day, and I know my face was bright red, and my legs. She came out of her room and saw me getting in my locker, and she – she came up and started, like, patting and rubbing my cheeks and saying: “You poor little thing,” ‘cause I was all red. ER: Oh. IG: But, uh, she was feeling sorry for me, for walking, but, um. So, on those days, especially deep snow, we didn’t have boots. He said: “No, don’t” – he’d tell my mom, he’d go to work, but he’d tell my mom: “Don’t send the kids.” Because he didn’t want us to be out in the snow and that cold without, you know, proper – proper clothing. And I don’t know if the boys went, they had pants. I don’t remember. But he didn’t want us to go, because it was just too cold, he said. ER: I can’t, I can’t imagine walking to school dressed like that in the kind of weather that we had just last week. IG: Yeah. Yeah, no. ER: I was thinking, my gosh, it’s dangerous for kids just to be out in this kind of weather, and… IG: And some of ‘em, like, waiting for a bus now, that’s, yeah. That’s why they canceled for a couple of days. ER: That was a wise decision. I… IG: Mm-hmm. ER: It’s so easy to take for granted all the things that we have now, especially in – in doing these interviews, you know, things that never even occurred to me that we just have access to. �IG: Oh, yeah, we just – well, everybody had outhouses back then. I remember outhouses. So you know, if you had to go when it’s dark or raining or cold – ER: Oh, my gosh. IG: You still had to go outside to go to the outhouse, but also, we didn’t have, uh, since we had an outhouse only, we didn’t have a tub, like with running water. ER: Oh, that’s right. IG: So we had a big, what they called a [unintelligible]. It’s a metal, round metal container, and one of ‘em was kind of oblong, like what you see is a horse trough, you know the horses, they get water? ER: Yeah, yeah. IG: We had two, a round one and then an oblong one. And we, Mom would put – in the winter, she’d put it in the kitchen and then boil water and then put regular water and hot water in there, and, uh, everybody would have to take turns taking baths there in the kitchen, where it was warm. ER: Oh, so much work. Oh, my gosh. IG: In summer. Lot of work, yeah, with so many children. Well, Saturday, and that was probably a lot of people, Saturday was your bath day, so it was just once a week. But everybody had to take turns, and I think we did it, ‘cause I always did it with my sister, who was two years older than me, so we were in that tub two at a time. And then, uh, in the summer she put the – it was outside. And she’d fill it up and we’d take our baths on the side of our house. Just outside. ER: Oh, my goodness. IG: I know! One thing is, we – we, the neighbors on one side would be the opposite side of our house. They couldn’t see us. It was a real small little house, with an elderly couple. And then on the other side was a barn. I don’t even know what it was. It was a big huge barn that ran from the front of our house to the end of our house, the alley. So, there’s nobody in there to see us either, so we were, uh, so, you know, we weren’t exposed to anybody. But I don’t even know what kind of barn that was, it was a huge barn, at first I thought it was some kind of a car place, but now I don’t even remember what it was. ER: So no livestock or anything, just… IG: No. ER: I mean, I guess you would have smelled that if it was. IG: Yeah. Yeah. �ER: Oh, my goodness. Well, thank you for taking the time to talk with me. IG: Sure. ER: I don’t want to take up too much of your time, I know you’ve got things to take care of, but I appreciate you telling me about what life was like back then. IG: Sure. Sure, you’re welcome. And good luck. Are you, you say, you’re the doctoral student, right? ER: Yes, ma’am. IG: That – that is amazing. I just – I went to KU, but only got the graduate. I didn’t go get a Master’s or anything. This was a long time ago, I was there in the ‘60s, and um, nobody encourages us back then to go to school at all, or even continue. I don’t know, it’s just, I guess being poor, nobody thought we could do it, but my daughter is a teacher also, and, uh, she has a Master’s, and she so badly wants to get a doctorate, but, um, she has four children and it’s kind of hard right now. But she really, really wants to do that. I hope she gets to, so congratulations to you, best of luck. ER: Thank you. And best of luck to your daughter. If she can get a Master’s, she can get a doctorate. I promise. IG: That’s what I’m saying. She’s real smart. So I’m sure she will eventually, some time. ER: I’m actually enjoying the doctorate more than I enjoyed the Master’s work, so I hope the same is true for her. IG: Oh, good. Good. ER: Well, thank you, Isabel. IG: Okay. Thank you. ER: Have a wonderful evening. IG: Okay. Uh-huh. Bye-bye. ER: Take care. Bye. IG: You too. Bye. END OF TAPE � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Yarda Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource La Yarda (Lawrence, Kan.) Mexican Americans -- Housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- History -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- Social conditions -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource La Yarda was a neighborhood of worker housing provided by the Santa Fe Railroad for Mexican-American railroad workers in Lawrence, Kansas; located near the Kansas (Kaw) River, the neighborhood was largely destroyed by a major flood in 1951. In 2006, Helen Krische, archivist at the Watkins Community Museum, began an oral history project to document the La Yarda and Mexican-American communities in Lawrence, Kansas. The project was resumed in 2019 by Nora Murphy and Emily Raymond. The interviews primarily feature the children of the railroad workers who migrated to Lawrence in the early 20th century; they describe daily life, social activities, and living conditions in the Mexican-American community in Lawrence from roughly the 1920s through the 1970s. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived La Yarda Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Community Museum (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 2019 2021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource These works are the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Raymond, Emily Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Gonzales, Isabel (Chavez) Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data MP3 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:41:21 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 192 kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Isabel (Chavez) Gonzales La Yarda Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gonzales, Isabel (Chavez) Description An account of the resource Isabel (Chavez) Gonzalez was interviewed by Emily Raymond on February 19, 2021, as part of an oral history project to document the La Yarda and Mexican-American communities in Lawrence, Kansas. La Yarda was a neighborhood of worker housing provided by the Santa Fe Railroad for Mexican-American railroad workers; located near the Kansas (Kaw) River, the neighborhood was largely destroyed by a major flood in 1951. Isabel grew up in East Lawrence, and recounts her childhood as part of Lawrence's Mexican-American community. She attended St. John's School, Central Middle School, and Lawrence High School; she also discusses her family's experiences as part of the St. John's Church congregation. She shares memories of childhood pasttimes, life without indoor plumbing, and her father's extensive vegetable gardens. Isabel describes her family's migration from Mexico to Lawrence, and discusses experiences of discrimination and segregation faced by the Mexican-American community in Lawrence. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Raymond, Emily Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1920s - 1970s Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-02-19 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 (audio recording) PDF (transcription) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 7-IGonzales-20210219.mp3 (audio) 7-IGonzales-20210219.pdf (transcription) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Community Museum (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the audio recording of this interview, go to <a href="https://archive.org/details/7-igonzales-20210219">https://archive.org/details/7-igonzales-20210219</a>. The <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">Watkins Museum of History</a> also holds items related to this collection. <a href="https://archives.lib.ku.edu/repositories/3/resources/5295">Additional research on the La Yarda community</a> is held at the Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Published with the permission of Isabel Gonzales. This work is the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived La Yarda Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource La Yarda (Lawrence, Kan.) Mexican Americans -- Housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- History -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- Social conditions -- Kansas -- Lawrence Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/1b88ccdba5029b90fba9e6665457c33f.pdf 283295463d0facfc7ec41dee87b2f097 PDF Text Text Tape 16a: Interview with Israel Bermudez and Rachel Lemus Interviewer: Helen Krische Date of Interview: 2006 Length of Interview: 31:49 Location of Interview: St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church Transcription Completion Date: September 30, 2020 Transcriptionist: Emily Raymond Israel Bermudez (Interviewee): …Yeah, yeah. Some of the stuff she brought up I can just barely remember. But the first priest that was there, then a different priest…my God, how does she remember all that? Helen Krische (Interviewer): She must have a good one. Are we ready to roll? We have tape in the thing here? Unknown Male: Yep, it’s ready. HK: Okay. Alright, first what I’m gonna do is, let’s see, we need to get two consent forms going here. Um, this consent form is just, um, to let you know that this is an oral history of MexicanAmericans here in Lawrence. And that, uh, we’ll keep a copy at the Watkins Community Museum of History and we’ll also probably give a copy to the Kansas State Historical Society and, uh, we will make a copy for you. And, um, basically it’s just to kind of tell you that, um, in doing this that, that you will grant us all the rights and, uh, and intellectual property rights, uh, for this interview and that we can, um, make other audiotapes of it and we can use it for research and publications and also for, um, putting on the website if we choose to do that. IB: [unintelligible] HK: Oh yeah, sure! [laughs] IB: All the stories – HK: If you let us do movies, that would be great too. So, I’m gonna give this one to you to sign. We’ll need your name up here at the top and then there are two options here that says that you won’t have any restrictions on what we’ve recorded and then there’s one underneath that says that you do want restrictions on what has been recorded. And then fill out the other information down at the bottom…I’ll give you just a minute, Rachel… [long silence, picks back up at 2:18] IB: So you want my name here again, and – HK: Uh-huh, your address and everything so that we can contact you. IB: In print? I print better than I can write. HK: Okay, well that’s fine. [laughs] Let’s see. �IB: Cause I went to New York School. HK: Here you go…Use that pen. IB: What’s the date today? HK: 22nd. [long silence, picks back up at 3:19] IB: [unintelligible, maybe asks who someone is] HK: Oh, it’s Brian. [laughs] IB: Okay. HK: Alrighty. IB: It’s kind of legible [unintelligible]. HK: [laughs] True brother and sister. Alright, um, I’m Helen Krische, we’re doing this for the tape, and this is Israel, um, Bermudez and Rachel Lemus. Rachel Lemus (Interviewee): Yes. HK: And they’re brother and sister, we might add that to the tape. And, um, first of all I guess one of the, one of the basic questions is, what part of Mexico is your family originally, originally from? RL: My dad was from the state of Sacatecas. And my mother was from the state of Torion. HK: Okay. And how did they happen to, um, come all the way out to settle in Kansas? RL: Well, it’s the same thing they’re doing now, they’re looking for work, my dad, he…the way I talked to him one time, they came from Mexico and they went to Nebraska. HK: Mm-hmm. RL: G-e-r-i-n-g, Nebraska. That’s where my first, my oldest sister was born. And then they came over to Kansas ‘cause of the railroad was hiring Mexicans. And that’s what I understand, I don’t know about him. IB: Most of, most of…work [unintelligible]. RL: And then they came here I think to Kansas City, then they came, I don’t think they lived in Kansas City, but then they came here. �HK: Do you know around what time this was? RL: Well, my oldest sister was, is, was born 1926. HK: Okay. RL: So that’s about the time and the rest of us were born here in Lawrence, Kansas. And the next one was in the 1920s, I would say about 19, between 1928 and Ruben was born here too, he was born in February 1928. And they were already here in Lawrence. HK: Did they join the St. John’s Church as soon as they moved here, or – RL: I don’t remember. I’m sure they did. I mean, I’m sure they did. Very, very religious. IB: Baptized [unintelligible] in the church. HK: Did they work for the, uh, Santa Fe railroad or the Union Pacific? IB: I’m not sure. I think Santa Fe. I’m not sure. HK: Do you know where – IB: Yeah, I don’t think he worked with the railroad too long. ‘Cause he had an injury and he had to quit that and then go to work somewhere else. RL: At KU? IB: Yeah. HK: Okay. So, do you know if they lived in, um, any of the housing complexes that – IB: [unintelligible] RL: Santa Fe, I don’t remember them… IB: Um…I think… RL: I remember being there but I don’t think visiting, but I don’t, cause we lived in New Jersey and 7th and the 8th. IB: Mm-hmm. RL: And then they…the last house was 810 New Jersey. It was same little vicinity. IB: We all lived two or three blocks of each other. �RL: I don’t remember unless somebody comes in [ad?] tells you that…[unintelligible] Older but better memory, but I don’t remember living there. HK: Yeah. IB: [unintelligible] …I can remember when I was about four or five, we lived on New Jersey street. 740 wasn’t it? RL: 19 New Jersey. Because then you would, I understood, the only ones that could live in them, they call it the yards was like, just a IB: Two-row houses. Little apartments. RL: And then I remember that the water, everybody used, the faucet was right there in the middle. The outhouses were over there, they had their side and they had their side. But I guess…like he said, my dad went to work, he worked over on the – IB: I don’t think, on the railroad he didn’t work too long. So that’s probably one of the reasons we never lived in those houses. HK: Mm-hmm. Did you have, um, was it just your parents and, um, you kids, or did you have other extended family members living with you, or…? RL: Just visit – IB: Visit. RL: Stay a little longer [when?] visiting maybe. IB: Sometimes a couple of [unintelligible] [laughs] [says something about jokes, maybe?] RL: That’s, my mother stayed home, there was 12 of us. HK: Wow. That’s a big family. RL: Well, after me there was three that passed, and I never really asked her if they were stillborn [“probably”?] But after I was born there was, there was I didn’t know whether you wanted pictures but – HK: Oh, yeah. RL: I had these, I should have taken time [unintelligible] my mother. That’s my dad and that’s… IB: That’s Ruben… �RL: [We/You?] weren’t even here yet. IB: No, I said, Ruben… RL: That was my oldest sister and my oldest brother. And my mom. IB: Yeah, I think I was out picking up beer cans. [laughs] RL: Huh? IB: I think I was out, out picking up beer cans. That’s why I’m not in that picture. [laughs] IB: And the [unintelligible] RL: And this is, that’s, the twelve – the nine of us living here. But I think they were stillborn ‘cause we had no pictures or my mother became a diabetic about that time, got pretty bad, so probably that’s why she didn’t, they didn’t live, or something. I wish I’d have asked, but at the time, you know – IB: Well, I think the, I think the gravestone was just the birthday – RL: Well yeah, that’s what I got off of the old ones. IB: So there was, they must have been stillborn. HK: So are they buried here at Mt. Calvary? RL: Mm-hmm. HK: Yeah, we’ll probably scan these, and then… RL: Yeah, they were, the time the father wanted them to, some of them to have markers, so the, I don’t know that we were rich but important they, I remember my dad getting this, uh, Coca-Cola cart, wasn’t it, Izzy? Put concrete in it and then he kind of, like, built up a cross and then just put the dates that I copied. HK: Oh. RL: And he said that everything had, should be marked up there. And after my dad passed away, I was executor and I thought: “The first thing I’m gonna do is buy them, um, their, so that’s what they got now. Theirs is newer than all, all the rest of [unintelligible]. And that’s the dates I got, 19, let’s see, ’41… IB: ‘43, and ‘46. RL: ‘43 and ‘46. �IB: [unintelligible] RL: Yeah, he volunteers to cut the grass, that’s why it always [unintelligible]. IB: Cut, cut grass over there, yeah. HK: So, did you grow up, um, in your household, did, did you grow up speaking Spanish, or…speaking – RL: Both. HK: …English also? RL: Both. HK: Both? RL: And that’s why I don’t know how to speak Spanish good, or English – IB: Mom and Dad never spoke English, so we had to learn Spanish and speak Spanish. RL: Mother would never speak Spanish. IB: And English rather. RL: And English, she’d probably, she went downtown to pay the gas bill or Duckwalls [unintelligible] she didn’t have to speak. She went to get thread and she knew [unintelligible], she knew how much, and for gas bill, whatever she paid, she knew how much, and…My husband tried to trick her one time. She wouldn’t speak…so we, that’s what we learned. They didn’t go to – really probably grade-school level. So the Spanish I know, I get real embarrassed when I meet, I’ve met lots of people from Mexico. My husband hasn’t had the schooling either. But the, the girls that I’ve met and worked with, they’ve gone to, let’s see, high school level and I always tell ‘em: “Don’t laugh at me and, because the Spanish I know is…” IB: Slim. It’s slim. RL: And then my mother and them didn’t go to probably grade school level, [that’s the?] Spanish, and I hesitate to, when I speak [I say?] “No, no, you go ahead,” you know… HK: So do, do your children speak Spanish, or…? IB: Mine don’t. RL: Mine understand it, but more than they can speak it. �IB: When you start speaking Spanish, my kids, they start looking, ‘cause they know something’s going on. [unintelligible] they can pick up what you’re talking about by… RL: And I regretted not, not speaking to them, you know. Because now, my husband came from Mexico. And I got some friends and their kids, and they’re just little you know, right now those little kids speak English and Spanish just like that. And I thought, why didn’t I speak to, you know. It’s [not?] too late. [unintelligible] or something, I feel awful. ‘Cause you know, we didn’t speak to – IB: Well, that’s like, we went to Mexico, all of us together. Brothers and sisters and [unintelligible]. And I was in Mexico, and down there they don’t speak no English. And I was like, in a foreign country. I could understand them, but I couldn’t speak, ‘cause they speak fast. And I was in Korea and Japan during the service, and I, I could speak to those people more than I could speak to the people in Mexico, seemed like. I felt…I don’t know why, I just felt different. ‘Cause in Mexico they just rattle off, and I don’t speak that good, so I, I was kind of ashamed trying to speak, I couldn’t speak. But I feel really bad cause they were interpreting too, the people who were talking to me. He said this, [unintelligible] and I said that, couldn’t speak. But I just didn’t use it that much. If you don’t use it, it just kind of goes away. So of course we was going to school, back then, back then they didn’t want you speaking any Spanish in school, even to each other. So they always kind of frowned on it. Didn’t speak it to other kids because they didn’t want you to, so the only time you spoke it when you went home, the rest of the time you were speaking English. You learn both at the same time. HK: Did you go to the, what schools did you attend here in Lawrence? RL: New York School, for grade school, and then over here on 9th and, uh, what was that oneway street? Kentucky. There’s a filling station. IB: 9th and Kentucky. Oh, you mean Central. RL: Central. IB: Junior high used to be on 9th and Kentucky. RL: There’s a bank over there, and then there’s a, the offices and then I think it’s a gas place. There was three buildings and I can’t remember all of them. Central – IB: …Ohio – RL: [Manuel?] IB: Ohio and Central. RL: There was three buildings that we had to change classes, you know. That’s where we went to junior high, and then we went to, um… �IB: High school. RL: You went to – IB: Central. RL: Where did you go to high school? IB: Central. RL: Central. Central down Massachusetts was high school. But I didn’t, I got to go to Lawrence High. And that was [unintelligible] graduated and that was it. IB: And we had, they had St. John’s when I was growing up [unintelligible] ‘Cause I remember the nuns. They were, they were kinda strict, and they’d pull your ear, and… RL: And my kids did – IB: They’re gonna have trouble enough trying to learn without somebody pinching, pulling their ear, so I said [unintelligible] public school. RL: And my kids did go to St. John’s, and my grandkids are in St. John’s. And my daughter’s kind of, like, you know, she lives way over there by Corpus Christi. I went to [unintelligible] and that’s where I want my kids to go, unless there was no room. Then her boy, instead of going from sixth grade to wherever he had to go to the new schools. She’s got ‘em over here in Central because she went to Central. And then he would be going to Lawrence High. When he should probably be going, I don’t know what the boundaries, but as long as there’s room they can go. She said: “I went there, I want them to go there.” IB: Well, usually if they have a choice, the school system [unintelligible] Lawrence High, rather than Free State. RL: Yeah, if there’s any room. IB: Yeah. RL: As I say, as long as there’s room she could do this. IB: I said, hardly anybody get turned down going to Lawrence High, Central or other schools, anybody who wants to go to Central. The other way around, and it’s in the system, it still is… [certain?] people somewhere. That’s probably – like I say, if you want to go to Central and you live somewhere else, they usually let you go to Central. If you’re here and you want to go to one of the other junior highs, most of the time, [unintelligible] unless they got a lot of room, or you got some reason [unintelligible]. HK: Well, what was it like growing up in Lawrence? �RL: Fun. I tell my grandkids, they got all these expensive toys, blah blah blah. We had, I said, we had, it wasn’t Barbie doll then. I remember getting these dolls. I could never understand when did they buy them, we were with them when they went to town. My sister I remember had a big sack of these dolls, and you know, we just cherished that doll like it was made out of gold. Our kids, Barbie’s in, next year it’s something else, and it’s, ah, well, you know. I don’t think they – they just lookin’ to see what’s next and then they’re gonna get it. And then we had all of, after supper was all over, we all lived, all the Mexicans lived in one section. We were Mexicans, black and white. Middle of the day if you were cooking and you needed [unintelligible] you needed three eggs and you just had two, you could go next door and, “Can I borrow a egg?” Now we don’t even know who our neighbors are. In the evening we’d all get down on the street, Pennsylvania Street, ‘cause there was, I guess cause there’s not many cars at the end of the road there. And we’d play hide-and-seek, we’d play, the guys would make this thing, what is it, where you jump, you know, the, higher…the wood? thing you guys built. You know, we just – IB: What do you call that, I can’t remember. RL: We were happy. That was our happy – we didn’t, we didn’t go to the parks. Walked everywhere, every Saturday we went to confession, walked from 810 New Jersey up to the church. IB: Only time you crossed Connecticut Street was to go to church [unintelligible] Connecticut. The rest of the time you didn’t. Only time we went over there was, there’s people, trying to, I don’t know, beat us up or whatever, but…you gotta be fast. HK: So was there, did you experience any prejudice growing up? IB and RL: Yes. Yes. RL: Even up – I met my husband here. We came to – it was a friend in Topeka. And then there were dances or something, and he stayed in my sister-in-law’s house which I used to remember was her younger sister, and that’s how we met. But they started giving these Mexican shows and you had to go to Topeka. And my dad, you know, we didn’t have that. We don’t have what we got now, videos, we got a channel, I wish we had, my parents it was nothing, you didn’t hear nothing, no music, no CDs, now you can go everywhere and…food, same thing, cause we, they made it at home. But back in ‘62 we, he says: “You wanna go to Topeka, take your dad and we go to the movies.” So we were going to Topeka for the first time and we knew the day – the night, the night it was. We knew where, North Topeka. We got there like an hour early. So my dad, he spotted a bar [laughs] he told my husband, “Let’s go have a beer, Frank.” He says: “Your dad wants to go over there and even if I don’t get one I wanna be with him.” I said, “Oh, go ahead.” “What are you gonna do?” I said, I’ll just, they had kind of like a waiting area, you’d go in. I said: “I’ll just sit here.” Well they came back right away and they said “No…” IB: Wouldn’t serve them. �RL: “We don’t serve” – and that was in ‘62 in Topeka. And then the guys experienced a lot when they went into the service. IB: Yeah, I went into the service in ‘53, and I came home and there was two of us that – that were on leave, and we was gonna have a little party, after – before we left. And so we went to, back then they didn’t sell liquor to the Indians. Specially in Haskell, ‘cause most of them were young, and they’d always get drunk and get in trouble, so they just wouldn’t do it. But we usually didn’t have – we usually didn’t drink liquor anyway. If we – but anyway, we was going to, we went to the liquor store to get something to drink, and ‘cause we was gonna leave in a couple of days, and the guy said, he wasn’t gonna sell it to us. So we said: “Well, why?” He said “Cause I don’t have to.” We said: “Well, you know, there’s gotta be a reason you don’t want to sell it to us.” And he said: “Well, I just don’t have to.” And, and back then like I said, they wouldn’t sell to Indians, so we said: “Well, we’re not Indians, we’re Mexicans.” And he said: “I don’t care what you are, you know, I don’t have to sell it to you.” So then my friend was getting kind of mad and he’s kind of a burly guy, and so I was trying to hold him back and, you know, I said: “You know,” I said, “we’re not gonna bother you. Just give us a bottle, we’re gone.” He said: “Well I don’t have to sell to you people.” So I thought, okay. So we went outside and of course we went somewhere else [unintelligible]. Course after you’ve had a few then you kinda start, you’re still boiling inside, and I can see why people go through life and they’re – they’re trying to live the right life and [faint sounds] intoxicated, go back and do something we shouldn’t have done. And then, after that you’re on the wrong side of the law all the time. And I can see why people do that, you know. But I mean, that was for no reason. We wasn’t, we wasn’t gonna sit in there and drink, you know. Like you couldn’t go to bars and sit and drink in bars, ‘cause they didn’t let you. You’d go in and buy your stuff and leave [unintelligible]. But the liquor store was the same way. You could go in and buy it long as you had an ID that you was old enough. In those days, and I used to get irritated, ‘cause I was in the service going to Korea and [laughs] I’m going out to war and I can’t even get a, you know, something to drink in a bar or liquor store or something. And there was a lot of places you couldn’t go in. And they wouldn’t, they wouldn’t have a sign up there, but they would, if you went in to get something they would just see you there at the bar or the counter and they would just ignore you. RL: Ignore you, like you weren’t there. IB: Anybody else come in there and you, you know, after a while, you know they’re not gonna serve you, so even – even if you want to get it to go, you know. It’s just like, I grew up with a lot of black friends and we had a Mexican ball club and they had a black ball club and we used to play each other all the time. And we’d get together and drink a few beers and stuff, and we was always teasing each other. And I was teasing this one black kid and I said [unintelligible]. He said, well yeah, he said, “You guys think it’s easy, you – you try growing up having to sit in the back of the bus all the time.” And I say, “You mean you guys got on the bus?” I said, “Why didn’t you get on the bus?” And he started laughing, he thought that was a joke, but that was, that was true. Most of the time you [unintelligible] the bus. If you had legs you could walk. RL: Well, the movies, down here at the Granada… IB: Yeah [unintelligible] – �RL: We could go in but we had to sit in the back row, we weren’t allowed to go. And if you went up beyond… Well, you tell them about that incident with, uh – IB: Well, I, I had two friends that were older friends. One was a black man and one was white. The white person was, he was like 17. He was a real good friend of ours, the family. Then the other guy was kind of in the service and he was a [unintelligible] but he used to take me to the movies on Saturdays. So every once in a while, that’s the only way I got to go to the movies when I was a kid. They, one of them would take me, and when I went with the – and the movies had sections for the blacks that sat in the back, usually up in the balcony in the corner [in the back?] in a certain area, three rows or something like that. Every time I went with the black man, he always, he always, uh, bought my ticket for me, which I would [owe him for?] Every time I went with this friend of mine who was a white boy, he was 17 and he always gave me the money. Back then it was 11 cents, to go to the movie. He always gave me the 11 cents to go to the movie. And it used to make feel good so I’d get up there, put the 11 cents up there. I remember this one time I, I was going to put my 11 cents this gal at the door and she said: “We don’t have no more colored seats.” And I didn’t understand what she meant, so I said: “What?” And she said: “We don’t have no more colored seats.” What’s, I’m trying to think, what’s a colored seat? And so finally he says, he was standing behind me, and he says, he said: “What’s the problem?” And she said: “Oh, is he with you? And he said, “Yeah, why, what’s the problem?” “No problem,” and she gave me the ticket, you know. And I went home to tell, and I told my brothers. Of course, they just started laughing, all over the chair and, you know, I still don’t know what it means or what it is. And then finally they said, they said: “Well, they thought you was a little black kid.” ‘Cause I was real dark anyway. And then they would laugh and then I go, “Oh, that’s what it was.” [laughs] But I mean, you know, you grow up, I grew up like that, with things like that. And even today there’s still stuff. RL: Yeah, I feel like it’s coming. I don’t know why. IB: And I – I figure if I’m in a group of white people, you know and they’re talking and they’re talking about black people in a certain way, oh, I know if I’m not in the group they’re gonna talk about me. I mean, not all people, but the people that are that way, ‘cause you know I was in the [fire department?] and we had, like, maybe two black people on there. And every once in a while when they weren’t around, these guys would be talking about them. And I’d get mad, because you know, I knew they were talking about me and I was – you know and I kind of get, get almost, you know, “Why are you talking about the other guys, you know, they’re just people like anybody else.” [unintelligible] But, I mean, that’s how I felt. And I always told my kids, you know, “If somebody’s standing there talking about another race in a certain way, they’re gonna be talking about you when you’re not there. And it is true. That’s why I said, it still goes on. ‘Cause I’m still around people who, who talk about somebody else, you know…and I know you’re gonna say that about me. RL: But like I said, we were in the neighborhood with black people next door, Mexican, another black, white person. We were all together, you know, all kind of like a family. All got along. �IB: And I remember growing up with people, too, that, I went to [Oregon?] on New Hampshire, there. And we had this, I worked with this, these voicers make the music and [unintelligible] and I, I worked for a guy named [Ricky?] who was from Arkansas. And he started working there sweeping floors when he was 16, 17 and he ended up, you know, doing things, he, he invented a lot of the stuff that they made. But he got to be what they call a voicer, he’s the guy that tunes all the organs and stuff. And he had like a 11th grade, 10th grade education from Arkansas. But he wasn’t dumb, he was smart. And then after that they uh, they got a union in there and the union, you know, they [fight?] for all the [bandmen?] in the union, and he ended up being president of the union. And so the – the company didn’t like him because he was the president of the union, you know, he was – getting good money. And they had, uh, they, they didn’t have no steps for how much people could – they just paid ‘em, you know, nobody knew what the other guy made. So they decided to get a union, because there was some guys that came in [unintelligible] related to the supervisor, and they’d come and [unintelligible] everybody else started [unintelligible] And so when they got the union, they thought, you know, they made ‘em have steps that you go up the ladder and you get paid, and all that. Anyway, so one of the deals with him they were, the company didn’t like him because he was the president of the union, and he was getting big bucks, so they turn around and put one of the, one of the deals for a voicer, you had to have a college education in music. And of course, so then they try to get him out of there, but you couldn’t do it because he was already there before this came out. And they were trying to get him out of there, and they, they couldn’t. ‘Cause it’s against the law, you know. And so all the time he was in there, they hired all these college people with music degrees and stuff. And he was the only one…but he invented half of the stuff that was there. So he knew down the road, you know, something like [unintelligible]. So he, when he invented stuff he would put part of the stuff here and part of it here and part of it at home so they couldn’t just come in and say, “Okay, this is what you do now.” There was always something missing and that’s the way he kept his security more or less. And I remember he had these other guys around him, they were all college people, he was the only one that was 11th grade education. And then he’d always, when they talked about black people he’d always bring me in there and say, “You know, he grew up with black people [unintelligible].” All of them would always say: “Well, I have black friends too.” And so he said: “Well, who are they?” “Well, some guy I went to college with.” And he said: “No, it was just somebody you got acquainted with.” Said: “No, black friends are people that you, you know, that you know everything about them. Like you know their kids, you know where they live, you know their mother’s name and all that.” And that’s the way I explained it to him. So this guy says: “No, I have one. My best friend’s a black man.” I said: “Where’d you meet him?” “I met him in college, and then he went to our church and we played organs together and stuff. And I said, I said: “Well, what’s his wife’s name?” He said: “Well, I think her name’s – ” “How many kids do they have?” “Well, I think he has – ” I said: “What do you mean, you think he has?” “Have you ever been to his house?” He says: “No.” �“Has he ever been to your house?” “No.” I said, “Then you, he’s not really a friend, he’s just an acquaintance.” I said: “A friend, usually you know everything about them, they know everything about you.” I said [unintelligible] Or smoke a cigarette and give ‘em, you know. I said, that’s, you know, those are friends, they’re not acquaintances. But that’s [unintelligible]. And there was a lot of, some, not a lot of – some still to this day. But I grew up, you know, prejudice was…The only thing I, where I didn’t see a lot of prejudice was when I went into the service. ‘Cause then if you performed [unintelligible] I remember, my life completely changed when I went into the service, ‘cause then we were all equal. You know, when I went and joined up, there was a bunch of Topeka, this area, we all met in Kansas City. And there was a group that came from Chicago or somewhere, where we all met in Kansas City, on the trains that went from Kansas City to California. We – I joined the Marines, so all the way out there, there was, like, gangs of guys from, you know, Chicago, and there was guys from the Kansas City area, and a lot of them were just from little towns like I was. And they were kind of like, you know, all the guys from Chicago would sit together, they had their big ducktails and their little, you know, back then it was ducktails and [pink? big?] pants and all that, and they all smoked and drank. Tattoos and everything, I was just, I was scared to death of ‘em. [laughs] And they were tough, you know, and they’d push each other around, and they had, they carried their knives, and they got out there, you know, and I’m sitting on the train, it took us three days to get out there [tape goes silent, then cuts off] END OF TAPE 16A � https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/7f73787eb46b4326a3381eb2c3ee1f4f.pdf 13381d94827dcfb250e797ea0e3eedfe PDF Text Text Tape 16b: Interview with Israel Bermudez and Rachel Lemus Interviewer: Helen Krische Date of Interview: 2006 Length of Interview: 31:46 Location of Interview: St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church Transcription Completion Date: October 13, 2020 Transcriptionist: Emily Raymond [Tape begins with buzzing and static noise] Israel Bermudez (Interviewee): …It was an accident, but just…happened to get hurt. HK: Was that at New York School where they were congregated. IB: Now, that was a bad time too, because there was a lot of people that came in from out of town to get, you know, in trouble, and down in East Lawrence – RL: They’re doing that now. IB: East Lawrence, they shot out all the streetlights. And then they’d go down the street in their cars with their lights [off? out?] And you know, if they see somebody they didn’t like, or something, they’d start chasing or shooting them or whatever. I mean, you can sit there in the evenings on your porch and there’s bullets come through the leaves in the trees, you know. And that didn’t last long, couple of weeks, maybe two or three. The thing about it is, I went to the – to the store one time, and like I said, I had black friends, that I grew up with and played ball with, and when those riots and things were going on, there was a lot of, like, [unintelligible] people came in too. And then you had the black [unintelligible]. And they were all around. And there was, there was a lot of tension here, when you walk in a store somewhere, they look at you, and try to figure out: Are you a militant, or are you with them, or are you with them? I, I was in a store one time talking to this black fellow that I went with, played ball, and there was, some college, I think they were college kids, and they were older. And I don’t think they were from town. I think they were just troublemakers. And they came in, we was standing there and they got all around, about six of ‘em. [murmurs] “They’re gonna, they’re gonna beat us up, boy.” And so I thought: “Well, all we can do is stand back to back and fight as many as we can.” But back then I didn’t think about it, you know. Back then fights were just hands, you know. Didn’t use nothing. The militants did, but most of the time, when you see somebody, [unintelligible] they was just fistfighting, you know. One got beat up and then get up and go home. And after that it started turning into knives and guns and all that kind of stuff. [unintelligible] There was a lot of – RL: We had a – funerals, we was just talking about this the other day – we didn’t go to the funeral home, they brought the body to the home. IB: Yeah. RL: And then in those days you brought the body to the home, and okay, let’s say somebody died, I don’t think we ever had one for us, but you know, somebody [unintelligible]. And the �parents would get together and they figured, you know, you’re gonna, after the rosary, you’re gonna offer coffee and rolls. So that’s when my mother sometimes would say, “Go get the coffee,” you know, big can, or “Go get the five pounds of sugar and we’ll take it over, take it to her before so she know they have it.” Somebody else would bring – buy bread, and then after the rosary we had – we were little, we were looking forward to that bread. We, we drank coffee all our lives, since we were little. IB: Yeah. Mm-hmm. RL: Us kids were, I remember, I remember some putting in a milk bottle. IB: You had milk, but you [unintelligible], but that was it. RL: Lot of milk, and, but we drank coffee. And up to this day I, my husband’s trying to, “You drink too much coffee.” I said, “Oh, that’s okay.” Something’s gonna take me one of these days anyhow, I believe. It isn’t like, you know, I’m bothering somebody else by, you know, smoking in your face, or nothing, but…the funerals were like that. Very seldom did they go to the little – IB: The whole family went to the funeral, these little kids would be [unintelligible], everybody else [unintelligible] Having the rosary or something like that. The person’s laying right there in the dining room [unintelligible] in the casket. So the little kids just didn’t want to stand there, so they’d be outside. [murmurs] We’d always peek in the window, you know, to see the body, what was there. That’s the way it was. RL: It’s all, like I said, we’re all together. IB: Lotta that growing up like that is just because you were poor. And you, you know, you couldn’t afford this and that. So that’s the way you had to do things. RL: Well, I have a piece of paper, ‘cause my dad lived with me after my mom passed away, he came to live with me. And I found this little paper that’s handwritten, I think he paid $300 for the house, $10 payment. I’ve got that. HK: Oh. RL: And he got this little house, then he built two bedrooms. It was just the living room, really a living room, one bedroom, kitchen, and the back like a porch. Then he, then the city came, you had outhouses, then the city came and said no more outhouses, you’re gonna have to put your bathroom in there. And that was fine. But down the basement of that house my dad had, there was a faucet, he put up walls and there was a stool, a real stool, you know, it might have been used, but – IB: We dug the, we dug the line, sewer line, to the, to the – RL: And the way you flushed it, there was a faucet there, and there was a bucket, so you know, when you needed to flush it you just fill it and it would flush. But then the city came and says no �more, they give us a [unintelligible], so then he put the bathroom upstairs. Then he built two bedrooms, one for the boys and one for the girls. Cause we had, they had their own little – IB: See, back then you – RL: I can’t remember how we slept. IB: Back then you didn’t know, [murmurs] let anybody in that door if you didn’t want to. Even the police. But back then you didn’t want that. So the city would come and the police would come. HK: What house was this, what is the address? RL: 810 New Jersey. HK: 810 New Jersey. RL: That I remember that there, I remember the 740 and 819 before that, I don’t remember. But the 810 New Jersey I remember, we had the outhouses, you go out there, and there was just, what outhouses looks like. And then, the city came in and said we were kind of lucky ‘cause Dad, he got, measured, there was like a porch and he divided a little wall and then we’d put the stool, the tub and the basin, and this, my mother’s Maytag with her washer. He had a few tools. But we had that, and then he made a shower downstairs, just put a wall like, you know, a wall and then we had a curtain, in case somebody had to go to the bathroom and then it was a shower. IB: You might have one lightbulb in that one room. RL: Yeah. IB: There wasn’t outlets or anything. Just the light would hang, you know, most of the time you had kerosene lamps [unintelligible] RL: And my dad would put them, yeah, nowadays, when my dad was doing some work. For them to learn – well, to help him too – that’s why my brothers all know how to do things ‘cause my dad had ‘em right there. You know, right there, and they – IB: We used to run away, but then we had to come back and [murmurs] [laughs] RL: But you know, they had, like [unintelligible], we burned a fire, I remember we had a big stove in the living room. Big top like that. And we would dry our socks, and it took forever, thick socks. Cause there was a little, he made a little wooden box and he’d tell these boys, “When I come back from work, that wood has to be all cut so I can” – big enough to put in the fireplace. Wood and the guys would do it. I mean, they knew it had to be done, but first they’d come home and have a cup of coffee. And then they’d get out there and do that and my dad would never get after, that I can remember, get after them, get in here. Now the kids, “Eh, I’ll do it later Mom.” Not my kids, but – �IB: He went down to KU and, landscaping. They cut trees and stuff down. So he’d always take ‘em to the landfill, and so he’d always tell the children, “Just take it to the backyard and drop them off.” I mean, these logs were that big around. They would just drop ‘em in the yard and so it was our job to get them [unintelligible]. And then we had this crosscut saw, needed two guys, one on each side, and one of our jobs was to cut wood every day for the stove, you know, and then we could play. So we, so we’d always start doing that and then the little ones would sit on the logs so we couldn’t move them, [unintelligible] get up there. And after a while the neighbor kids would come around, say “That looks like fun,” you know, like Tom, you know, like painting the fence. So pretty soon they get, rather than just stand there and watch, “[unintelligible] My turn!” You know, they kinda, so, they’d all come home, we’d saw the wood and then we’d go play ball, you know. HK: Mm-hmm. IB: But it was, that’s the way – RL: Our swings were a rope in the tree. Remember, Izzy? And Daddy had a little work shed, and then he had a garage and it was swinging from that rope clear across. That was, like I said, we didn’t have nothing like a little, uh – swing set. IB: Only problem there was we had a mean dog, and he was always chained there. When you swung across there – HK: He’d try to get you. IB: He’d try to get you. Every once in a while he would, too. [laughs] RL: But no, we just looked forward, you know, we knew we had to get our work done. And like I said, I remember my dad would have those boys, they built the two bedrooms. And he had ‘em right there, watching him, handing him, they know what a screwdriver was, a whatever, you know, that’s how they learned. IB: Other thing about it was you had two [murmurs] screwdriver, one hammer and all this, sometimes get [rocks? nails?] somebody come along with a hammer, but you just didn’t have a whole lot of stuff to work with. RL: In those days my dad worked his self, and he became a foreman for KU. I’ve got some newspapers on it. He became a landscaper for the grounds. And he had no education by the time he got in there. You know, sometimes people don’t know, they have the education, go to school, but they got it up here. IB: [Murmurs] Well, my dad, at the beginning he didn’t know English, so he [unintelligible] He got records to learn how to do English. That’s how he kind of learned. My oldest brother has some really good stories – �RL: He’s coming for the fiesta. He comes every year, he’s in, he lives up in the mountains in Denver, about 20 miles from Denver. He comes, he’ll be coming Thursday and he – he can remember things and I said, “Too bad he’s not coming,” you know. That – later he’ll be here, but I mean, that…My dad, um, he liked to drink, like, he wasn’t one of those, like some people and they go to the bar every day or every weekend, not like that. We, we were, us kids were first. You know, like I say, he didn’t take much to get drunk, you know, like people, but we were, we came first for him. I mean, he had two jobs. He worked, uh, I guess when he worked at KU, right? Then they, the older men made these carts, big square and those big wheels put in the middle and then they put handles, they’d go down the alleys, pick up cardboard, ‘cause you could sell cardboard, copper, which you could get more money even now. Pop bottles – IB: Pop bottles. RL: He’d get all that and go sell it for extra money. IB: We kids did that too. We, I did that growing up. RL: But actually the older men, you know, Mr. Garcia, Mr… IB: Used to do that all the time. RL: They’d go down the alleys. IB: As a little kid, you know, we used to get wagons or we’d carry, cardboard, you know, you had to break the boxes down and carry the cardboard, and, uh, we used to have to go to this junkyard which was only about two blocks down the street. But as a little kid you come in there too, you maybe pulled the wagon, cardboard, and they’d – they’d put it on the scale and weigh it and then whatever it was they give you so much per pound. And the guys that run that thing would cheat you. I mean, you were a little kid, and you were coming in with this cardboard. And these guys are cheating you. They’d always stand in front of the [unintelligible], and they’d never let you see what it weighed. And so we knew it weighed more than that, ‘cause you know, they’d give us half of what it was. And we knew, we carried it over there. And so then one time we was in the yard doing that, and this lady that used to do that, she used to live in [unintelligible]. She’d go up and down the alley getting stuff and taking it back. She said, “Well what you do to get back at em,” she said, “when you get the cardboard lay it down, get you a bucket of water and then just sprinkle it, to make it heavier [unintelligible]. And we thought, you know, it’ll work. [laughs] So we did that and we’d take it in and the guys said, “Well that’s only about 15 pounds [murmurs; then says 25 pounds?]. But then, so he’d cheat you down to 20, 15 pounds so we end up, you know, getting even. But with metal you couldn’t do that, ‘cause it was metal. You’d find metal stuff. And so after awhile, this is getting to be bad, ‘cause you know they’re cheating you. But there was nothing you could do, and as little kids you start thinking, “Well, they’re cheating us and they’re grown men and we can’t do nothing about it.” So we go “Well, in the evenings when the thing closes down, the junkyard closes down, let’s go jump the fence and throw half that stuff back and resell it to them.” [laughs] So we did that, we did that for a while and then they got a dog and we couldn’t jump the fence anymore. That’s where this junkyard dog came in. We, we was trying to get one guy over there, you know, with the dog, but �they have high fences, [unintelligible] room, you know. You’re a little kid, you know, you gotta run fast, hit that thing, get up that thing, that dog’s right behind you, so. Sometimes you could do it and sometimes you couldn’t. RL: The other way that we made money for us younger kids was, he was a farmer, Heck? murmurs] I think they still have a farm. IB: There was three or four farmers, they were all brothers. RL: They’d bring this, like I guess, it’s a truck, right? Am I right? IB: Flatbed truck. RL: And he’d park in the middle of the block, two times, here, and he’d – he’d pick us up. And we’d get in the back of the truck and he’d keep us all day picking potatoes. IB: …No more than sixteen, they always had a place, they’d pick you up either this corner or this corner. You had to be there at like 6:30 or something. So everybody that could walk around, five years old, everybody got on that truck and went. You sat there in the morning with your little bag of, your little lunch. And the truck would come and everybody gets on there and I mean everybody, if there’s 50 people there, there’s only room for 30, otherwise everybody’s gonna be standing up or they’d be hanging over the side. RL: We were young – IB: Oh, yeah. RL: Like 12 and 10 years old when we went – HK: So what year was this? About what time period? IB: Late ‘40s. HK: Okay. IB: Then you went out there and you picked potatoes, you know, family, you’d go out there and get what they called a station [tape fades briefly] there and the next guy, and as a family you went out there and you kind of all stayed together, you know, until, most of the time. Unless there was some girls, and the older guys – RL: That’s what I was saying. Instead of him helping his sister, he went to help his girlfriend. [laughs] IB: Some days I would pick five bushels when I should have picked 35 or something. �RL: And we had a lot of Mexicans, young men, single, come in, and where would they go? They send ‘em to Bermuda’s. ‘Cause like I said, my dad was a foreman, and if somebody looking for a job, they send ‘em to Bermudas. But they didn’t have no papers, the ones that came from Mexico, and my dad said: “You’re better off going to the city, because you won’t be able to get nothing here.” And, uh, but we had fun too, getting in that truck and going out there, we’re standing up in the truck, ‘cause he had, he had these boards there, and but, that was help for us and we really – IB: It was dangerous, ‘cause you – RL: But we had – IB: Kids, and the whole family, and they had grandmas out there, you know, like 75 years old. They were out there picking potatoes. And the only shade you had was when you found a sunflower stalk, and then you’d turn around and pretend like this is buried in the ground and you put a piece, some sacks over it. And then there was competition because sometimes you run short on sacks. The truck had come around. You got potatoes, you gotta put ‘em in a sack, so you was running over there and steal some sacks. [laughs] And there’d be little fights. Just little [unintelligible]. I mean, [unintelligible] but it was kinda funny, you know. You had to survive, kind of. RL: But we always, you guys had, like I was telling her, a lot of boys came, from – I don’t know where they came from. Spanish speaking, those had to come from Mexico. But they’d always, sometimes our porch was a bit, you know, was hot, so you had no, little, one fan for the whole household. When we were young, we’d sleep out on the porch, and as soon as it was getting light, Dad would wake us up: “Come on in.” And then we’d come in the house. IB: Or the dogs would carry you away. RL: But we had, we had, well they were friends, we didn’t really know ‘em. But they’d take ‘em in, and they’d stay at our house. IB: When we was, uh – RL: And, and you more like [unintelligible] our house. IB: When we was kids, I mean, we was real poor, a quarter go a long way. And there would be bums that would get off the train ‘cause we lived about a block from a train station. The railroad tracks, and they’d, hobos and stuff, would come down that alley all the time. And they must’ve marked the houses, cause they’d go along and they’d come up to that house, and my mom would always feed ‘em. RL: Always. IB: And we had – �RL: Always. Always. IB: She’d always make something for ‘em, and have ‘em sit on the back step there, and she’d give ‘em coffee and [unintelligible]. And then one guy told me that’s what they do, they’d go down and mark a house, they’d put an X or something on it. And the next one will come down, he knows he can get something to eat there. But she never turned ‘em down. RL: Never turned ‘em down. Fed ‘em, I don’t care if they’re black, white or Hispanic. IB: She would make ‘em something like [unintelligible] tortillas, we always had tortillas. My mom, seemed like she’d sit there and make tortillas, round the back – RL: Flour tortillas. IB: There’d be six of us sitting at the table [unintelligible], she’d have a little pile like that of tortillas. And everybody grabs one, and it takes thirty seconds to get rid of it. And she would keep that thing like that all the time, cooking and rolling ‘em out and making the dough and all that. After a while you get to thinking, you know, she was pretty good. Pretty fast. RL: Like I said, they didn’t go to school but my mom sometimes would tell us, she told me one time, she said: “Your mother, what a mother” or something like that. She says: “You get the stupid mother.” I said: Why do you say that? She says: “‘Cause I never went to school.” I said: “Well, your parents didn’t let you, I mean, they felt like you didn’t need to go to school.” It was just gonna be work, work, work. But yet, her and the whole neighborhood, there was like three or four women, after they ate lunch and got their dishes – they’d sit together in one house. They’d take turns. And they had crochet, you know, like they’d make a curtain for that – HK: Mm-hmm. RL: And form a – a little angel, a horse, a basket with flowers, and they’d, she’d put a, you know, they were gonna quit time to go get supper, she’d put a little safety pin, you know, she’d – and then she’d go to the Salvation Army and she seen a dress that was a little, seen a dress for larger person. She’d look at the material: “That’s practically new.” Well, she’d buy it and downsize it to fit us. And you know, and then she, I said, “Who else, Mother, you don’t need no education, you’ve had twelve children. Nine of us living. Dad was never on welfare. And you could crochet anything. You could sew anything. You could cook.” I remember this cornbread she – I think it’s cool, I think I’m gonna make cornbread. She was going to get her flour, put whatever, no measuring, break the egg, and I remember a little crack coming down that cornbread. No recipe. I said: “Well, who had, you had twelve kids. You could cook anything you want. Sew, crochet, what else does a woman need to know?” IB: Even when she went blind later on in life, she would sit there and crochet all the time, just – RL: Yeah, diabetic. She was a diabetic. But no, we were – after they’re gone, you – I said a lot of times to my husband, thinking about it, you know, what you don’t say to your parents when they’re living, you know. You know, they came to a country with not knowing anybody. Now �the people that are coming, they have somebody, you know, somebody’s already here for them, so they got two or three families there. They had nobody. Took a chance and came because, you know. But they didn’t – and here my dad [had?] the education, he didn’t have it, became a foreman for KU over…over…I think right, over 30 years, 35? IB: He’s a [unintelligible] now. HK: Well, what would you do when someone became ill? RL: Uh…the… IB: You’d never see a doctor. The only time you see a person that was, the school nurse. That’s the only time you ever see any medical people, unless you really got real sick, or cut your leg or – ‘cause I remember my brother cut his, almost cut his foot off. Stepped on a Mason jar or [unintelligible]. Cut all the [unintelligible], they had to take him to the doctor then. And then he come back and he needed crutches. Well, we couldn’t afford crutches. So my dad cut a limb that had a fork in it, and there, and put a deal up here, and that was his crutch. He was pretty fast. You could still catch him. RL: Homemade scooters, uh, the boys, uh, stilts out of wood – IB: You made – you made up your own games. RL: That was fun. IB: We had games where we’d, like we had stilts, everybody had stilts, and we’d get up there and then we’d fight on stilts, try to get – or we’d get a smaller guy in the back and, you know, you’re the horse and he’s the – and they’d fight, they’d pull each other and try to [unintelligible] each other. And then there was a, down on Pennsylvania Street there used to be a TNT popcorn place that shelled corn, and the cobs went out in a pile and it was probably bigger than this house. That was my playground. We used to go out there and play king of the mountains on that. The biggest guy would get up there, used to throw the other ones all off, and – you’re a little kid, corn cobs are rough, by the time you get done, you’d be all scarred. [laughs] But you’d play there for hours and hours and hours. Every day after school we’d go down there and play, then they’d haul ‘em all off, and then we’d have to wait until they start building ‘em up again. And then we had guys that were 17, 18 years old [murmurs]. They went up there, and we were like little kids, like 11 or 12, they got up there, and they were always king of the mountain usually. Every time you’d try to gang up on ‘em, one guy would grab on and – RL: But everybody helped each other, especially, you know, the women having one child after another, you know, another little one. Uh, Mom, they got together, well okay, so-and so had a baby – didn’t have to worry because they, my mother knew that this – you baptize a baby you become a… IB: Godparent. �RL: Yeah, but [murmurs] mom and dad. What they call comadre and compadre. You baptize my baby, you would be my comadre, and she’d be my child’s daughter. And, you know, they were there to help, Mother didn’t just – have the baby, didn’t have to worry, ‘cause they knew that these other ladies would take care of those kids. Wash ‘em, feed ‘em. You know, that was fun days. IB: And back in those days, if you went to somebody’s house and you were acting up, they would beat your butt just like you’re their kid, and that’s the way it was. Nobody ever said anything about it. You go over and misbehave at somebody’s house and they’d take the paddle to you or throw you out or whatever, smack you around. And you never said anything, ‘cause you know you’re wrong and, you ain’t gonna go tell nobody nothing ‘cause then they’ll get after you for being ornery at that place or something, but that’s the way it was. Everybody, if you were in their house, you did what they told you to do. RL: Also, the funerals – if they knew people were real poor, we’d collect, they’d collect among the neighborhood, to have whatever, and, and that’s another thing they did. We was – I think about it now that I’m older, and I said: “Those were the good old days to me.” [laughs] Even though we were poor, we appreciated. Appreciated, you know, what we got. I think our kids – our grandkids – I didn’t do that with my kids. Barbie doll, [Delores’s?] Barbie dolls, and she didn’t have no more dolls. And I didn’t have – like I said, I wanted her to have a little bit, but I don’t want her to be – now, my grandkids, it’s a different story. My grandkids. I have a son and daughter. It’s just a completely different – IB: When you grew up poor, you appreciate things. RL: Mm-hmm, I think so. IB: ‘Cause I grew up on beans and tortillas and… RL: Oatmeal. IB: The only meat I knew was hamburgers and hot dogs and chicken. I went into the service, and you know, you get these trays, you go through, they’re slopping all this food, and God – I’d taste the meat and I’d say: “What is this?” Those guys would look at us – brisket or whatever it was, pork chops – I said, “Man this is really good,” you know. I’d make a big deal out of it, they’re looking at me like – RL: Well, during the week – IB: Where you been, in a cave or something? RL: During the week it was wieners. Mother would get the wiener and cut it up, fry potatoes and put the wiener in there. Or wieners with hamburger. But Sunday was special, we knew we were gonna have a good – you know, like a chicken. Also marriages. Somebody got married, these women had these pans, they were white. And they had a navy blue line, just a quarter of an inch trim, or navy blue. And my – it was always chicken molé. It’s like a barbecue sauce, you know. �They just boil the chicken and then they make this molé. And then they’d put the chicken in, and there was rice, with two kinds, a vermicelli, it was like a little spaghetti, and sometimes they had salad. Well, when there was a marriage the lady would ask my mom: “Could you help me with the rice?” Sure, yeah. There was never a no. She would bring the rice. And then when they’re real close, they’ll, don’t – don’t bring it. And tomato, and onion and the garlic. It takes rice, but a lot of times they would just bring the rice, “Can you make 5 pounds of rice?” And they’d distribute. Then we would take it to the, wherever they were gonna have their wedding. And that’s how the food was made. It wasn’t catered in. [laughs] HK: Yeah. RL: And it was strictly, that was a typical molé. The broth, made it more tasty with that vermicelli, and rice was using the broth of when you boil the chicken. That’s what makes everything good now. But no, you could go – on Sundays the boys would go to church and they’d come back and they’d have two or three friends and it was a day they get to come and [sit?] and drinking coffee. And the other time they’d go to this other person’s house, you know, that’s the way – every Saturday I remember these boys had a car, Saturday afternoon ‘cause they were gonna date, I guess, in the evening, wash their car, I mean, they had ‘em clean. Washed their cars inside and out. IB: That was my brothers. I didn’t get a car till I was 22. RL: You had a yellow Chevy I remember – IB: 22 years old. I’d been in the Marines and got out, and bought me a car. RL: And then when the boys went into the service we had four brothers – well, five of my, four of my brothers went into the service – and they’d come, in, like leave, was it leave? And they’d come in like 2:00 in the morning, I mean, knocking and just knocking at the door. IB: We never told ‘em we was coming. RL: And they wouldn’t tell us when they was coming. Oh, and then everybody got up, and Mama was ready to make the pot of coffee was in a percolator, wasn’t it? IB: And then they’d call everybody that – RL: Yeah, it was – IB: You got these people staring at you, this room and that room, you know, they’re looking at you like – RL: The best coffee I’ve ever had, you know, was from the older ladies. Ms. Ramirez was my godmother, if you talked to [one of the Ramirezes?], it was a pan with two handles. The water boiling, the coffee, I’d watch it. �IB: Well they, back in those days they didn’t use coffeepots. Just got a big pot and filled it up with grounds, coffee. And then they’d let it boil, put a lid on and let it boil, and I’m [sitting there?] and stuff would settle on the bottom – RL: And you could go down – IB: Everybody had one, they were that big – RL: You could go down to this person’s house and for sure they were gonna offer you to eat. No problem, it was just everybody was together. The men all, they were compadres, ‘cause you know, every family had a large family [unintelligible] godfather, everybody was godparents and comadres and compadres. But that’s the way they – once in a while my dad would go to [unintelligible] and my godfather, he liked a beer or two now and then, couple beers, and my mother, the – they went to something. We’d look forward to the evenings and looked forward to that steak. But that’s the way that we were raised, and, you know, hand-me-downs. And we had clothes – my brothers I’m sure handed, you know, the bigger one down, down. And I was the youngest one. IB: I was the youngest, I never got – by the time I got it, “What is this?” [laughs] “What’s this supposed to be?” [all laugh] I was the youngest boy, so anytime anything came to me, it was – what is it? RL: I tell my granddaughters, they got a drawer of socks. Oh, God! You know, how they sell those socks like six in there. I had two pair. I had one with the hole in the heel, and one without a hole. So this thing with – I was learning how to darn and this thing was about this thick and you know, I’d be all – and I’d always make sure the night before, especially in the wintertime, that I was gonna end up with the best on Sunday. We’d wash ‘em in the night, put ‘em on top of the stove to be dry and now my grandkids have all these pairs of socks. They got so many. IB: The boys were – you took care of your own socks. HK: Oh, gosh. IB: The boys growing up, you know, you had your own socks and your own underwear, everything, so you more or less washed them and took care of them. And I remember a lot of times you just had what you call the tops, they were just the top of the socks [laughs]. The holes were in the [laughs]. And my brother, he was always trying to figure out, [someone coughs]. One time when he was in junior high, he was talking to this girl and put his foot up, he forgot he had his tops on. And the sock [laughs], turn around, he said “God!” But we just got all the tops, and they were just the [unintelligible], so – RL: Was you – are you a Lawrence person? HK: Yes, I am. I went to St. John’s School. RL: Oh, okay. �HK: And, uh – IB: Your last name’s what? RL: Krische. IB: The Marlboro person, the guy that owned the Marlboro factory, what was his name…? HK: George. Bob. IB: Bob. Yeah, Bob Krische. HK: Mm-hmm. Yeah, he’s my uncle. IB: Oh. HK: Yeah. IB: He hired a lot of them Mexicans. A lot of ‘em used to work for him. They’d say, “Go out to Krische’s, he’ll hire you.” HK: Yeah…well, it looks like our tape ran out. Um, I think – IB: I was just getting wound up, too. HK: Yeah, I know. IB: I was on a roll. RL: Um, do you need anything like this for the flood? Are you interested in this, and like – ? HK: Oh, sure. RL: I kinda, I found these two, ‘cause like I said, my parents – my dad came to live with me for a while and I got all the pictures. HK: Mm-hmm. RL: You can see there, I don’t know where that’s at, but I thought that was a depot but it’s a depot, two floors? IB: Uh, the Santa Fe depot used to be two or three stories. RL: Oh really? And looks like maybe that’s after the water left. �IB: Yeah, that was [unintelligible? deeper?]. ‘Cause that was in ‘51. RL: ‘51. IB: I was, uh, 16 I think. When I was a kid I went – I used to like this girl that lived down near the Santa Fe houses, and the flood was coming and they was putting sandbags up in the doors. To impress her parents, I went down there, get sandbags and we’d put ‘em in the doors. Course the water went through ‘em [laughs]. About two years later – HK: Val brought this picture and, if you know, let’s see, well I think we identified all these. RL: Mm-hmm. HK: There are some that aren’t identified. IB: You got names [unintelligible] HK: So yeah, there’s names, and here’s a pen, if there’s some that you know there, go ahead and fill it in. END OF TAPE 16B � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Yarda Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource La Yarda (Lawrence, Kan.) Mexican Americans -- Housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- History -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- Social conditions -- Kansas -- Lawrence Description An account of the resource La Yarda was a neighborhood of worker housing provided by the Santa Fe Railroad for Mexican-American railroad workers in Lawrence, Kansas; located near the Kansas (Kaw) River, the neighborhood was largely destroyed by a major flood in 1951. In 2006, Helen Krische, archivist at the Watkins Community Museum, began an oral history project to document the La Yarda and Mexican-American communities in Lawrence, Kansas. The project was resumed in 2019 by Nora Murphy and Emily Raymond. The interviews primarily feature the children of the railroad workers who migrated to Lawrence in the early 20th century; they describe daily life, social activities, and living conditions in the Mexican-American community in Lawrence from roughly the 1920s through the 1970s. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived La Yarda Oral History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Community Museum (Lawrence, Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 2019 2021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource These works are the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Krische, Helen Raymond, Emily Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Bermudez, Israel Lemus, Rachel Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data MP4 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 01:13:36 (video) 00:31:49 (16a audio) 00:31:46 (16b audio) Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 83 kbps (16a) 90 kbps (16b) 4376 kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Israel Bermudez and Rachel Lemus La Yarda Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bermudez, Israel Lemus, Rachel Description An account of the resource Siblings Israel Bermudez and Rachel (Bermudez) Lemus were interviewed by Helen Krische in 2006 as part of an oral history project to document the La Yarda and Mexican-American communities in Lawrence, Kansas. La Yarda was a neighborhood of worker housing provided by the Santa Fe Railroad for Mexican-American railroad workers; located near the Kansas (Kaw) River, the neighborhood was largely destroyed by a major flood in 1951. The interview is split into two parts. Israel and Rachel grew up in East Lawrence; their family came to Lawrence in the late 1920s due to their father's work on the railroad. Israel and Rachel describe their family's journey from Mexico to Lawrence, their school experiences, and their experiences of discrimination and segregation as part of the Mexican-American community in Lawrence. Israel served in the military and shares some memories from that time. Rachel and Israel also describe daily life in their neighborhood, including work, childhood pasttimes, foodways, and funeral customs. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Krische, Helen Raymond, Emily Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1920s - 1970s Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 (video recording) MP3 (audio recording) PDF (transcription) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 16-IBermudezRLemus-2006.mp4 (video) 16a-IBermudezRLemus-2006.mp3 (audio)/16a-IBermudezRLemus-2006.pdf (transcription) 16b-IBermudezRLemus-2006.mp3 (audio)/16b-IBermudezRLemus-2006.pdf (transcription) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Community Museum (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the video and audio recordings of this interview, go to <a href="https://archive.org/details/16-ibermudez-rlemus-2006">https://archive.org/details/16-ibermudez-rlemus-2006</a>. The <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">Watkins Museum of History</a> also holds items related to this collection. <a href="https://archives.lib.ku.edu/repositories/3/resources/5295">Additional research on the La Yarda community</a> is held at the Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Published with the permission of Israel Bermudez and Rachel Lemus. This work is the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived La Yarda Oral History Project Subject The topic of the resource La Yarda (Lawrence, Kan.) Mexican Americans -- Housing -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- History -- Kansas -- Lawrence Mexican Americans -- Social conditions -- Kansas -- Lawrence Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) World War, 1939-1945. Veterans. Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource In 2003, the Lawrence Public Library partnered with the Dole Institute of Politics and Haskell University to capture the histories of Douglas County’s World War II veterans in the Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project. From 2005 to 2007, the Lawrence Public Library, the Watkins Museum of History, and the Kansas State Historical Society also embarked on a similar endeavor, the Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project, which was funded by the Kansas State Legislature. This collection contains many of the video recordings and more information about the interviews conducted for these projects. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Alterman, Elena Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed King, J. D. Location The location of the interview Lawrence (Kan.) Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212310">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212310</a> Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data VHS Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 0:38:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317 kbit/s (audio) 9618 kbit/s (video) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource J. D. King World War II Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource King, J. D. Description An account of the resource J. D. King served as a Lieutenant in the United States Army (28th Division) from 1942 to 1946. Interviewed by Elena Alterman on November 23, 2003, as part of the Lawrence Remembers: The World War II Years Project, King talked about his experiences during the Second World War. King was born on September 5, 1919. After being drafted into the Army, he went to basic training at Fort Ringgold, Texas. He then went to Officer Candidate School at Fort Benning, GA. King was a “Ninety-Day Wonder.” Following training, he became a second lieutenant in the Infantry. He was first sent to Hürtgen Forest, where he engaged in battle. The Germans captured King on the first day of the Battle of the Bulge. He spent roughly nine months at a prison camp, OFLAG XIII-B, in Hammelburg, Germany. Upon being released, he came back to America for medical care and was placed on non-active duty. He was discharged. King passed away on March 6, 2007. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Alterman, Elena Kansas State Historical Society Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Germany 1942 - 1946 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-11-23 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context King Interview Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource To access the video recording of this oral history, go to: <a href="https://archive.org/details/king-interview">https://archive.org/details/king-interview</a> Obituary: <a href="https://www2.ljworld.com/life-events/obituaries/2007/mar/08/jd_king/">https://www2.ljworld.com/life-events/obituaries/2007/mar/08/jd_king/</a> The Watkins Museum of History also holds items related to this collection. Transcripts for this project are available through the Kansas Memory Digital Collection: <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212310">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212310</a> Other resources for interviews with World War II veterans are available through the Library of Congress' Veterans History Project: <a href="https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.html">https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.htm</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The original copy of this video is available through the Lawrence Public Library. The Watkins Museum of History and the Kansas State Historical Society may also have interviews associated with this project. Researchers are responsible for obtaining any necessary permissions for uses other than educational or scholarly research. Contact the Watkins Museum of History for additional information: <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers: The World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- United States. United States -- History, Military. World War, 1939-1945 -- Veterans -- Interviews. World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Belgium -- Bastogne. Lawrence (Kan.) -- Oral history. Prisoners of war. United States. Army. Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/9da7cb1f669d2c637fb5864b126e1c97.jpg 6952528c5a98e7421822cc26e192f567 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource You Are Local History Community Digitization Project Subject The topic of the resource Lawrence (Kan.) Description An account of the resource The You Are Local History community digitization project aimed to collect and digitize objects that tell stories about Lawrence, in order to create a more diverse and representative history of Lawrence. Objects were collected and digitized throughout June and July of 2018, with a community digitizing event on June 30th. Members of the Lawrence community donated photographs, videos, posters, t-shirts, mementos, trinkets, ephemera, texts, and other objects to be included in this digital archive. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library Language A language of the resource eng Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource J. House and Son Clothiers and Furnishers Hanger Description An account of the resource Wood and metal clothing hanger printed with the words 'J. House and Son Clothiers and Furnishers, Lawrence, Kansas, patented August 18th, 1908.' Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1908 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Wood and metal Language A language of the resource eng Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context JHouseClothingHanger1908.jpg Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity, and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who has more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Subject The topic of the resource Clothing and dress Clothing trade Type The nature or genre of the resource PhysicalObject Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Dwyer, April https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/99844237ce9872efa1a5c0c67af6cd1c.jpg 73041b44b456c311c3c2dd6de3007867 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource History of the Lawrence Public Library Subject The topic of the resource Libraries -- Kansas -- Douglas County Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) History -- Kansas Biography -- Kansas Description An account of the resource Resources related to the history of the Lawrence Public Library in Lawrence, Kansas. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource J.S. Boughton Subject The topic of the resource Biography -- Kansas History -- Kansas Boughton, J.S. (Joseph), 1839-1906 Description An account of the resource A portrait of Joseph S. Boughton, who founded the first library in Lawrence. The photograph shows him at approximately 50 to 65 years of age, wearing a dark, pinstriped suit and a medal of the Grand Army of the Republic, of which he was a member as a Civil War veteran. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived J.S. Boughton and Family Collection Douglas County Historical Society Watkins Museum of History (Lawrence, Kan.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Museum of History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1890-1906 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduced with the permission of the Watkins Museum of History. We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource TIFF Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Still Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context WMH_JSBoughton Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) 1890 -1906 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/7283057fdf8e4018a3fbf7d01a57ab6e.jpg e12d668622b2212d977659348f2f2cd5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource History of the Lawrence Public Library Subject The topic of the resource Libraries -- Kansas -- Douglas County Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) History -- Kansas Biography -- Kansas Description An account of the resource Resources related to the history of the Lawrence Public Library in Lawrence, Kansas. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource J.S. Boughton's Printing Office Subject The topic of the resource Biography -- Kansas History -- Kansas Boughton, J.S. (Joseph), 1839-1906 Description An account of the resource A photograph of J.S. Boughton's printing office, established in 1879 and passed on to his youngest son Sydney Boughton in 1905. The image shows two young men working among the machinery. The one on the left, perhaps Paul Boughton, is binding a large volume while the one on the right is searching through a tall chest of drawers. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived J.S. Boughton and Family Collection Douglas County Historical Society Watkins Museum of History (Lawrence, Kan.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Museum of History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1879-1905 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource We believe that this item has no known US copyright restrictions. The item may be subject to rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions. We encourage anyone who may have more information about our items to contact us at custserv@lawrencepubliclibrary.org. Relation A related resource See also the J.S. Boughton and family collection at the Watkins Museum of History (Lawrence, Kan.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource TIFF Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Still Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context WMH_BoughtonsPrintingOffice Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Douglas County (Kan.) 1879 -1905 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/e059732d962eea60cbbf0c500d763904.wav a5e0b3ced4d79eb0cb9411293edde7fc https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/5980499280c9b93c0dc18a7cf49d6613.wav aeced2b35036dde06e2f94376ec78798 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/a71bda8b49109b1facb2b8b1b273ce62.wav 5ec4c145bfd09af0fcd91dde7ea92489 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/3e1c424a13b3089e12918f3662c92b06.wav 3c4699774c489e1729262471992a9647 https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-lplks/original/b7babc86fb7ee5c388597032c6455180.wav 84d25cfe81b4bcf11383f6fa98eadcb2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Day After Subject The topic of the resource Day After (Motion Picture) Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Day After, a made-for-TV movie depicting the aftermath of nuclear war, was set and filmed primarily in Lawrence, Kansas, and was broadcast for the first time on November 20, 1983. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Museum of History (Lawrence, Kan.) Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview McIntyre, Kaye Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Wright, Jack Location The location of the interview Lawrence (Kan.) Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data WAV Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) JackWright1.wav:00:00:25 JackWright2.wav: 00:01:41 JackWright3.wav: 00:01:29 JackWright4.wav: 00:01:37 JackWright5.wav: 00:01:11 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 705 kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jack Wright The Day After Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wright, Jack McIntyre, Kaye Description An account of the resource Segments from an interview with Jack Wright was conducted by Kaye McIntyre of Kansas Public Radio for a KPR special commemorating the thirty-year anniversary of the 1983 broadcast of The Day After, a made-for-TV movie depicting the aftermath of nuclear war, which was set and filmed primarily in Lawrence, Kansas. The KPR special aired on November 12, 2013. The interview was conducted at the Watkins Museum of History on June 28, 2012. Wright was a KU professor and casting director for the film. He recounts the intensive work of building sets in downtown Lawrence, on Highway 10, and at Allen Fieldhouse. Thousands of people and hundreds of cars were used. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Kan.) 1983 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2012-06-28 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource WAV (audio recording) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context JackWright1.wav JackWright2.wav JackWright3.wav JackWright4.wav JackWright5.wav Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Watkins Museum of History (Lawrence, Kan.) Relation A related resource The <a href="https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/">Watkins Museum of History</a> also holds items related to this collection. To listen to the Kansas Public Radio special that includes this interview, go to <a href="https://kansaspublicradio.org/show/programs-kpr-presents/2013-11-12/kpr-news-day-after-thirty-years-later">https://kansaspublicradio.org/show/programs-kpr-presents/2013-11-12/kpr-news-day-after-thirty-years-later</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Published with the permission of Jack Wright. This work is the intellectual property of the Watkins Museum of History, Lawrence, Kansas. The public may freely copy, modify, and share this Item for noncommercial purposes if they include the original source information. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "The Day After": Thirty Years Later (KPR Presents) Subject The topic of the resource Day After (Motion Picture) Lawrence (Kan.) -- History Nuclear war Nuclear weapons Kansas Public Radio (Lawrence, Kan.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project / Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project Subject The topic of the resource Douglas County (Kan.) World War, 1939-1945. Veterans. Lawrence Public Library (Lawrence, Kan.) Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource In 2003, the Lawrence Public Library partnered with the Dole Institute of Politics and Haskell University to capture the histories of Douglas County’s World War II veterans in the Lawrence Remembers the World War II Years Project. From 2005 to 2007, the Lawrence Public Library, the Watkins Museum of History, and the Kansas State Historical Society also embarked on a similar endeavor, the Kansas Veterans of World War II Oral History Project, which was funded by the Kansas State Legislature. This collection contains many of the video recordings and more information about the interviews conducted for these projects. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Miller, Kristen Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Stokes, James "Jim" Location The location of the interview Topeka (Kan.) Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data VHS Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:02:32 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317 kbit/s (audio) 10313 kbit/s (video) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource James "Jim" Stokes World War II Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stokes, James A. "Jim" Description An account of the resource James A. “Jim” Stokes served in the United States Navy on the USS Erben, Third Fleet, from 1943 to 1946. Interviewed by Kristen Miller on August 30, 2002, as part of the Kansas Veterans History Project, Stokes talked about his military experiences during the Second World War. Stokes was born on August 11, 1923, in Charlotte, North Carolina. Stokes attended North Carolina State University and was in the ROTC. After joining the Navy, he went to Midshipmen training at Cornell University. He then went to the Pacific, where he took part in the campaigns in Okinawa and Tokyo. He was discharged on June 11, 1946. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Miller, Kristen Kansas State Historical Society Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant <span>Okinawa Island (Japan)</span> 1943 - 1946 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-08-30 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP4 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stokes Interview Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available American Folklife Center, Library of Congress Relation A related resource To access the video recording of this oral history, go to: <a href="https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.04714/">https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.04714/</a> A transcript of another interview with Stokes is available through the Kansas Memory Digital Collection: <a href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/218577">https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/218577</a> Other resources for interviews with World War II veterans are available through the Library of Congress' Veterans History Project: <a href="https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.html">https://www.loc.gov/vets/vets-home.htm</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Kansas Veterans History Project Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 -- United States. United States -- History, Military. World War, 1939-1945 -- Veterans -- Interviews. World War, 1939-1945 -- Pacific Area United States. Navy -- History. World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Japan -- Okinawa Island. Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History